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Viverridae

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This article is about the extant family of carnivorans. For an extinct family of carnivorous mammals, seeViverravidae.

Viverridae[2]
Temporal range:34–0MaEoceneto Recent[1]
A mosaic of four small photos of viverrids in trees
Viverrids, including(top left to bottom right),species ofParadoxurus,Genetta,PagumaandArctictis
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Infraorder: Aeluroidea
Parvorder: Viverroidea
Family: Viverridae
Gray,1821
Type genus
Viverra
Genera
Distribution of living viverrid species

Viverridaeis afamilyof small to medium-sized,feliformmammals.Theviverrids(/vaɪˈvɛrɪdz/) comprise 33speciesplaced in 14genera.This family was named and first described byJohn Edward Grayin 1821.[3]Viverrids occur all overAfrica,southern Europe,andSouthandSoutheast Asia,across theWallace Line.[4]

Almost all viverrids outside the subfamilyGenettinaeare commonly called civets, but somecivetsare not viverrids. Animals of the subfamily Genettinae are known asgenetsandoyans.The word viverridae comes from the Latinviverra'ferret', but ferrets are in a different family, theMustelidae.

Characteristics[edit]

Binturong (Arctictis binturong)on display at theMuseum of Osteology

Viverrids have four or five toes on each foot and half-retractileclaws.They have sixincisorsin each jaw andmolarswith two tubercular grinders behind in the upper jaw, and one in the lower jaw. The tongue is rough with sharp prickles. A pouch orglandoccurs beneath the anus, but there is nocecum.[3]

Viverrids are the most primitive of all the families offeliformCarnivoraand clearly less specialized than theFelidae.In external characteristics, they are distinguished from the Felidae by the longer muzzle and tuft of facialvibrissaebetween thelower jawbones, and by the shorter limbs and the five-toed hind foot with the first digit present. The skull differs by the position of thepostpalatine foraminaon themaxilla,almost always well in advance of the maxillopalatinesuture,and usually about the level of the secondpremolar;and by the distinct external division of theauditory bullainto its two elements either by a definite groove or, when rarely this is obliterated, by the depression of thetympanic bonein front of the swollen entotympanic. The typicaldental formulais:3.1.4.23.1.4.2,but the number may be reduced, although never to the same extent as in the Felidae.[4]

Their flesh-shearingcarnassialteeth are relatively undeveloped compared to those of other feliform carnivorans.[5]Most viverrid species have a penis bone (abaculum).[6]

Classification[edit]

Living species[edit]

In 1821, Gray defined this family as consisting of the generaViverra,Genetta,Herpestes,andSuricata.[3]Reginald Innes Pococklater redefined the family as containing a great number of highly diversified genera, and being susceptible of division into severalsubfamilies,based mainly on the structure of the feet and of some highly specializedscent glands,derived from the skin, which are present in most of the species and are situated in the region of the external generative organs. He subordinated the subfamiliesHemigalinae,Paradoxurinae,Prionodontinae,andViverrinaeto the Viverridae.[4]

In 1833,Edward Turner Bennettdescribed the Malagasyfossa(Cryptoprocta ferox) and subordinated the Cryptoprocta to the Viverridae.[7]Amolecularandmorphologicalanalysis based onDNA/DNA hybridization experiments suggests thatCryptoproctadoes not belong within Viverridae, but is a member of theEupleridae.[8]

TheAfrican palm civet(Nandinia binotata) resembles the civets of the Viverridae, but is genetically distinct and belongs in its ownmonotypicfamily, theNandiniidae.There is little dispute that thePoianaspecies are viverrids.[2]

DNA analysisbased on 29Carnivoraspecies, comprising 13 Viverrinae species and three species representingParadoxurus,PagumaandHemigalinae,confirmed Pocock's assumption that the African linsangPoianarepresents thesister groupof the genusGenetta.The placement ofPrionodonas the sister group of the familyFelidaeis strongly supported, and it was proposed that the Asiatic linsangs be placed in themonogenericfamilyPrionodontidae.[9]

Family Viverridae[1][2][10]
Subfamily Genus Species Image oftype species
Viverrinae ViverraLinnaeus, 1758[11]
ViverriculaHodgson,1838[14] Small Indian civet(V. indica)(Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,1803)[15]
CivettictisPocock,1915[16] African civet(C. civetta)(Schreber,1776)[17]
HemigalinaeGray, 1864[18]
HemigalusJourdan,1837[19] Banded palm civet(H. derbyanus)Jourdan, 1837[19]
CynogaleGray, 1836[20] Otter civet(C. bennettii)Gray, 1836[20]
DiplogaleThomas,1912[21] Hose's palm civet(D. hosei)(Thomas, 1892)[22]
MacrogalidiaSchwarz,1910[23] Sulawesi palm civet(M. musschenbroekii)(Schlegel,1877)[24]
ChrotogaleThomas, 1912[21] Owston's palm civet(C. owstoni)Thomas, 1912[21]
ParadoxurinaeGray, 1864[18] ParadoxurusCuvier, 1822[25]
ArctictisTemminck,1824[29] Binturong(A. binturong)(Raffles,1822)[30]
PagumaGray, 1831[31] Masked palm civet(P. larvata)(Smith,1827)[32]
ArctogalidiaMerriam,1897[33] Small-toothed palm civet(A. trivirgata)(Gray, 1832)[34]
Genettinae GenettaCuvier, 1816[35]
PoianaGray, 1864[18]

Phylogeny[edit]

The phylogenetic relationships of Viverridae are shown in the following cladogram:[1][10]

Viverridae
Paradoxurinae
Paradoxurus

Golden palm civetP. zeylonensis

Jerdon's palm civetP. jerdoni

Asian palm civetP. hermaphroditus

Macrogalidia

Sulawesi palm civetM. musschenbroekii

Paguma

Masked palm civetP. larvata

Arctictis

BinturongA. binturong

Arctogalidia

Small-toothed palm civetA. trivirgata

Hemigalinae
Cynogale

Otter civetC. bennettii

Chrotogale

Owston's palm civetC. owstoni

Diplogale

Hose's palm civetD. hosei

Hemigalus

Banded palm civetH. derbyanus

Viverrinae
Viverrinae
Viverra

Malabar large-spotted civetV. civettina

Large-spotted civetV. megaspila

Large Indian civetV. zibetha

Malayan civetV. tangalunga

Civettictis

African civetC. civetta

Viverricula

Small Indian civetV. indica

sensu stricto
Genettinae
Poiana

West African oyanP. leightoni

Central African oyanP. richardsonii

Genetta

Abyssinian genetG. abyssinica

Haussa genetG. thierryi

Giant forest genetG. victoriae

Johnston's genetG. johnstoni

Aquatic genetG. piscivora

Servaline genetG. servalina

Crested servaline genetG. cristata

South African small-spotted genetG. felina

Common genetG. genetta

Cape genetG. tigrina

Letaba genetG. letabae

Schouteden’s genetG. schoutedeni

Rusty-spotted genetG. maculata

Angolan genetG. angolensis

Pardine genetG. pardina

Bourlon's genetG. bourloni

King genetG. poensis

sensu lato

Extinct species[edit]

Subfamily Genus Species
Viverrinae ViverraLinnaeus, 1758 Leakey's civet(V. leakeyi)Leakey, 1982
SemigenettaHelbing 1927
  • †S. cadeotiRoman and Viret 1934
  • †S. elegansDehm, 1950
  • †S. grandisCrusafont & Golpe, 1981
  • †S. laugnacensisDe Bonis, 1973
  • †S. ripolliPetter, 1976
  • †S. sansaniensisLartet, 1851
Paradoxurinae KichechiaSavage,1965[50]
TugenictisMorales & Pickford, 2005[52][53] †T. ngororaensis[52]Morales & Pickford, 2005
KanuitesDehghani & Werdelin, 2008[54] †K. lewisae[54]Dehghani & Werdelin, 2008
SiamictisGrohéet al.,2020[55] †S. carbonensis[55]Grohéet al., 2020

