Voiced labiodental flap
| Voiced labiodental flap | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ⱱ | |||
| IPA Number | 184 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ⱱ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+2C71 | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
Inphonetics,thevoiced labiodental flapis a speech sound found primarily in languages ofCentral Africa,such asKeraandMangbetu.It has also been reported in theAustronesianlanguageSika.[1]It is one of the few non-rhoticflaps.The sound begins with the lower lip placed behind the upper teeth. The lower lip is then flipped outward, striking the upper teeth in passing.[2]
Symbol[edit]
The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨ⱱ⟩, which resembles Cyrillicizhitsa,⟨ѵ⟩,but is composed of a V and the hook of the flap ⟨ɾ⟩. In 2005, theInternational Phonetic Association,responding to Kenneth Olson's request for its adoption, voted to include a symbol for this sound, and selected av with a right hook,[3]that is, a combination of ⟨v⟩ + ⟨ɾ⟩. As of version 5.1.0, theUnicodecharacter set encodes this character at U+2C71 (ⱱ). In earlier literature, it is often transcribed by avmodified by theextra-shortdiacritic, ⟨v̆⟩,[4]following a 1989 recommendation of the International Phonetic Association.[5]Another historic symbol for this sound wasv with curl⟨ⱴ⟩,which had been employed in articles from theSchool of Oriental and African Studies,byJoseph Greenberg,[6]and others.[7]
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced labiodental flap:
- Itsmanner of articulationisflap,which normally means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact. In this case, being a non-rhoticconsonant, the flap is made with the lower lip.
- Itsplace of articulationisdental,which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateraldichotomy does not apply.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
The labiodental flap is found primarily in Central Africa, in as many as a few hundred languages found in theChadicfamily (Margi, Tera),Ubangian(Ngbaka, Ma'bo, Sera),Mbum(e.g.Kare),Central Sudanic(Mangbetu, Kresh), andBantoid(Ngwe, some Shona dialects). It is extremely rare outside Africa, though it has been reported fromSikainFlores.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bana[8] | [ɡeⱱin] | 'fishhook' | Mainly restricted toideophones,and between high central vowels.[9]Contrasts with/v/.[10] | ||
| Kera | [ⱱehti] | 'push your head out of a hole or out of water' | Since most of the lexical items are ideophones, it is not definitively the case that the labial flap has been fully incorporated into the phonological system of Kera.[11] | ||
| Mangbetu | [taⱱa] | 'ten' | |||
| [neⱱiaⱱia] | 'black bird' | ||||
| Mono[12] | vwa | [ⱱa] | 'send' | Contrasts with/v/and/w/.In free variation withbilabial flap | |
| Sika | [ⱱoti] | 'I stand a pole in the ground' | Contrasts with/v/and/β/.May also be realized as[b̪] | ||
Thebilabial flapis a variant of the labiodental flap in several languages, includingMono.This sound involves striking the upper lip rather than the upper teeth. The two sounds are not known to contrast in any language; the termlabial flapcan be used as a broader description encompassing both sounds.[13]
InSika,the flap is heard in careful pronunciation, but it may also be realized as avoiced labiodental stop,[b̪],or an affricate. It contrasts with both a bilabial and a labiodental fricative:[14]
| [ⱱoti] | "I stand a pole in the ground" |
| [βati] | "I buy" |
| [vehte] | "We (inclusive) buy " |
Notes[edit]
- ^Olson & Hajek (2003:162–164)
- ^Olson & Hajek (1999:104)
- ^International Phonetic Association (2005:261)
- ^Olson & Hajek (2003:158)
- ^International Phonetic Association (1989:70)
- ^Olson & Hajek (1999:112)
- ^Priest, Lorna A. (23 August 2004).Revised Proposal for Additional Latin Phonetic and Orthographic Characters(PDF)(Report). ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2. p. 16. N2906 L2/04-348.
- ^Hofmann (1990:35)
- ^Hofmann (1990:35)
- ^Hofmann (1990:52)
- ^Olson & Hajek (2003:27)
- ^Olson (2004:233)
- ^Olson & Hajek (1999:106)
- ^Olson & Hajek (2003:181)
References[edit]
- Hofmann, Erica (1990).A Preliminary Phonology of Bana(PDF)(M.A. thesis). University of Victoria.OCLC27946722.
- International Phonetic Association (1989), "Report on the 1989 Kiel Convention",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,19(2): 67–80,doi:10.1017/S0025100300003868,S2CID249412330
- International Phonetic Association (2005), "IPA news",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,35(2): 261–262,doi:10.1017/S0025100305002227,S2CID232350099
- Olson, Kenneth S; Hajek, John (1999), "The phonetic status of the labial flap",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,29(2): 101–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100300006484,S2CID14438770
- Olson, Kenneth S; Hajek, John (2003), "Crosslinguistic insights on the labial flap",Linguistic Typology,7(2): 157–186,doi:10.1515/lity.2003.014
- Olson, Kenneth S; Hajek, John (2004), "A crosslinguistic lexicon of the labial flap",Linguistic Discovery,2(2): 21–57,doi:10.1349/ps1.1537-0852.a.262
- Olson, Kenneth S. (2004),"Mono"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34(2): 233–238,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744
Further reading[edit]
- Olson, Kenneth; Schrag, Brian (2000), "An overview of Mono phonology", in Wolff, H.E.; Gensler, O. (eds.),Proceedings from the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics, Leipzig 1997,Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe, pp. 393–409
External links[edit]
- List of languages with[ⱱ]onPHOIBLE
- Olson and Hajek, 2001.'The Geographic and Genetic Distribution of the Labial Flap'
- A Crosslinguistic Lexicon of the Labial Flap(has video & sound files)
- SIL Linguist Successfully Proposes New Phonetic Symbol
- Kenneth S. Olson's research website(has information on the labiodental flap)
