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Vitudurum

Coordinates:47°30′0″N8°44′00″E/ 47.50000°N 8.73333°E/47.50000; 8.73333
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Vitudurum
St. Arbogast church inOberwinterthurand the foundation walls at the site of the Roman castle
Vitudurum is located in Switzerland
Vitudurum
Shown within Switzerland
Alternative nameVitodorum
LocationOberwinterthur
RegionformerGermania Superior,presentmunicipalityofWinterthur,Canton of Zürich,Switzerland
Coordinates47°30′0″N8°44′00″E/ 47.50000°N 8.73333°E/47.50000; 8.73333
TypeVicus
History
Materialstone and wood
Foundedaround 4 BC
AbandonedAround 401 AD by the Roman army, settlement continued byGallo-Romaninhabitants
PeriodsRoman RepublictoRoman Empire
CulturesGallo-Roman
Site notes
Conditionaeaorchological access
OwnershipCity of Winterthur
ManagementCanton of Zürich
Public accessFoundation walls at the St. Arbogast church

Vitudurum(sometimesVitodorum) is the name of aRomanvicus,those remains are located inOberwinterthur,a locality of themunicipalityofWinterthurin thecanton of ZürichinSwitzerland.

Geography

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The majority of the remains of commercial, residential, religious and public buildings are situated inOberwinterthur,a locality of themunicipalityofWinterthur,around the St. Arbogast church, at Unterer Bühl, Kastellweg and Bätmur Flur.

Location

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Vitudurum was established nearby productive resources and a prehistorican route fromLake GenevatoLake Constance(Arbor Felix, Brigantium) in the late first century BC or early first century AD. It was located at the probably route leading to the north (Ad Fines,Tasgetium), presumably also towardsTuricum,and towards theIrgenhausen CastrumandCentum Prata(Kempraten), and on the water transport routeObersee–Linth–Walenseeon theGotthard Passroute towards the Roman heartland in Italy.

History

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The Roman timber buildings weredendrochronologicallydated around 4 BC. In AD 7 the Romans rebuilt the passageway in the Oberwinterthur area into a road. Starting from the village's center on the church hill (St. Arbogast) at the beginning of the 1st century AD, a street village stretched at a length of about 500 metres (1,640 ft) having severalinsulae.The open settlement had its flowering time in the 1st and 2nd centuries. During theAlemanniinvasion,[1]thevicuswas replaced respectively fortified by acastrum(fort) on the present St. Arbogast church hill, surrounded by a wall. The date of the construction of the fortification around 294 AD is documented byits inscription stone.At the same place the predecessor building of the St. Arbogast church was erected in the 6th/7th century.[2]

Buildings and infrastructure

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Roman wall remains at the Reformed Church of St. Arbogast

A masonry temple in the center was built in the 1st to 2nd century, surrounded by a sacred precinct, thespa,three houses and a building of public character, and on the opposite side other larger stone buildings. To the south east, a residential and commercial district were situated atUnterer Bühl,which consisted entirely of wooden houses or clay-half-timberedstructures. There were found organic materials in a very good condition: besides basket fragments, scrap leather and wooden objects, also a threshold beam and other parts of the house structures. About a wooden spring capture and wooden (so-calledTeuchel) fresh water pipes were conducted in different houses. Elaborately constructed and parcarefully covered wooden channels were used for sanitation.

Comparable with the southwestern area, two rows of houses stretched towards the north-east. North of the church hill (Kastellweg) there were on 2,000 square metres (21,528 sq ft) more residential and farm buildings made of wood, but also one of stone, fresh water pipes and sewers and latrines, established in the 1st to the 3rd century AD. Fire hazard exposed buildings and imissionary trades were situated at the edges of settlement in the west and east: in the 1st and 2nd centuries at least 14kilnsandtanneriesin the southwest and northeast. Individual staves of six vats, embedded in the floor of the tannery date back in the 1st century, and show bear stamp and graffiti. The numerous single finds, mostly from the 1st century, include wooden writing tablets with inscriptions, pottery fragments and a pair of shoe bars.[1]

Archaeological exploration

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After the first excavations in 1841 and 1853, soundings at the location of thecastrumat the St. Arbogast church and in the immediate vicinity have been done in 1934. On occasion of the rebuilding of the parish house Oberwinterthur, a rescue excavation was carried out from 1949 to 1951. In 1957/59 followed excavations and research and in 1960 further excavations. On the Roman road on the northeastern end of theVicusexcavations were carried out in 1967/69, and in 1976 at the St. Arbogast church, and from 1977 to 1982 on the lower western district (Unterer Bühl) of the settlement. Between 1979 and 2010 all construction projects were monitored in the area of the Roman Vicus, and over 50 rescue excavations were carried out; especially in 2002 atBätmur Flurthe aerchologists explored an early to high medieval settlement area (7th to 12th century AD), and from 2006 to 2009 atKastellweg.In the area of the Vicus settlement remains of the EuropeanNeolithic,the early and lateBronze Ageand grave remains of theMiddle Bronze Ageand the earlyIron Agewere uncovered.[1]Rescue excavations were executed in late summer 2015, discovering the foundation holes of seven pit-houses from the 6th century inHegmatten.Individual finds include glass beads and knife blades, but also various Roman coins, two Roman finger rings and parts of several Romanfibulae.[2]The excavations of 2015 were continued in spring 2016.[3]

