University of Vienna

University of Vienna

Universität Wien
Latin:Universitas Vindobonensis
Former name	Alma Mater Rudolphina Vindobonensis
Type	Public
Established	1365(1365)
Budget	€691.5 million (2021)
Rector	Sebastian Schütze
Academic staff	7,538
Administrative staff	3,043
Total staff	10,381
Students	88,900 (2021)
Postgraduates	16,490
Doctoral students	8,945
Location	Vienna,Austria 48°12′47″N16°21′35″E
Campus	Urban
Colors	Blue and white
Affiliations	Campus Europae EUA Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities UNICA
Website	univie.ac.at

TheUniversity of Vienna(German:Universität Wien) is apublicresearch universitylocated inVienna,Austria.Founded byDuke Rudolph IVin 1365, it is the oldest university in themodern German-speaking worldand among the largest institutions of higher learning in Europe.The university is associated with 16Nobel Prize winnersand has been the home to many scholars of historical and academic importance.

History

Opening proclamation prior to 1578 academic term

Middle Ages to the Enlightenment

The university was founded on March 12, 1365, byRudolf IV, Duke of Austria,hence the name "Alma Mater Rudolphina".After theCharles University in PragueandJagiellonian UniversityinKraków,the University of Vienna is the third oldest university in Central Europe and the oldest university in the contemporary German-speaking world; it remains a question of definition as the Charles University in Prague was German-speaking when founded, too. However,Pope Urban Vdid not ratify the deed of foundation that had been sanctioned by Rudolf IV, specifically in relation to the department of theology. This was presumably due to pressure exerted byCharles IV, Holy Roman Emperor,who wished to avoid competition for theCharles University in Prague.

The pope later granted an endowment to the university in 1365, while papal assent was finally received in 1384.This led to the University of Vienna and its Faculty of Catholic Theology being granted the status of a full university.The first university building opened in 1385. It grew into the biggest university of theHoly Roman Empire,and during the advent ofHumanismin the mid-15th century was home to more than 6,000 students.

In its early years, the university had a partly hierarchical, partly cooperative structure, in which theRectorwas at the top, while the students had little say and were settled at the bottom. TheMagisterandDoctorsconstituted the four faculties and elected the academic officials from amidst their ranks. The students, but also all other Supposita (university members), were divided into fourAcademic Nations.Their elected board members, mostly graduates themselves, had the right to elect the Rector. He presided over the Consistory which included procurators of each of the nations and the faculty deans, as well as over the University Assembly, in which all university teachers participated. Complaints or appeals against decisions of the faculty by the students had to be brought forward by a Magister or Doctor.

The courtyard (arkadenhof) of the currentmain building,constructed between 1877 and 1884

Being considered a Papal Institution, the university suffered a setback during theReformation.In addition, epidemics, economic stagnation, and the firstSiege of Viennaby Ottoman forces had devastating effects on the city, leading to a sharp decline in enrollment. For EmperorFerdinand I,this meant that the university should be tied to the church to an even stronger degree, and in 1551 he installed theJesuit Orderthere.As time went on, conflicts between the Jesuit school and the university arose. This led EmperorFerdinand II,in 1623, to pass a law that incorporated the Jesuit College into the university.It was only in the mid-18th century that the Jesuits lost influence over the university and when EmpressMaria Theresaensured that the university went under the control of the monarchy. The university would later focus on the education of physicians and civil servants. Her successorJoseph IIcontinued her reforms and further liberalized the university, abolishing official attire and allowing both Protestants and Jews to enroll by 1782, as well as introducing German as the compulsory language of instruction the year later.

Modern history

Students riot at the University of Vienna after a Nazi attempt to prevent Jews from entering the university (c. 1938)

Significant changes were instituted in the wake of theRevolution in 1848,with the Philosophical Faculty being upgraded into equal status as Theology, Law and Medicine. Led by the reforms ofLeopold, Count von Thun und Hohenstein,the university was able to achieve a larger degree of academic freedom.The current main building on theRingstraßewas built between 1877 and 1884 byHeinrich von Ferstel.The previous main building was located close to theStubenGate (Stubentor) on Iganz Seipel Square, the current home of the old University Church (Universitätskirche) and theAustrian Academy of Sciences(Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften). Women were admitted as full students in 1897, although their studies were limited to Philosophy. The remaining departments gradually followed suit, although with considerable delay: Medicine in 1900, Law in 1919,ProtestantTheology in 1923, and finallyRoman CatholicTheology in 1946.Ten years after the admission of the first female students,Elise Richterbecame the first woman to receivehabilitation,becoming professor ofRomance languagesin 1907; she was also the first female distinguished professor.

In the late 1920s, the university was in steady turmoil because of anti-democratic and anti-Semitic activity by parts of the student body. ProfessorMoritz Schlickwas killed by a former student while ascending the steps of the university for a class. His murderer was later released by the Nazi regime. Following theAnschluss,the annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by theNazi regime,in 1938 the University of Vienna was reformed under political aspects, and a huge number of teachers and students were dismissed for political and "racial" reasons.In April 1945, the then 22-year-old Kurt Schubert, later acknowledgeddoyenofJudaic Studiesat the University of Vienna, was permitted by theSoviet occupation forcesto open the university again for teaching, which is why he is regarded as the unofficial first rector in the post-war period. On 25 April 1945, however, the constitutional lawyerLudwig Adamovichsenior was elected as the official rector of the University of Vienna.

A large degree of participation by students and university staff was realized in 1975, however, the University Reforms of 1993 and 2002 largely re-established the professors as the main decision-makers. However, also as part of the 2002 reform, the university, after more than 250 years of being largely under governmental control, finally regained its full legal capacity. The number of faculties and centers was increased to 18, and the whole of the medical faculty was separated into the newMedical University of Vienna.

Campus

Main building

Main building, c. 1950s

The University of Vienna does not have one single campus. Historically, the university started functioning from the First District near the Jesuit Church. Now, the academic facilities occupy more than sixty locations throughout the city of Vienna. The historical main building on the Ringstraße constitutes the university's center and is commonly referred to as "die Uni". Most other larger university facilities and lecture halls are located nearby in the area of Vienna's First and NinthDistrict:the so-called new Lecture Hall Complex (Neues Institutgebäude, NIG), the lecture hall complex Althanstraße (UZA), the campus on the premises of theHistorical General Hospital of Vienna,the Faculty of Law (Juridicum) and others. TheBotanical Garden of the University of Viennais housed in the Third District, as are the Department of Biochemistry and related research centers.

Also worth mentioning is theVienna Observatory,which belongs to the university, and the Institute for University Sports (USI), which offers training and recreational possibilities to all students of the university. In addition, the University of Vienna maintains facilities outside of Vienna in the Austrian provinces ofLower Austria,Upper Austria,andCarinthia.These are mainly research and experimental departments for Biology, Astrophysics and Sports.

Library

The reading room in the university's main library

Entrance to the large reading room

The University Library of the University of Vienna comprises the Main Library and the 50 departmental libraries at various university locations throughoutVienna.The library's primary responsibility is to the members of the university; however, the library's 350 staff members also provide access to the public. Use of the books in the reading halls is open to all persons without the need for identification, which is only required for checking out books. The library's website provides direct access to information such as electronic journals, online indices, and databases.

History

Rudolf IV had already provided for apublica librariain the Foundation Deed of 12 March 1365, where the valuable books bequeathed by deceased members of the university should be collected. Through many legacies, this collection was subsequently greatly increased and became the basis of the oldLibreyethat was accommodated in the same building as the student infirmary. In addition, there were libraries in the separate Faculties and in the Duke's College.

