Voiced velar fricative
| Voiced velar fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɣ | |||
| IPA Number | 141 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ɣ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+0263 | ||
| X-SAMPA | G | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
Thevoiced velar fricativeis a type ofconsonantalsound that is used in variousspokenlanguages.It is not found in most varieties ofModern Englishbut existed inOld English.[1]The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨ɣ⟩, a Latinized variant of theGreek lettergamma,⟨γ⟩,which has this sound inModern Greek.It should not be confused with the graphically-similar ⟨ɤ⟩, the IPA symbol for aclose-mid back unrounded vowel,which some writings[2]use for the voiced velar fricative.
The symbol ⟨ɣ⟩ is also sometimes used to represent thevelar approximant,which, however, is more accurately written with the lowering diacritic:[ɣ̞]or[ɣ˕].The IPA also provides a dedicated symbol for a velar approximant,[ɰ].
There is also avoiced post-velar fricative,also calledpre-uvular,in some languages. For thevoiced pre-velar fricative,also calledpost-palatal,seevoiced palatal fricative.
Avoiced velar tapped fricativehas been reported inDàgáárè,which is a previously unattested sound in human language.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiced velar fricative:
- Itsmanner of articulationisfricative,which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
- Itsplace of articulationisvelar,which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue(the dorsum) at thesoft palate.
- Itsphonationis voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
Some of the consonants listed as post-velar may actually betrill fricatives.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza | бгъьы/bğë | [bɣʲə] | 'leaf' | ||
| Adyghe | чъыгы/čëğë | 'tree' | |||
| Albanian | Arbëresh
Moresian (Pelloponesian) dialects of Arvanitika |
gliata | [ɣliɑtɑ] | 'tall' | |
| Alekano | gamó | [ɣɑmɤʔ] | 'cucumber' | ||
| Aleut | agiitalix | [aɣiːtalix] | 'with' | ||
| Angor | ranih |
[ɾɑniɣə] | 'brother' | ||
| Angas | γür | [ɣyr] | 'to pick up' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[3] | غريب/ğarīb | 'stranger' | May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.[4]SeeArabic phonology | |
| Aragonese | augua | [ˈawɣwa] | 'water' | Allophone of/ɡ/ | |
| Aromanian | ghini | [ˈɣi.ni] | 'well' | Allophone of/ɡ/ | |
| Aramaic | Eastern | ܦܓ̣ܪܐpaġrā | [pʌɣrɑ] | 'body' | Allophone of/x/before voiced consonants. |
| Western | [fʌɣrɔ] | ||||
| Asturian | gadañu | [ɣaˈd̪ãɲʊ] | 'scythe' | Allophone of/ɡ/in almost all positions | |
| Azerbaijani | Northern | oğul | [oɣul] | 'son' | |
| Southern | اوغول/oğul | ||||
| Basque[5] | hego | [heɣo] | 'wing' | Allophone of/ɡ/ | |
| Belarusian | галава/ğalava | [ɣalaˈva] | 'head' | ||
| Catalan[6] | agrat | [ɐˈɣɾɑt] | 'liking' | Fricative or approximant. Allophone of/ɡ/.SeeCatalan phonology | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | auga | [ˈauːɣa] | 'his/her/its blood' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. | |
| Chechen | гӀала/ğala | [ɣaːla] | 'town' | ||
| Chinese | Mandarin(Dongping dialect) | Yêm /Ǎn | [ɣän55] | 'I' | |
| Xiang | Hồ Nam/húnán | [ɣu˩˧nia˩˧] | 'Hunan(province)' | ||
| Czech | bychbyl | [bɪɣbɪl] | 'I would be' | Allophone of/x/before voiced consonants. SeeCzech phonology.Occurs only in few Moravian dialects and even there it is rather/ɦ/ | |
| Dàgáárè | [pɔ́ɣ̮ɔ́] | 'woman' | May be a velar with strong tap-like features.[7] | ||
| Dinka | ɣo | [ɣo] | 'us' | ||
| Dogrib | weqa[clarification needed] | [weɣa] | 'for' | ||
