Voiced retroflex implosive
| Voiced retroflex implosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ᶑ | |||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ᶑ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+1D91 | ||
| |||
Thevoiced retroflex implosiveis a type ofconsonantalsound.Wadiyara Koliphonemically distinguishes it from the alveolar/ɗ/.Sindhihas an implosive that varies between dental and retroflex articulation, whileOromo,SaraikiandNgad'ahave/ᶑ /but not/ɗ/.[1]
The 'implicit' symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetis⟨ᶑ ⟩(a D with a tail for retroflex and a hook-top for implosive).[2][3]
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced retroflex implosive:
- Itsmanner of articulationisocclusive,which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet,the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
- Itsplace of articulationisretroflex,which prototypically means it is articulatedsubapical(with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it ispostalveolarwithout beingpalatalized.That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can beapical(pointed) or, in some fricatives,laminal(flat).
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Theairstream mechanismisimplosive(glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping theglottisdownward. Since it is voiced, the glottis is not completely closed, but allows a pulmonic airstream to escape through it.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marwari[citation needed] | कॾहिं | [kaᶑahin] | |||
| Ngadha | modhe | [ˈmoᶑe] | 'good' | ||
| Oromo | dhuma | [ᶑʊmɐ] | 'end' | ||
| Saraiki | ݙاک | [ᶑak] | 'mail' | Eitherapicalorsubapical,place of articulation is more forward than for the retroflex stops, does not contrast with a dental implosive[4] | |
| Wadiyara Koli | [example needed] | Contrasts /ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ/. | |||
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^InMangbai/ɗ/may also be retroflex, but it appears to be a preglottalized[ʔ͡ɖ]rather than an implosive (Anonby 2008).
- ^Handbook of the International Phonetic Association,1999, p. 166, 179.
- ^Kirk Miller & Michael Ashby,L2/20-252RUnicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic
- ^Shackle, Christopher(1976).The Siraiki language of central Pakistan: a reference grammar.London: School of Oriental and African Studies. pp. 22–23.
