Voiced labiodental fricative
 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification.(February 2010) |
| Voiced labiodental fricative | |
|---|---|
| v | |
| IPA Number | 129 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity(decimal) | v |
| Unicode(hex) | U+0076 |
| X-SAMPA | v |
| Braille |  |
Thevoiced labiodental fricativeis a type ofconsonantalsound used in somespokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨v⟩, and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isv.
The sound is similar tovoiced alveolar fricative/z/ in that it is familiar to most European speakers[citation needed]but is a fairly uncommon sound cross-linguistically, occurring in approximately 21.1% of languages.[1]Moreover, most languages that have /z/ also have /v/ and similarly to /z/, the overwhelming majority of languages with [v] are languages ofEurope,Africa,orWestern Asia,although the similarlabiodental approximant/ʋ/ is also common in India. The presence of[v]and absence of[w],is a very distinctiveareal featureof European languages and those of adjacent areas ofSiberiaandCentral Asia.[citation needed]Speakers ofEast Asian languagesthat lack this sound may pronounce it as[b](KoreanandJapanese), or[f]/[w](CantoneseandMandarin), and thus be unable to distinguish between a number of English minimal pairs.[citation needed]
In certain languages, such asDanish,[2]Faroese,[3]IcelandicorNorwegian[4]the voiced labiodental fricative is in a free variation with thelabiodental approximant.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced labiodental fricative:
- Itsmanner of articulationisfricative,which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
- Itsplace of articulationislabiodental,which means it is articulated with the lowerlipand the upperteeth.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateraldichotomy does not apply.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | европа | [evˈropʼa] | 'Europe' | SeeAbkhaz phonology | |
| Afrikaans | wees | [vɪəs] | 'to be' | SeeAfrikaans phonology | |
| Albanian | valixhe | [vaˈlidʒɛ] | 'case' | ||
| Arabic | Algerian[5] | كاڥي | [kavi] | 'ataxy' | SeeArabic phonology |
| Hejazi | فيروس | [vajˈruːs] | 'virus' | Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as[f]by many speakers. | |
| Siirt[5] | ذهب | [vaˈhab] | 'gold' | SeeArabic phonology | |
| Armenian | Eastern[6] | վեց | 'six' | ||
| Assyrian | ܟܬܒ̣ܐctava | [ctaːva] | 'book' | Only in theUrmiadialects.[ʋ]is also predominantly used. Corresponds to[w]in the other varieties. | |
| Bai | Dali | ? | [ŋv˩˧] | 'fish' | |
| Bulgarian | вода | [voda] | 'water' | SeeBulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | Alguerese[7] | vell | [ˈveʎ] | 'old' | SeeCatalan phonology |
| Balearic[8][7] | |||||
| Southern Catalonia[9] | |||||
| Valencian[9][7] | |||||
| Chechen | вашa/vaşa | [vaʃa] | 'brother' | ||
| Chinese | Wu | Cơm | [vɛ] | 'cooked rice' | |
| Sichuanese | Năm | [vu˥˧] | 'five' | Corresponds to/w/in standard Mandarin. | |
| Czech | voda | [ˈvodä] | 'water' | SeeCzech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[10] | véd | [ve̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] | 'know(s)' | Most often an approximant[ʋ].[2]SeeDanish phonology |
| Dutch | All dialects | wraak | [vraːk] | 'revenge' | Allophone of/ʋ/before/r/.SeeDutch phonology |
| Most dialects | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | Often devoiced to[f]by speakers from the Netherlands. SeeDutch phonology | |
| Standard[11] | |||||
| English | All dialects | valve | [citation needed] | 'valve' | SeeEnglish phonology |
| African American[12] | breathe | [bɹiːv] | 'breathe' | Does not occur word-initially. Seeth-fronting | |
| Cockney[13] | [bɹəi̯v] | ||||
| Esperanto | vundo | [ˈvundo] | 'wound' | SeeEsperanto phonology | |
| Ewe[14] | evlo | [évló] | 'he is evil' | ||
| Faroese[3] | veður | [ˈveːʋuɹ] | 'speech' | Word-initial allophone of/v/,in free variation with an approximant[ʋ].[3]SeeFaroese phonology | |
| French[15] | valve | [valv] | 'valve' | SeeFrench phonology | |
| Georgian[16] | ვიწრო | [ˈvitsʼɾo] | 'narrow' | ||
| German | Wächter | [ˈvɛçtɐ] | 'guard' | SeeStandard German phonology | |
| Greek | βερνίκιverníki | [ve̞rˈnici] | 'varnish' | SeeModern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew | גב | [ɡav] | 'back' | SeeModern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi[17] | व्रत | [vrət̪] | 'fast' | SeeHindustani phonology | |
| Hungarian | veszély | [vɛseːj] | 'danger' | SeeHungarian phonology | |
| Irish | bhaile | [vaːlə] | 'home' | SeeIrish phonology | |
| Italian[18] | avare | [aˈvare] | 'miserly' (f. pl.) | SeeItalian phonology | |
| Judaeo-Spanish | mueve | [ˈmwɛvɛ] | 'nine' | ||
| Kabardian | вагъуэ | 'star' | Corresponds to[ʒʷ]in Adyghe | ||
| Macedonian | вода | [vɔda] | 'water' | SeeMacedonian phonology | |
| Maltese | iva | [iva] | 'yes' | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East[4] | venn | [ve̞nː] | 'friend' | Allophone of/ʋ/before a pause and in emphatic speech.[4]SeeNorwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Auvergnat | vol | [vɔl] | 'flight' | SeeOccitan phonology |
| Limousin | |||||
| Provençal | |||||
| Persian | Western | ورزش | [varzeʃ] | 'sport' | SeePersian phonology |
| Polish[19] | wór | 'bag' | SeePolish phonology | ||
| Portuguese[20] | vila | [ˈvilɐ] | 'town' | SeePortuguese phonology | |