| Dutch | StandardBelgian[8][9] | gaan | [ɣaːn] | 'to go' | May be post-palatal[ʝ̠]instead.[9]SeeDutch phonology |
| Southern accents[9] | |||||
| English | Scouse | grass | [ɣrɑ:s] | 'grass' | Allophoneof/g/.SeeBritish English phonology[10] |
| Northumbrian | [example needed] | Burr[11] | |||
| Georgian[12] | ღარიბი/ğaribi | [ɣɑribi] | 'poor' | May actually be post-velar oruvular | |
| German[13][14][failed verification] | Austrian | damalige | [ˈdaːmaːlɪɣə] | 'former' | Intervocalic allophone of/ɡ/in casual speech.[13][14]SeeStandard German phonology |
| Ghari | cheghe | [tʃeɣe] | 'five' | ||
| Greek | γάλα/gála | [ˈɣala] | 'milk' | SeeModern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | વાઘણ/vağaŕn | [ʋɑ̤̈ɣəɽ̃] | 'tigress' | SeeGujarati phonology | |
| Gweno | ndeghe | [ndeɣe] | 'bird' | ||
| Gwich’in | videeghàn | [viteːɣân] | 'his/her chest' | ||
| Haitian Creole | diri | [diɣi] | 'rice' | ||
| Hän | dëgëghor | [təkəɣor] | 'I am playing' | ||
| Hebrew | Classical | מִגְדָּל/miğdol | [miɣdɔl] | '[a] tower' | |
| SomeModernspeakers (usually with a difficulty pronouncing[ʁ]) | שׁוֹמֵר/shomer | [ʃo̞ˈme̞ɣ] | '[a male] guard', '[he] guards' | [ʃo̞ˈme̞ʁ]by other Modern speakers | |
| Hindustani | Hindi[15] | ग़रीब/carib | 'poor' | Post-velar,[15]conservative Hindi speakers usually replace it with/g/.SeeHindustani phonology | |
| Urdu | غریب/carib | ||||
| Icelandic | saga | [ˈsaːɣa] | 'saga' | SeeIcelandic phonology | |
| Irish | adhorn | [əɣoːɾˠn̪ˠ] | 'his fist' | SeeIrish phonology | |
| Istro-Romanian[16] | gură | [ˈɣurə] | 'mouth' | Corresponds to[ɡ][in which environments?]in standard Romanian. SeeRomanian phonology | |
| Iwaidja | [mulaɣa] | 'hermit crab' | |||
| Japanese[17] | はげ/hage | [haɣe] | 'baldness' | Allophone of/ɡ/,especially in fast or casual speech. SeeJapanese phonology | |
| Judeo-Spanish | gato | [ˈɣ̞ato̪][18] | 'cat' | ||
| Kabardian | гын/gyn | 'powder' | |||
| Komering | harong | [haɣoŋ] | 'charcoal' | ||
| Lezgian | гъел/ğel | [ɣel] | 'sleigh' | ||
| Limburgish[19][20] | gaw | [ɣɑ̟β̞] | 'quick' | The example word is from theMaastrichtian dialect. | |
| Lishan Didan | Urmi Dialect | עוטג/otogh | [ˠotʰoɣ] | 'room' | Generally post-velar |
| Lithuanian | humoras | [ˈɣʊmɔrɐs̪] | 'humor' | Preferred over [ɦ]. SeeLithuanian phonology | |
| Low German[21] | gaan | [ˈɣɔ̃ːn] | 'to go' | Increasingly replaced withHigh German[ɡ] | |
| Malay | Standard | ghaib | [ɣai̯b] | 'unseen' | Mostly in loanwords from Arabic. Indonesians tend to replace the sound with/ɡ/. |
| Johor-Riau | ramai | [ɣamai̯] | 'crowded (with people)' | /r/ before a vowel was traditionally a [ɣ] but now the alveolar tap [ɾ] is quite common amongst younger speakers possibly due to influence by Standard Malay. SeeMalay phonology | |
| Kelantan-Pattani | [ɣamaː] | /r/inStandard Malayis barely articulated in almost all of theMalay dialectsinMalaysia.Usually it is uttered asguttural Rat initial and medial position of a word. SeeMalay phonology | |||
| Terengganu | |||||
| Negeri Sembilan | [ɣamai̯] | ||||
| Pahang | [ɣamɛ̃ː] | ||||
| Sarawak | [ɣamɛː] | ||||
| Macedonian | Berovoaccent | дувна/duvna | [ˈduɣna] | 'it blew' | Corresponds to etymological/x/of other dialects, before sonorants. SeeMaleševo-Pirin dialectandMacedonian phonology |
| Bukovoaccent | глава/glava | [ˈɡɣa(v)a] | 'head' | Allophone of/l/instead of usual[ɫ].SeePrilep-Bitola dialect | |
| Mi'kmaq | nisaqan | [nisaɣan] | 'weir' | Allophone of/x/betweensonorants.SeeMi'kmaq language § Phonology. | |
| Navajo | ’aghá | [ʔaɣa] | 'best' | ||