Main Ceremonial Chamber (Festsaal) in the Main Building

From the 17th century onwards, interest in the old library, with its manuscripts and incunabulae, went into decline and the modern library in the Jesuit College came to the fore. In 1756, the oldest university library was finally closed down and its books, 2,787 volumes, were incorporated into the Court Library, of whichGerard van Swietenwas then director. After the dissolution of the Jesuit order (1773), the new "Academic Library" was created out of the book collections of the five Lower Austrian Colleges and many duplicates from the Court Library. This was opened on 13 May 1777, the birthday of Maria Theresa of Austria, in the building of the Academic College. Initially, the stock consisted of some 45,000 books, and during Emperor Joseph II's dissolution of the monasteries, this was soon considerably extended. In contrast to its antecedents, the new library was open to the general public. Between 1827 and 1829, it acquired the classicist extension (Postgasse 9) to the Academic College, in which it was to be accommodated until 1884. In this year, the main library, with some 300,000 books, moved toHeinrich von Ferstel's new Main Building on the Ring, where stacks for some 500,000 volumes had already been prepared. With an annual growth of up to 30,000 volumes, the surplus space was soon filled. Book storage space had to be extended continuously. One hundred years later, the complete library, including departmental and subject libraries, comprised more than 4.3 million volumes. Today, Vienna's University Library is the largest collection of books in Austria, still facing problems of space. In addition to the Main Library, which alone has to cope with an annual growth of 40,000 volumes, it includes three Faculty Libraries, 32 Subject Libraries and 26 Departmental Libraries.

Statistics (2023)

• Book inventory: 7,782,104 (of which 2,936,580 belong to the Main Library)
• E-Journals: 155,072
• E-Books: 1,808,095
• Search queries in the online catalogue: 11.349.382
• Borrowings and renewals of books: 2,981,919
• Oldest book: Bible from the Dorothean monastery, 1392 ( "Biblia manuscripta"; entry in the online catalogue:https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC16383568)

Organization

Exterior facade of the main building

The University of Vienna, like all universities and academies in Austria, once featured a system of democratic representation. Power in the university was divided equally among three groups: students (the largest group), junior faculty, and full professors. All groups had the right to send representatives to boards, who then voted on almost every issue. From 2002 on, the government of Austria, headed bychancellorWolfgang Schüssel,reformed the university system, transforming the institutions into legal entities, but also concentrating power in the hands of the full professors.The reform also introduced a board of governors and tuition fees. In 2013, those amounted to about €381 per semester for students from Austria, theEuropean Unionas well as some non-EU countries, while students from developed non-EU countries usually pay double that amount. The reforms also separated the medical departments into separate medical schools, such as theMedical University of Vienna.

Programmes

Faculty of Law

Students at the university can select from 181 degree programs: 55bachelor programs,110master programs,3diploma programs,and 13doctoral programmes.In the academic year 2013/14, the university awarded 7,745 first degrees (Bachelors andDiplomas), 1,424 Master's degrees, and 568 Doctoral degrees. The university offers a number of Master's programs in English, including quantitative economics, management and finance, science-technology-society, environmental sciences, Middle European interdisciplinary master programme in cognitive science, European master in health and physical activity, English language and linguistics, Anglophone literature and culture, East Asian economy and society, economics, botany, ecology and ecosystems, molecular biology, microbial ecology and immunobiology, European master in urban studies, masters in European and international business law, mathematics, etc.

Faculty of Mathematics

Some 6,900 scholars undertake research and teaching activities at the university. Of these, approximately 1,000 engage actively in projects financed by third parties. The main fields of research at the university cover a wide spectrum of subjects: Catholic and Protestant theology, law, economic sciences and computer science, philological-cultural studies and historical-cultural studies, social sciences and psychology, life sciences and natural sciences, mathematics, sports sciences, and teacher education.

Faculties and centres

The University of Vienna consists of 15 faculties and 5 centers:

1. Faculty ofCatholic Theology
2. Faculty ofProtestant Theology
3. Faculty of Law
4. Faculty of Business, Economics and Statistics (not to be confused with theVienna University of Economics and Business)
5. Faculty ofComputer science
6. Faculty ofHistorical and Cultural Studies
7. Faculty ofPhilological and Cultural Studies
8. Faculty of Philosophy and Education
9. Faculty ofPsychology
10. Faculty ofSocial sciences
11. Faculty ofMathematics
12. Faculty ofPhysics
13. Faculty ofChemistry
14. Faculty ofEarth Sciences,GeographyandAstronomy
15. Faculty ofLife sciences

1. Centre forTranslation studies
2. Centre forSport scienceand University Sports
3. Centre forMolecular biology
4. Centre forMicrobiologyand Environmental Systems Science
5. Centre forTeacher Education

Academic reputation

University rankings
Global – Overall
ARWUWorld	101-150 (2023)
QSWorld	130 (2024)
THEWorld	119 (2024)
USNWRGlobal	208 (2024)
National – Overall
USNWRNational	2 (2023)

