Voiced labial–velar nasal
| Voiced labial–velar nasal | |
|---|---|
| ŋ͡m | |
| IPA Number | 119 (114) |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | ŋ͡m |
| Unicode(hex) | U+014B U+0361 U+006D |
| X-SAMPA | Nm |
Thevoiced labial–velar nasalis a type ofconsonantalsound, used in some spokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨ŋ͡m⟩.
The labial–velar nasal is found in West and Central Africa and eastern New Guinea, as well as in certain contexts in Vietnamese.[1][2]
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced labial–velar nasal:
- Itsmanner of articulationisocclusive,which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is alsonasal,the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Itsplace of articulationislabial–velar,which means it is simultaneously articulated with the lips and with the back part of thetongue(the dorsum) against thesoft palate(the velum). The dorsal closure is made and released slightly before the labial closure, but they overlap for most of their duration.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anasalconsonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dangme[3] | Dangme | [daŋ͡me] | 'Dangme' | ||
| Igala[4] | ñmọ | [ŋ͡mɔ̄] | 'to drink' | Allophone of/m/.SeeIgala Phonology | |
| Vietnamese[5] | đúng | [ɗuŋ͡m] | 'correct' | Allophone of/ŋ/after/u,o,ɔ/.SeeVietnamese phonology | |
| Yele | ngmo | [ŋ͡mɔ] | 'breast' | Contrastsvoiced labial–alveolar nasalandvoiced labial–retroflex nasal. | |
Labialized variant[edit]
Some languages, especially inVanuatu,combine this labial–velar nasal with alabial–velar approximant release,hence[ŋ͡mʷ].
In theBanks Islandslanguages which have it, the phoneme/ŋ͡mʷ/is written⟨m̄⟩in localorthographies,using amacronon the corresponding bilabial. In other languages ofVanuatufurther south (such asSouth Efate,orLenakel), the same segment is spelled⟨m̃⟩with a combiningtilde.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dorig[6] | m̄sar | [ŋ͡mʷsar] | 'poor' | Realized with anapproximant release. | |
| Lakon | um̄ä | [uŋ͡mʷæ] | 'house' | ||
| Lenakel[7] | noanəm̃ɨk | [noanəŋ͡mʷɨk] | 'egg yolk' | ||
| Mwesen[8] | tam̄sar | [taŋ͡mʷsar] | 'person' | ||
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^List of languages with[ŋm]onPHOIBLE
- ^Kirby, James (2011)."Vietnamese"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.41(3): 383.
- ^Kropp Dakubu (1987),p. 13.
- ^Idakwoji (2014),pp. 425.
- ^Thompson (1959),pp. 458–461.
- ^François (2010),p. 429.
- ^Nehrbass (1994),p. 89.
- ^François (2013),p. 200.
References[edit]
- François, Alexandre(2010)."Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment"(PDF).Phonology.27(3): 393–434.doi:10.1017/s0952675710000205.S2CID62628417.
- François, Alexandre (2013)."Shadows of bygone lives: The histories of spiritual words in northern Vanuatu"(PDF).In Mailhammer, Robert (ed.).Lexical and structural etymology: Beyond word histories.Studies in Language Change. Vol. 11. Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton. pp. 185–244.
- Idakwoji, John (2014).An Ígálá-English Lexicon:A Bilingual Dictionary with Notes on Igala Language, History, Culture and Priest-Kings.Partridge Singapore.ISBN978-1-4828-2787-3.
- Kropp Dakubu, M. E. (1987).The Dangme Language: An Introductory Survey.London: Macmillan.
- Nehrbass, Kenneth (April 1994). Kievit, Dirk; Huttar, George (eds.).A Comprehensive Comparison of Lexemes in the Major Languages of Tanna(PDF).SIL International.ISBN978-1-55671-276-0.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2013-02-28.
- Thompson, Laurence (1959). "Saigon phonemics".Language.35(3): 454–476.doi:10.2307/411232.JSTOR411232.
