Voiceless pharyngeal fricative
| Voiceless pharyngeal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ħ | |||
| IPA Number | 144 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ħ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+0127 | ||
| X-SAMPA | X\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
Thevoiceless pharyngeal fricativeis a type ofconsonantalsound, used in somespokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is anh-bar,⟨ħ⟩, and the equivalentX-SAMPAsymbol isX\.In the transcription of Arabic, Berber (and otherAfro-Asiatic languages) as well as a few other scripts, it is often written⟨Ḥ⟩,⟨ḥ⟩.
Typically characterized as fricative in the upper pharynx, it is often characterized as awhispered[h].
Features[edit]
Features of the voiceless pharyngeal fricative:
- Itsmanner of articulationisfricative,which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
- Itsplace of articulationispharyngeal,which means it is articulated with thetongue rootagainst the back of the throat (thepharynx).
- Itsphonationis voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
This sound is the most commonly cited realization of the Semitic letterhēth,which occurs in all dialects ofArabic,Classical Syriac,as well asBiblicalandTiberianHebrewbut only a minority of speakers ofModern Hebrew.It has also been reconstructed as appearing inAncient Egyptian,a relatedAfro-Asiatic language.Modern non-Oriental Hebrewhas merged the voiceless pharyngeal fricative with thevoiceless velar(oruvular) fricative. However, phonetic studies have shown that the so-called voiceless pharyngeal fricatives ofSemitic languagesare often neither pharyngeal (but ratherepiglottal) nor fricatives (but ratherapproximants).[1]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza | хIахъвы/kh'akh "vy | [ħaqʷə] | 'stone' | ||
| Abkhaz | ҳара/khara | [ħaˈra] | 'we' | SeeAbkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | тхьэ/tkh'ė | 'god' | |||
| Agul | мухI/mukh' | [muħ] | 'barn' | ||
| Amis[2] | tuduh | [tuɮuħ] | 'burn, roast' | Word-final allophone of /ʜ/. | |
| Arabic[3] | حال/ḥal | 'situation' | SeeArabic phonology | ||
| Essaouira[4] | شلوح(šlūḥ) | [ʃlɵːħ] | 'chleuh' | ||
| Archi | хIал/kh'al | [ħal] | 'state' | ||
| Central Neo-Aramaic | Turoyo | ܡܫܝܚܐ(mšìḥo) | [mʃiːħɔ] | 'Christ' | Corresponds with[x]in most other dialects. |
| Atayal | hiyan | [ħijan] | 'in/at/on him/her/it' | ||
| Avar | xIебецI/kh'ebets' | [ħeˈbetsʼ] | 'earwax' | ||
| Azerbaijani | əhdaş | [æħd̪ɑʃ] | 'instrument' | ||
| Chechen | xьач/ẋaç/حـاچ | 'plum' | |||
| English | Some speakers, mostly ofReceived Pronunciation[5] | horrible | [ħɒɹɪbəl] | 'horrible' | Glottal[h]for other speakers.[5]SeeEnglish phonology |
| French[6] | Some speakers | faire | [feː(ă)ħ] | 'to do, to make' | |
| Galician[7] | Some dialects | gato | [ˈħatʊ] | 'cat' | Corresponds to/ɡ/in other dialects. SeeGalician phonologyandgheada |
| Hebrew | Mizrahi | חַשְׁמַל/ḥašmal | 'electricity' | Merged with[χ]for most modern speakers. SeeModern Hebrew phonology. | |
| Temani | אֶחָדֿ/aḥoḏ | [æħɔð] | 'one' | Yemenite pronunciation of the letterchet.Merged with /χ/ in most other dialects. SeeYemenite Hebrew | |
| Kabardian | кхъухь/ꝗvɦ/ڨوح | 'ship' | |||
| Kabyle | ⴰⵃⴻⴼⴼⴰⴼ/aḥeffaf/احـفاف | [aħəfːaf] | 'hairdresser' | ||
| Kullui | [biːħ] | 'twenty' | /ħ/historically derives from/s/and occurs word-finally[8] | ||
| Kurdish | Most speakers | ḧol | 'environment' | Corresponds to/h/in some Kurdish dialects | |
| Maltese | Standard | wieħed | [wiːħet] | 'one' | |
| Nuu-chah-nulth | ʔaap-ḥii | [ʔaːpˈħiː] | 'friendly' | ||
| Sioux | Nakota | haxdanahâ | [haħdanahã] | 'yesterday' | |
| Somali | xood/حٗـود/𐒄𐒝𐒆 | 'cane' | SeeSomali phonology | ||
| Tarifit | ