Voiced bilabial trill
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(April 2008) |
| Voiced bilabial trill | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʙ | |||
| IPA Number | 121 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ʙ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+0299 | ||
| X-SAMPA | B\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
Thevoiced bilabial trillis a type ofconsonantalsound, used in some spokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents the sound is ⟨ʙ⟩, asmall capitalversion of the Latin letterb,and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isB\.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced bilabial trill:
- Itsmanner of articulationistrill,which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates. In most instances, it is only found as the trilled release of aprenasalized stop.
- Itsplace of articulationisbilabial,which means it is articulated with bothlips.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateraldichotomy does not apply.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Varieties[edit]
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| ʙ | Voiced bilabial trill |
| ᵐʙ | Prenasalizedvoiced bilabial trill |
Occurrences[edit]
| Affiliation | Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bantoid | Medumba | mʙʉ | [mʙʉ́][citation needed] | 'dog' | ||
| Ngwe | Lebang dialect | [àʙɨ́́] | 'ash' | |||
| Mura | Pirahã | kaoáíbogi | [kàò̯áí̯ʙòˈɡì] | 'evil spirit' | Allophoneof/b/before/o/ | |
| ʔíbogi | 'milk' | |||||
| Uralic | Komi-Permyak[1] | Бунгаг | [ʙuŋɡaɡ] | 'dung beetle' | Generallyparalinguistic.This is the only true word it is found in. | |
| Senu River | Kwomtari[2] | [example needed] | ||||
| Skou | Sko[2] | [example needed] | ||||
TheKnorkatorsong "[Buchstabe]" (the actual title is aglyph) on the 1999 albumHasenchartbreakeruses a similar sound (though linguolabial instead of bilabial) to replace "br" in a number of German words (e.g.[ˈʙaːtkaɐ̯tɔfəln]forBratkartoffeln).
Prenasalized[edit]
| Affiliation | Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oceanic | Kele[3][4] | [ᵐʙulim] | 'face' | And other languages of the Admiralty Islands | ||
| Titan[3][4] | [ᵐʙutukei] | 'wooden plate' | ||||
| Unua[5] | [ᵐʙue] | 'pig' | ||||
| Ahamb[6] | [nãᵐʙwas] | 'pig' | Phonemic; contrasts between/ᵐʙ/and/ʙ̥/. | |||
| Border | Kilmeri[2] | [example needed] | ||||
Prestopped trills and stops with trill release[edit]
| Affiliation | Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naga | Sangtam | [t͡ʙàŋ][7] | 'needle' | Phonemic as/t͡ʙ/,contrasts with/t͡ʙ̥ʰ/.[7] | |
| Qiangic | Lizu[8][9] | TU, | [tʙ̩˥˩] | 'bean' | Syllabic; allophone of/u/after initial/pʰ,p,b,tʰ,t,d/.[8] |
| Namuyi[10] | tbĭh | [t͡ʙ̩˨][10] | 'to slaughter' | Phonemic according toPavlík (2017)occurring before/u/or as asyllabic consonant. [ʙ]is classified as an allophone of/u/following a/p/,/b/,/t/or/d/in the phonemic analysis ofHuáng (1992:673–674), andYǐn (2016).[11] No bilabial trills are present in the phonemic analysis ofNishida (2013). | |
| dbù | [d͡ʙu˥˨][10] | 'wild' | |||
| pbĭh | [p͡ʙ̩][10] | 'to deliver' | |||
| [b͡ʙuda][10] | surname | ||||
| Pumi[9] | biiv | [pʙ̩˥] | 'to dig' | Syllabic; allophone of/ə/after/pʰ,p,b,tʰ,t,d/. | |
Phonology[edit]
In many of the languages in which the bilabial trill occurs, it occurs only as part of a prenasalized bilabial stop with trilled release,[mbʙ].That developed historically from a prenasalized stop before a relatively highback vowellike[mbu].In such instances, the sounds are usually still limited to the environment of a following[u].However, the trills in Mangbetu may precede any vowel and are sometimes preceded by only a nasal.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^Wichmann, Yrjö;Uotila, T. E. (1942).Syrjänischer Wortschatz nebst Hauptzügen der Formenlehre.Helsinki:Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
- ^abcFoley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide.The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432.ISBN978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^abLadefoged (2005:165)
- ^abBowern, Claire (2012).Sivisa Titan.University of Hawai'i Press.
- ^Dimock (2005:19)
- ^Rangelov, Tihomir (2019),The bilabial trills of Ahamb (Vanuatu): acoustic and articulatory properties,University of Waikato
- ^abCoupe, Alexander (2016),"Prestopped bilabial trills in Sangtam",Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Glasgow, 10-14 August 2015.
- ^abChirkova & Chen (2013:78)
- ^abChirkova, Katia (2012). "The Qiangic Subgroup from an Areal Perspective: A Case Study of Languages of Muli"(Archive). InLanguages and Linguistics13(1):133-170. Taipei:Academia Sinica.
- ^abcdePavlík (2017)
- ^Pavlík (2017:32)
References[edit]
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013),"Lizu"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43(1): 75–86,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242[permanent dead link]
- Dimock, Laura (2005)."The Bilabial Trill in Unua"(PDF).Wellington Working Papers in Linguistics.17:17–33.ISSN1170-1978.
- Huáng, Bùfán, ed. (1992),Tàng miến ngữ hệ ngôn ngữ từ ngữ[Tibeto-Burman language vocabulary] (in Chinese), Beijing: Minzu University Press
- Ladefoged, Peter(2005).Vowels and Consonants(Second ed.). Blackwell.
- Nishida, Fuminobu (2013)."Phonetics and Phonology of Dzolo Dialect of Namuyi".Arutesu Riberaresu / Artes Liberales.92:21–54.doi:10.15113/00013130.
- Pavlík, Štěpán (2017).The Description of Namuzi Language(Ph.D. thesis). Charles University.hdl:20.500.11956/95965.
- Yǐn, Wèibīn (2016),Nạp mộc tư ngữ ngữ pháp đánh dấu văn bản[Grammar of Namuzi with Annotated Texts] (in Chinese), Beijing: Social Science Literature Press
