Voiced uvular trill
| Voiced uvular trill | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʀ | |||
| IPA Number | 123 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ʀ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+0280 | ||
| X-SAMPA | R\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
| Voiced uvular fricative trill | |
|---|---|
| ʀ̝ |
Thevoiced uvular trillis a type ofconsonantalsound, used in somespokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨ʀ⟩, asmall capitalversion of theLatinletterr.This consonant is one of several collectively calledguttural R.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced uvular trill:
- Itsmanner of articulationistrill,which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates. Unlike in tongue-tip trills, it is the uvula, not the tongue, that vibrates.[1]
- Itsplace of articulationisuvular,which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue(the dorsum) at theuvula.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
not usual
only in some educated speech
usual in educated speech
general
There are two main theories regarding the origination of the uvular trill in European languages. According to one theory, the uvular trill originated in StandardFrencharound the 17th century and spread to the standard varieties ofGerman,Danish,Portuguese,and some of those ofDutch,NorwegianandSwedish.It is also present in other areas of Europe, but it is not clear if such pronunciations are due to French influence.[3]In most cases, varieties have shifted the sound to avoiced uvular fricative[ʁ]or avoiced uvular approximant[ʁ̞].
The other main theory is that the uvular R originated within Germanic languages by the weakening of thealveolar R,which was replaced by an imitation of the alveolar R (vocalisation).[4]Against the "French origin" theory, it is said that there are many signs that the uvular R existed in some German dialects long before the 17th century.[4]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Parts of the formerCape Province[5] | rooi | [ʀoːi̯] | 'red' | May be a fricative[ʁ]instead.[5]SeeAfrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | North Mesopotamian | قمر | [ˈqʌmʌʀ] | 'moon' | Corresponds to [r, ɾ] in most other varieties. SeeArabic phonology |
| Breton | Kerneveg | bro | [bʀoː] | 'country' | Corresponds to [r~ʁ] in standard Breton. SeeBreton phonology |
| Catalan | Some northern dialects[6] | córrer | [koˈʀe] | 'to run' | SeeCatalan phonology |
| Dutch[7][8][9][10] | Belgian Limburg[11][12] | rood | 'red' | More commonly aflap.[13]Uvular pronunciations appear to be gaining ground in the Randstad.[14]Realization of/r/varies considerably among dialects. SeeDutch phonology | |
| Central Netherlands[15] | |||||
| Randstad[15] | |||||
| Southern Netherlands[15] | |||||
| Flemish Brabant[12] | More commonly aflap.[13]It is one of the least common realizations of/r/in these areas.[16]SeeDutch phonology | ||||
| Northern Netherlands[15] | |||||
| West Flanders[12] | |||||
| English | Cape Flats[17] | red | [ʀɛd] | 'red' | Possible realization of/r/;may be[ɹ~ɹ̝~ɾ~r]instead.[17]SeeSouth African English phonology |
| Northumbrian dialect[18] | More often africative.[18]Dialectal "Northumbrian Burr",mostly found in easternNorthumberland,declining. SeeEnglish phonology | ||||
| Sierra Leonean[18] | More often africative.[18] | ||||
| French[19] | rendez-vous | 'rendezvous', 'appointment' | Dialectal. More commonly an approximant or a fricative[ʁ].SeeFrench phonology | ||
| German | Standard[20] | rot | 'red' | In free variation with avoiced uvular fricativeand approximant. Can be realized as voiceless after voiceless consonants. SeeStandard German phonology | |
| Hebrew | ירוק | [jaˈʀok] | 'green' | May also be africativeorapproximant.SeeModern Hebrew phonology | |
| Italian[1] | Some speakers[21] | raro | [ˈʀäːʀo] | 'rare' | Rendition alternative to the standard Italianalveolar trill[r],due to individualorthoepicdefects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably inSouth Tyrol(bordering with German-speaking Austria),Aosta Valley(bordering with France) and in parts of theParmaprovince,more markedly aroundFidenza.Other alternative sounds may be avoiced uvular fricative[ʁ]or alabiodental approximant[ʋ].[21]SeeItalian phonology. |
| Japreria | peŕo | [peʀo] | 'dog'[22] | Contrasts with flap [ɾ], represented orthographically by ŕ. | |
| Judaeo-Spanish | mujer | [muˈʒɛʀ] | 'woman', 'wife' | ||
| Low Saxon | Zwols[23][24] | priezen/prysen | [pʀi:zn̩] | 'prices' | Only in the city and its immediate surroundings, not in the area surrounding Zwolle. |
| Luxembourgish[25] | Rou | [ʀəʊ̯] | 'silence' | Prevocalic allophone of/ʀ/.[26]SeeLuxembourgish phonology | |
| Occitan | Eastern | garric | [ɡaʀi] | 'oak' | Contrasts with alveolar trill ([ɡari]'cured') |
| Provençal | parts | [paʀ] | 'parts' | SeeOccitan phonology | |
| SouthernAuvergnat | garçon | [ɡaʀˈsu] | 'son' | ||
| SoutheasternLimousin | filh | [fʲiʀ] | |||
| Norwegian | Southerndialects | rar | [ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞] | 'strange' | Either an approximant or a fricative. SeeNorwegian phonology |
| Southwesterndialects | |||||
| Portuguese | European[27] | rarear | [ʀɐɾiˈaɾ] | 'to get scarcer' | Alternates with other uvular forms and the older alveolar trill. SeePortuguese phonology |
| Fluminense[28] | mercado | [me̞ʀˈkadu] | 'market', 'fair' | Tendency to be replaced by fricative pronunciations. Incodaposition, it is generally in free variation with[x],[χ],[ʁ],[ħ]and[h]before non-voicing environments. | |
| Sulista[28] | repolho | [ʀe̞ˈpoʎ̟ʊ] | 'cabbage' | Alternates with the alveolar trill and[h]depending on the region. Never used in coda. | |
| Romani | Some dialects | rrom | [ʀom] | 'man' | Allophone of a descendant of the Indic retroflex set, so often transcribed/ɽ/.A coronal flap, approximant or trill in other dialects; in some it merges with/r/ |
| Selkup | Northern dialects | ӄаӄри | [ˈqaʀlɪ̈] | 'sledge' | Allophone of/q/beforeliquids |
| Sioux | Lakota[29][30] | ǧí | [ʀí] | 'it's brown' | Allophone of/ʁ/before/i/ |
| Sotho | Regional variant | moriri | [moʀiʀi] | 'hair' | Imported from French missionaries. SeeSesotho phonology |
| Swedish | Southern[31] | räv | [ʀɛːv] | 'fox' | SeeSwedish phonology |
| Yiddish | Standard[32] | בריק | [bʀɪk] | 'bridge' | More commonly a flap[ʀ̆];can be alveolar[ɾ~r]instead.[32]SeeYiddish phonology |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^abLadefoged & Maddieson (1996),p. 225.