| Neapolitan | Central Lucanian(Accettura dialect) | chiahäte | [kjaˈɣɜtə][22] | 'wounded' | Corresponds to /g/ in Standard Italian. The example "chiahäte" translates to "piagato" in Italian. |
| Nepali | कागज/kağdz | [käɣʌ(d)z] | 'paper' | Allophone of/ɡ/and/ɡʱ/in intervocalic positions. SeeNepali phonology | |
| Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | [nøɣə̀] | 'sun' | ||
| Northern Qiang | hhnesh | [ɣnəʂ] | 'February' | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East[23] | åha | [ɔˈɣɑː] | 'to have' | Possible allophone of/h/between two back vowels; can be voiceless[x]instead.[23]SeeNorwegian phonology |
| Occitan | Gascon | digoc | [diˈɣuk] | 'said' (3rd pers. sg.) | |
| Pashto | غاتر/ğatër | [ɣɑtər] | 'mule' | ||
| Persian | باغ/bac | [bɒːɣ] | 'garden' | ||
| Polish | niechże | [ˈɲɛɣʐɛ] | 'let' (imperative particle) | Allophone of/x/before voiced consonants. SeePolish phonology | |
| Portuguese | European[24][25] | agora | [ɐˈɣɔɾɐ] | 'now' | Allophone of/ɡ/.SeePortuguese phonology |
| SomeBraziliandialects[26] | mármore | [ˈmaɣmuɾi] | 'marble', 'sill' | Allophone of rhotic consonant (voiced equivalent to[x],itself allophone of/ʁ/) between voiced sounds, most often ascodabefore voiced consonants. | |
| Punjabi | Gurmukhi | ਗ਼ਰੀਬ/carib | [ɣ̄əriːb] | 'poor' | |
| Shahmukhi | غریب/ġarrīb | ||||
| Romani | γoines | [ɣoines] | 'good' | ||
| Russian | Southern | дорога/doroga | [dɐˈro̞ɣə] | 'road' | Corresponds to/ɡ/in standard |
| Standard | угу/ugu | [ʊˈɣu] | 'uh-huh' | Usually nasal,/ɡ/is used when spoken. SeeRussian phonology | |
| горохже/ goroh že | [ɡʌˈroɣʐe] | 'the peas' | Allophone of/x/before voiced consonants.[27] | ||
| Sakha | аҕа/ağa | [aɣa] | 'father' | ||
| Sardinian | Nuorese dialect | súghere | [ˈsuɣɛrɛ] | 'to suck' | Allophone of/ɡ/ |
| Scottish Gaelic | laghail | [ɫ̪ɤɣal] | 'lawful' | SeeScottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian[28] | ovihbi | [ǒ̞ʋiɣbi] | 'of these would' | Allophone of/x/before voiced consonants.[28]SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology | |
| S'gaw Karen | ဂ့ၤ/ghei | [ɣei] | 'good' | ||
| Sindhi | غم/camu | [ɣəmʊ] | 'sadness' | ||
| Slovene | Standard | hgori | [ˈɣ‿ɡɔ̀ːɾí] | 'to the mountain' | Allophone of/x/before voiced obstruents. SeeSlovene phonology |
| Some dialects | gajba | [ˈɣáːjbà] | 'crate' | Corresponds to/ɡ/in Standard Slovene. SeeSlovene phonology | |
| Spanish | amigo | [a̠ˈmiɣo̟] | 'friend' | Ranges from close fricative to approximant.[29]Allophone of/ɡ/,seeSpanish phonology | |
| Swahili | ghali | [ɣali] | 'expensive' | ||
| Swedish | VästerbottenNorrland dialects | meg | [mɪːɣ] | 'me' | Allophone of/ɡ/.Occurs between vowels and in word-final positions.[30]Here also/∅/inKalix. |
| Tadaksahak | zog | [zoɣ] | 'war' | ||
| Tajik | ғафс/cafs | [ɣafs] | 'thick' | ||
| Tamazight | aɣilas(aghilas) | [aɣilas] | 'leopard' | ||
| Tamil | Brahmin Tamil(non-standard) | முகம் | [muɣəm] | 'face' | Not very common |
| Turkish | Non-standard | ağaç | [aɣat͡ʃ] | 'tree' | Deleted in most dialects. SeeTurkish phonology |
| Tutchone | Northern | ihghú | [ihɣǔ] | 'tooth' | |
| Southern | ghra | [ɣra] | 'baby' | ||
| Tyap | ghan | [ˈɣan] | 'to hurry' | ||
| Uzbek[31] | ёмғир/yomgʻir/yamğır | [ʝɒ̜mˈʁ̟ɨɾ̪] | 'rain' | Post-velar.[31] | |
| Vietnamese[32] | ghế | [ɣe˧˥] | 'chair' | SeeVietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | drage | [ˈdraːɣə] | 'to carry' | Never occurs in word-initial positions. | |
| Yi | ꊋ/we | [ɣɤ˧] | 'win' | ||
| Zhuang | Lwgroegbit | [lɯ˧ɣo˧pi˥] | 'Wild duckling' | ||
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^Baker, Peter Stuar (2012).Introduction to Old English(3rd ed.). pp.15.ISBN9781444354195.OCLC778433078– via Internet Archive.