Name and inscription stone

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Foundation stone of the castle Vitudurum dated back to 294 AD

The name Vitudurum, evidenced by the Latin inscription on the foundation stone of the castle in the former Roman provinceGermania Superiordating in 294 AD:[4]

[I]MP(erator)CAES(ar)G(aius)AURE(lius)VAL(erius)DIOCLETIAN[US PONT(ifex)MAX(imus)GER(manicus)MAX(imus)
SAR(maticus)MAX(imus)PERS(icus)MAX(imus)TRIB(unicia)POT(estate)XI IM[P(erator)xCO(n)S(ul)V P(ater)P(atriae)PROCO(n)S(ul)ET
IMP(erator)CAES(ar)M(arcus)AUR(elius)VAL(erius)MAXIMIA[N(us)PONT(ifex)MAX(imus)GER(manicus)MAX(imus)SAR(maticus)
MAX(imus)PERS(icus)MA[X(imus)TRIB(unicia)POT(estate)X IMP(erator)VIIII CO[(n)S(ul)IIII P(ater)P(atriae)PROCO(n)S(ul)P(ii)F(elices)INV(icti)AUG(usti)
ET VAL(erius)CONS[T]ANTIU ET GAL(erius)VAL(erius) [MAXSIMIANUS NOBILISS(imi)CA]ES(are)S MURUM VITUDURENSEM A S[OLO]SUMPTU SUO FECER(unt)
AURELIO PROCULO V(iro)P(erfectissimo)PR[AES(ide)PROV(inciae)CURANTE]

The Latin capitals of the shortend original inscriptions are completed by minuscules, now meaning literally:

The EmperorGaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletian,the greatest German conqueror, the greatestSarmatiansconqueror, the greatest Persian conqueror, proclaimed in the 11th year of his tribunician power, for the tenth time as the chamption, Consul for the fifth time, father of the fatherland, theprokonsul,the pious, happy, victorious emperor, and Valerius Constantius and Galerius Valerius Maximianus, the illustrious reign of the Emperor have, have been built the fort wall of Vitudurum from scratch at their expense under the supervision of Aurelius Proculus, the highly respected provincial governor.[5]

The inscription stone is exhibited in the old city of Winterthur at the Rathaus Winterthur.[6]

Heritage site of national significance

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The area of the remains of theVicus Vitudurmist listed in theSwiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significanceasClass Aobject of national importance.[7]Hence, the area is provided as a historical site under federal protection, within the meaning of the Swiss Federal Act on the nature and cultural heritage (German: Bundesgesetz über den Natur- und Heimatschutz NHG) of 1 July 1966. Unauthorised researching and purposeful gathering of findings represent a criminal offense according to Art. 24.[8]

Namesake

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Literature

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  • Jürg E. Schneider, Walter Ulrich Guyan, Andreas Zürcher:Turicum,Vitudurum, Iuliomagus = Zürich, Winterthur und Schleitheim: drei römische Siedlungen in der Ostschweiz.Ergänzte Sonderauflage, Werd-Verlag, Zürich 1988,ISBN3-8593-2002-5.
  • Vitudurum. Beiträge zum römischen Oberwinterthur,Volumes 1–9, published by Kantonsarchäologie Zürich, 1984–2001.
  • Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte (Publisher), SPM V. Römische Zeit (2002) p. 403–404.

References

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  1. ^abcAndreas Zürcher (2013-08-03)."Vitudurum"(in German). HDS.Retrieved2015-09-16.
  2. ^ab"Römische Siedlung bei Grabungen in Winterthur entdeckt"(in German).Limmattaler Zeitung.2015-09-15.Retrieved2015-09-16.
  3. ^"Weitere Grabungen in frühmittelalterlicher Siedlung in Winterthur"(in German).Limmattaler Zeitung.2016-03-01.Retrieved2016-03-07.
  4. ^Clauss / Slaby EDCS, corporated by Anne Kolb."CIL XIII, 5249, Vitudurum"(in German). Epigraphik-Datenbank.Retrieved2014-11-11.
  5. ^Helmut Maurer:Konstanz im Mittelalter: 1. Von den Anfängen bis zum Konzil.Stadler, Konstanz, 1989, p. 71.
  6. ^"Museumspädagogik"(in German). Stadt Winterthur.Retrieved2014-11-11.
  7. ^"A-Objekte KGS-Inventar"(PDF).Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Amt für Bevölkerungsschutz. 2015-01-01. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2015-10-01.Retrieved2015-09-13.
  8. ^"Bundesgesetz über den Natur- und Heimatschutz (NHG)"(PDF)(in German). Hochbaudepartement Stadt Zürich. 2014-10-12.Retrieved2015-08-21.
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