- ^Map based onTrudgill (1974:220)
- ^Trudgill (1974:221), citingMoulton (1952),Ewert (1963),andMartinet (1969)
- ^abBisiada (2009).
- ^abDonaldson (1993),p. 15.
- ^Wheeler (2005),pp. 24.
- ^Booij (1999),p. 8.
- ^Collins & Mees (2003),pp. 42, 54, 77, 165, 199–200.
- ^Goeman & van de Velde (2001),pp. 91–92, 94–97, 99–104.
- ^Verstraten & van de Velde (2001),pp. 45–46, 51, 53–55, 58.
- ^Verhoeven (2005),pp. 243 and 245.
- ^abcVerstraten & van de Velde (2001),p. 52.
- ^abCollins & Mees (2003),p. 42.
- ^Collins & Mees (2003),p. 209.
- ^abcdVerstraten & van de Velde (2001),p. 54.
- ^Verstraten & van de Velde (2001),pp. 52 and 54.
- ^abFinn (2004),p. 976.
- ^abcdLadefoged & Maddieson (1996),p. 236.
- ^Grevisse & Goosse (2008),pp. 22–36.
- ^Hall (1993),p. 89.
- ^abCanepari (1999),pp. 98–101.
- ^"Picture Dictionary: Japreria Animals".native-languages.org.Retrieved2023-01-30.
- ^The guttural r is used in some other cities in the Low Saxon area as well.
- ^Zuid-Drente en Noord-Overijssel. Zwolle.Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen deel 14 (1982).
- ^Gilles & Trouvain (2013),pp. 67–68.
- ^Gilles & Trouvain (2013),p. 68.
- ^Mateus & d'Andrade (2000),p. 11.
- ^abAcoustic analysis of vibrants in Brazilian Portuguese(in Portuguese)
- ^Rood & Taylor (1996).
- ^Lakota Language Consortium(2004).Lakota letters and sounds.
- ^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:225–226)
- ^abKleine (2003:263)
References[edit]
- Bisiada, Mario (2009),"[R] in Germanic Dialects — Tradition or Innovation?",Vernacular,1:84–99
- Booij, Geert (1999),The phonology of Dutch,Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-823869-X
- Canepari, Luciano (1999) [1992],Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana[Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian) (2 ed.), Bologna: Zanichelli,ISBN88-08-24624-8
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch(5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN9004103406
- Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation",A Grammar of Afrikaans,Mouton de Gruyter,pp. 1–35,ISBN9783110134261
- Ewert, A. (1963),The French Language,London: Faber
- Finn, Peter (2004), "Cape Flats English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),A handbook of varieties of English,vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 964–984,ISBN3-11-017532-0
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43(1): 67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001)."Co-occurrence constraints on/r/and/ɣ/in Dutch dialects ".In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.).'r-atics.Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112.ISSN0777-3692.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - Grevisse, Maurice;Goosse, André(2008),Le Bon Usage(14th ed.), De Boeck et Larcier
- Hall, Tracy Alan (1993), "The phonology of German/ʀ/",Phonology,10(1): 83–105,doi:10.1017/S0952675700001743,JSTOR4615428,S2CID195707076
- Kleine, Ane (2003), "Standard Yiddish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33(2): 261–265,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001385
- Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian(1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages.Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN0-631-19815-6.
- Martinet, A. (1969),Le Français sans fard,Paris: Presses Universitaires
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000),The Phonology of Portuguese,Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-823581-X
- Moulton, W.G. (1952), "Jacob Böhme's uvular r",Journal of English and Germanic Philology,51:83–89
- Rood, David S.; Taylor, Allan R. (1996),"Sketch of Lakhota, a Siouan Language, Part I",Handbook of North American Indians,vol. 17, Smithsonian Institution, pp. 440–482, archived fromthe originalon 2012-07-12,retrieved2014-11-14
- Trudgill, Peter(1974), "Linguistic change and diffusion: Description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect",Language in Society,3(2): 215–246,doi:10.1017/S0047404500004358,S2CID145148233
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,35(2): 243–247,doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001)."Socio-geographical variation of/r/in standard Dutch ".In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.).'r-atics.Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61.ISSN0777-3692.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - Wheeler, Max W. (2005),The Phonology Of Catalan,Oxford: Oxford University Press,ISBN978-0-19-925814-7