| Romanian | val | [väl] | 'wave' | SeeRomanian phonology | |
| Russian[21][22] | волосы | [ˈvʷo̞ɫ̪əs̪ɨ̞] | 'hair' | Contrasts withpalatalizedform; may be an approximant[ʋ]instead.[22]SeeRussian phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | voda | [vɔ'da] | 'water' | SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak[23] | vzrast | [vzräst] | 'height' | Appears only in syllable onset before voiced obstruents; the usual realization of/v/is an approximant[ʋ].[23]SeeSlovak phonology | |
| Slovene[24] | Standard | filozofgre | [filoˈz̪ôːvˈɡɾěː] | 'philosopher goes' | Allophone of/f/before voiced consonants.[24]SeeSlovene phonology |
| Some dialects | voda | [ˈvɔ̀ːd̪á] | 'water' | Instead of/ʋ/.SeeSlovene phonology | |
| Spanish[25] | afgano | [ävˈɣ̞äno̞] | 'Afghan' | Allophone of/f/before voiced consonants. SeeSpanish phonology | |
| Swedish | vägg | [ˈvɛɡː] | 'wall' | SeeSwedish phonology | |
| Turkish[26] | vade | [väːˈd̪ɛ] | 'due date' | The main allophone of/v/;realized as bilabial[β~β̞]in certain contexts.[26]SeeTurkish phonology | |
| Tyap | vak | [vag] | 'road' | ||
| Urdu | ورزش | [vəɾzɪʃ] | ‘exercise’ | SeeHindustani phonology | |
| Vietnamese[27] | và | [vaː˨˩] | 'and' | In southern dialects, is infree variationwith[j].SeeVietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | weevje | [ˈʋeɪ̯vjə] | 'to weave' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. SeeWest Frisian phonology | |
| Welsh | fi | [vi] | 'I' | SeeWelsh phonology | |
| Yi | ꃶ/vu | [vu˧] | 'intestines' | ||
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^"UPSID Segment Frequency".Retrieved13 February2023.
- ^abBasbøll (2005:66)
- ^abcÁrnason (2011:115)
- ^abcKristoffersen (2000:74)
- ^abWatson (2002:15)
- ^Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
- ^abc"La /v/ labiodental"(PDF).IEC.Retrieved13 June2021.
- ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^abWheeler (2002:13)
- ^Basbøll (2005:62)
- ^Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^McWhorter (2001),pp. 148.
- ^Wells (1982),p. 328.
- ^Ladefoged (2005:156)
- ^Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^Janet Pierrehumbert, Rami Nair, Volume Editor: Bernard Laks (1996),Implications of Hindi Prosodic Structure (Current Trends in Phonology: Models and Methods)(PDF),European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford Press, 1996,ISBN978-1-901471-02-1,archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2012-03-13,retrieved2010-10-19
{{citation}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^Jassem (2003:103)
- ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^Padgett (2003:42)
- ^abYanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
- ^abHanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ^abHerrity (2000:16)
- ^http:// uclm.es/profesorado/nmoreno/compren/material/2006apuntes_fonetica.pdfArchived2012-03-07 at theWayback Machine;http://plaza.ufl.edu/lmassery/Consonantes%20oclusivasreviewlaurie.doc
- ^abGöksel & Kerslake (2005:6))
- ^Thompson (1959:458–461)
References[edit]
- Árnason, Kristján (2011).The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0199229314.
- Basbøll, Hans(2005),The Phonology of Danish,Taylor & Francis,ISBN0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22(1–2): 53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID249411809
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25(2): 90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID249414876
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian,Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23(2): 73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID249404451
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005),Turkish: a comprehensive grammar,Routledge,ISBN978-0415114943
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22(2): 45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID243772965
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010),"Slovak"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40(3): 373–378,doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Herrity, Peter (2000),Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar,London: Routledge,ISBN0415231485
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(1): 103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Kristoffersen, Gjert(2000),The Phonology of Norwegian,Oxford University Press,ISBN978-0-19-823765-5
- Ladefoged, Peter(2005),Vowels and Consonants(Second ed.), Blackwell
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN0-521-65236-7
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian",Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,21(1): 39–87,doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505,S2CID13470826
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34(1): 117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36(2): 255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35(3): 454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR411232
- Watson, Janet (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic,New York: Oxford University Press
- Wheeler, Max W. (2005),The Phonology Of Catalan,Oxford: Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-925814-7
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015),"Russian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,45(2): 221–228,doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