The University of Vienna has the highest ranking inMathematicsand inArtsandHumanities.In Mathematics it is placed 29th in the world according to theShanghai-Ranking.In Arts and Humanities it is placed 35th and 54th in the world according to theTHEandQS rankingrespectively. Outstanding subjects includeGeography(ranked 28th globally in 2013),LinguisticsandPhilosophy(both 46th globally) andLaw(ranked 73rd globally). It is rated high in academic reputation and number of international students, but low in terms of faculty-to-student ratio and citations per faculty.

QS World University Rankingsby Subject(2024)
Communication & Media Studies	10
Theology	21
History	33
Archaeology	35
Classics & Ancient History	40
Anthropology	43
Linguistics	46
Philosophy	49
Sociology	55
Arts & Humanities	58
Modern Languages	62
Psychology	77
English Language & Literature	86
Earth & Marine Sciences	51-100
Geology	51-100
Geography	51-100
Geophysics	51-100
Politics	51-100
Statistics & Operational Research	51-100
Biological Sciences	96
Law & Legal Studies	97
Mathematics	97
Agriculture & Forestry	98
Natural Sciences	111

An overview of theQS World University Rankingsby subjects:

Subjects	World Ranking by Years
	2019	2020	2021	2022
Arts & Humanities	70	58	47	43
Classics & Ancient History	16	25	32	30
Archaeology	37	37	46	35
Politics	101–150	101–150	51–100	51–100
Theology	51–100	51–100	29	30
Philosophy	51–100	51–100	51–100	51–100
History	51–100	51–100	51–100	49
Sociology	51–100	51–100	74	59
Anthropology	51–100	48	49	46
Earth & Marine Sciences	51–100	51–100	101–150	101–150
Communication & Media Studies	35	30	24	19
Linguistics	51–100	33	30	35
Modern Languages	51–100	51–100	67	68

TheTimes Higher Education World University Rankingsby subjects:

Year	World Ranking
	Arts & Humanities	Business & Economics	Life Sciences
2019	30	83	95

TheShanghai-Rankingin Mathematics:

	World Ranking
	2020	2021	2022
Mathematics	36	33	29

Notable people

Faculty and scholars

Arcadesin the courtyard of the main building

Nobel Prize Laureates who taught at the University of Vienna includeRobert Bárány,Julius Wagner-Jauregg,Hans Fischer,Karl Landsteiner,Erwin Schrödinger,Victor Franz Hess,Otto Loewi,Konrad LorenzandFriedrich Hayek.

The University of Vienna was the cradle of theAustrian Schoolof economics. The founders of this school who studied and later instructed at the University of Vienna includedCarl Menger,Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk,Friedrich von Wieser,Joseph Schumpeter,Ludwig von MisesandFriedrich Hayek.

Other famous scholars who have taught at the University of Vienna are:Theodor W. Adorno,Alexander Van der Bellen,Manfred Bietak,Theodor Billroth,Ludwig Boltzmann,Ulrich Brand,Franz Brentano,Anton Bruckner,Rudolf Carnap,Conrad Celtes,Adrian Constantin,Viktor Frankl,Sigmund Freud,Karl Samuel Grünhut,Eduard Hanslick,Edmund Hauler,Jalile Jalil,Leon Kellner,Hans Kelsen,Adam František Kollár,Johann Josef Loschmidt,Franz Miklosich,Oskar Morgenstern,Otto Neurath,Johann Palisa,Pope Pius II,Karl Popper,Elise Richter,Baron Carl von Rokitansky,Rudolf von Scherer,Peter Schuster,August Schleicher,Moritz Schlick,Ludwig Karl Schmarda,Joseph von Sonnenfels,Josef Stefan,Olga Taussky-Todd,Hans Thirring,Walter Thirring,Walter G. Url,Leopold Vietoris,Carl Auer von Welsbach,andWilhelm Winkler.