Between voiced sounds dotlessgis pronounced [ɣ], a voiced velar spirant. This sound became [w] in Middle English, so English no longer has it.
- ^Such asBooij (1999)andNowikow (2012).
- ^Watson (2002),pp. 17 and 19-20.
- ^Watson (2002),pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
- ^Hualde (1991),pp. 99–100.
- ^Wheeler (2005),p. 10.
- ^Angsongna, Alexander; Akinbo, Samuel (2022). "Dàgáárè (Central)".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.52(2): 341–367.doi:10.1017/S0025100320000225.S2CID243402135.
- ^Verhoeven (2005:243)
- ^abcCollins & Mees (2003:191)
- ^Watson, Kevin (2007).Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English(Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 351–360.
- ^Wells, John C.(1982).Accents of English 2: The British Isles.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 368.ISBN0-521-24224-X.
- ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006),p. 255.
- ^abKrech et al. (2009:108)
- ^abSylvia Moosmüller (2007)."Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis"(PDF).p. 6.RetrievedMarch 9,2013.[failed verification]
- ^abKachru (2006),p. 20.
- ^Pop (1938),p. 30.
- ^Okada (1999),p. 118.
- ^Gabriel, Christoph; Gess, Randall; Meisenburg, Trudel, eds. (2021-11-22),Manual of Romance Phonetics and Phonology,De Gruyter,doi:10.1515/9783110550283,hdl:1983/44e3b3cd-164e-496b-a7a6-6b3a492e4c48,ISBN978-3-11-055028-3,retrieved2023-12-17
- ^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159)
- ^Peters (2006:119)
- ^R.E. Keller,German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology,Manchester 1960
- ^Volpi, Luigi (2011).La lingua dei Masciaioli - Dizionario del dialetto di Accettua cittadina lucana in Prov. di Matera(in Italian). Potenza (Italy): EditricErmes. p. 92.[ISBN missing]
- ^abVanvik (1979),p. 40.
- ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995),p. 92.
- ^Mateus & d'Andrade (2000),p. 11.
- ^Barbosa & Albano (2004),p. 228.
- ^Jones, Daniel & Ward, Dennis (1969)The Phonetics of Russian.Cambridge University Press.
- ^abLandau et al. (1999:67)
- ^Phonetic studies such asQuilis (1981)have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
- ^"685-686 (Nordisk familjebok / 1800-talsutgåvan. 17. V - Väring)".1893.
- ^abSjoberg (1963),p. 13.
- ^Thompson (1959),pp. 458–461.
References[edit]
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34(2): 227–232,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Booij, Geert (1999),The phonology of Dutch,Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-823869-X
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch(5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN9004103406
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25(2): 90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID249414876
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999),"The dialect of Maastricht"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,29(2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166,doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526,S2CID145782045
- Hualde, José Ignacio (1991),Basque phonology,New York: Routledge,ISBN9780203168004
- Kachru, Yamuna(2006),Hindi,John Benjamins Publishing,ISBN90-272-3812-X
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009),Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch,Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter,ISBN978-3-11-018202-6
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN0-521-65236-7
- Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000),The Phonology of Portuguese,Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-823581-X
- Nowikow, Wieczysław (2012) [First published 1992],Fonetyka hiszpańska(3rd ed.), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN,ISBN978-83-01-16856-8
- Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese",in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN978-0-52163751-0
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36(1): 117–124,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Pop, Sever (1938),Micul Atlas Linguistic Român,Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Quilis, Antonio (1981),Fonética acústica de la lengua española,Gredos,ISBN9788424901325
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36(2): 255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963),Uzbek Structural Grammar,Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35(3): 454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR411232
- Vanvik, Arne (1979),Norsk fonetikk,Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo,ISBN82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,35(2): 243–247,doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Watson, Janet C. E. (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic,New York: Oxford University Press
- Wheeler, Max W (2005),The Phonology Of Catalan,Oxford: Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-925814-7