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^abcGaubert, P. & Cordeiro-Estrela, P. (2006)."Phylogenetic systematics and tempo of evolution of the Viverrinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Viverridae) within feliformians: implications for faunal exchanges between Asia and Africa"(PDF).Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.41(2): 266–278.Bibcode:2006MolPE..41..266G.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.034.PMID16837215.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2022-08-15.Retrieved2020-08-01.Open access icon
  2. ^abcWozencraft, W. C.(2005)."Family Viverridae".InWilson, D. E.;Reeder, D. M. (eds.).Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 548–559.ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0.OCLC62265494.
  3. ^abcGray, J. E. (1821)."On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals".London Medical Repository.15(1): 296–310.
  4. ^abcPocock, R. I. (1939)."Family Viverridae".The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma.Vol. Mammalia. – Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 330–332.
  5. ^Wozencraft, W. C. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.).The Encyclopedia of Mammals.New York: Facts on File. pp.134–135.ISBN0-87196-871-1.
  6. ^Ewer, R. F. (1998).The Carnivores.Cornell University Press.ISBN0-8014-8493-6.
  7. ^Bennett, E. T. (1833)."Notice of a new genus of Viverridous Mammalia from Madagascar".Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.1833:46.
  8. ^Veron, G.; Catzeflis, F. M. (1993). "Phylogenetic relationships of the endemic Malagasy carnivore Cryptoprocta ferox (Aeluroideae): DNA/DNA hybridization experiments".Journal of Mammalian Evolution.1(3): 169–185.doi:10.1007/bf01024706.S2CID21555307.
  9. ^Gaubert, P.; Veron, G. (2003)."Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia".Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.270(1532): 2523–2530.doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521.PMC1691530.PMID14667345.
  10. ^abNyakatura, K. & Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. (2012)."Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates".BMC Biology.10:12.doi:10.1186/1741-7007-10-12.PMC3307490.PMID22369503.
  11. ^abLinnaeus, C. (1758)."Viverra".Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis 1(Tenth ed.). Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. pp. 43–45.
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  13. ^abBlyth, E. (1862)."Report of Curator, Zoological Department, February 1862".The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.31(3): 331–345.
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  15. ^Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. (1803)."La Civette de l'Inde".Catalogue des Mammifères du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle.Paris: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. p. 113.
  16. ^Pocock, R. I. (1915)."On the Feet and Glands and other External Characters of the Viverrinae, with the description of a New Genus".Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.85:131−149.doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1915.00131.x.
  17. ^Schreber, J. C. D. (1778)."Die CivetteViverra civetta".Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen.Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 418–420.
  18. ^abcGray, J. E. (1864)."A revision of the genera and species of viverrine animals (Viverridae), founded on the collection in the British Museum".Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1864:502–579.
  19. ^abJourdan, C. (1837)."Mémoire sur deux mammifères nouveaux de l'Inde, considérés comme types des deux genres voisins des Paradoxures, genres Hémigale et Ambliodon".Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences:442–447.
  20. ^abGray, J.E. (1836)."Characters of some new species of Mammalia in the Society's collection".Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.Part IV (October): 87–88.
  21. ^abcThomas, O. (1912)."Two new Genera and a Species of Viverrine Carnivora".Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.Part II: 498–503.
  22. ^Thomas, O. (1892)."On some Mammals form Mount Dulit, North Borneo".Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.Part I: 221–226.
  23. ^Schwarz, E. (1910)."Notes on some Palm-Civets".The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology.8.5(29): 422–424.
  24. ^Schlegel, H. (1879)."Paradoxurus musschenbroekii".Notes from the Royal Zoological Museum of the Netherlands at Leyden.1(Note XIV): 43.
  25. ^Cuvier, F. (1822)."Du genre Paradoxure et de deux espèces nouvelles qui s'y rapportent".Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle Paris.9:41–48.
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  29. ^Temminck, C. J. (1824)."XVII GenreArctictis".Monographies de mammalogie.Paris: Dufour & d'Ocagne. p. xxi.
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  31. ^Gray, J. E. (1831)."Paguma".Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London.Vol. 1. London: Zoological Society of London. p. 95.
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  35. ^Cuvier, F. (1816). Cuvier, G. (ed.).Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée.Vol. I. Paris: Deterville.
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  50. ^abSavage, R. J. G. (1965)."Fossil mammals of Africa: 19, The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa".Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History).10(8): 239–316.
  51. ^Adrian, B.; Werdelin, L. & Grossman, A. (2018)."New Miocene Carnivora (Mammalia) from Moruorot and Kalodirr, Kenya"(PDF).Palaeontologia Electronica.21(1 10A): 1–19.doi:10.26879/778.
  52. ^abMorales, J. & Pickford, M. (2005)."Carnivores from the Middle Miocene Ngorora Formation (13-12 Ma), Kenya"(PDF).Estudios Geológicos.61(3–6): 271–284.doi:10.3989/egeol.05613-668.
  53. ^Werdelin, L. (2019)."Middle Miocene Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from Fort Ternan, western Kenya"(PDF).Geodiversitas.41(6): 267.doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a6.S2CID146620949.
  54. ^abDehghani, R. & Werdelin, L. (2008). "A new small carnivoran from the Middle Miocene of Fort Ternan, Kenya".Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen.248(2): 233–244.doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0248-0233.
  55. ^abGrohé, C.; Bonis, L. D.; Chaimanee, Y.; Chavasseau, O.; Rugbumrung, M.; Yamee, C.; Suraprasit, K.; Gibert, C.; Surault, J.; Blondel, C.; Jaeger, J.-J. (2020)."The Late Middle Miocene Mae Moh Basin of Northern Thailand: The Richest Neogene Assemblage of Carnivora from Southeast Asia and a Paleobiogeographic Analysis of Miocene Asian Carnivorans".American Museum Novitates(3952): 1–57.doi:10.1206/3952.1.S2CID219296152.

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