Nobel laureates

The grand staircase (Feststiege) in the Main Building

There are total 16Nobel Prize Laureatesaffiliated to the university as follows:

Name	Field In	Year
Robert Bárány	Physiology or Medicine	1914
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy	Chemistry	1925
Julius Wagner-Jauregg	Physiology or Medicine	1927
Hans Fischer	Chemistry	1930
Karl Landsteiner	Physiology or Medicine	1930
Erwin Schrödinger	Physics	1933
Otto Loewi	Physiology or Medicine	1936
Victor Francis Hess	Physics	1936
Richard Kuhn	Chemistry	1938
Max Perutz	Chemistry	1962
Karl von Frisch	Physiology or Medicine	1973
Konrad Lorenz	Physiology or Medicine	1973
Friedrich Hayek	Economics	1974
Elias Canetti	Literature	1981
Elfriede Jelinek	Literature	2004
Anton Zeilinger	Physics	2022

Alumni

Some of the university's better-known students include:Kurt Adler,Franz Alt,Wilhelm Altar,Maria Anwander,Napoleon Baniewicz,Bruno Bettelheim,Rudolf Bing,Lucian Blaga,Hedda Bolgar,Michael Brainin,Josef Breuer,F. F. Bruce,Elias Canetti,Ivan Cankar,Otto Maria Carpeaux,Friedrich Cerha,Felix Ehrenhaft,Olga Ehrenhaft-Steindler,Mihai Eminescu,Stephen Ferguson,Paul Feyerabend,Heinz Fischer,O. W. Fischer,Ivan Franko,Sigmund Freud,Adolf Albrecht Friedländer,Alcide De Gasperi,Hilda Geiringer,Kurt Gödel,Ernst Gombrich,Franz Grillparzer,Karina Grömer,Werner Gruber,Karl Samuel Grünhut,Pamela Gutman,Hans Hahn,Jörg Haider,Friedrich Hayek,Leo-Ferdinand Henckel von Donnersmarck,Theodor Herzl,Anneliese Hitzenberger,Hugo von Hofmannsthal,Edmund Husserl,Marie Jahoda,Max Jammer,Elfriede Jelinek,Percy Julian,Karl Kautsky,Elisabeth Kehrer,Leon Kellner,Hans Kelsen,Hryhoriy Khomyshyn,Jan Kickert,Rudolf Kirchschläger,Arthur Koestler,Jernej Kopitar,Karl Kordesch,Arnold Krammer,Karl Kraus,Bruno Kreisky,Richard Kuhn,Hermann F. Kvergić,Paul Lazarsfeld,Ignacy Łukasiewicz,Gustav Mahler,Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk,Lise Meitner,Gregor Mendel,Karl Menger,Franz Mesmer,Egon Orowan,Franz Miklosich,Alois Mock,Wolf-Dieter Montag,Matija Murko,Paul Niel,Joachim Oppenheim,Eduard Pernkopf,Anton Piëch,Ioan Nicolidi of Pindus,Pope Pius III,Hans Popper,Karl Popper,Otto Preminger,Wilhelm Reich,Peter Safar,Monika Salzer,Mordecai Sandberg,Mordkhe Schaechter,Karl Schenkl,Max Schloessinger,Marianne Schmidl,Andreas Schnider,Arthur Schnitzler,Albin Schram,Joseph Schumpeter,Wolfgang Schüssel,Peter Schuster,John J. Shea, Jr.,Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić,Maria Simon,Felix Somary,Marian Smoluchowski,Adalbert Stifter,Countess Stoeffel,Yemima Tchernovitz-Avidar,Eric Voegelin,Kurt Waldheim,Calvin Edouard Ward,Otto Weininger,Slavko Wolf,Eduard Zirm,Stefan Zweig,andHuldrych Zwingli.

• 
  Huldrych Zwingli
• 
  Gregor Mendel
• 
  Sigmund Freud
• 
  Hans Kelsen
• 
  Gustav Mahler
• 
  Erwin Schrödinger
• 
  Friedrich Hayek

See also

• Education in Austria
• Klimt University of Vienna Ceiling Paintings
• Institute Vienna Circle
• List of medieval universities
• Ludwig Boltzmann Institut für Menschenrechte
• Roman Sebastian Zängerle
• Vienna Observatory
• Francis Stephen Award
• List of Jesuit sites

External links

• University of Vienna(English version)
• Information for Students at the University of Vienna(English version)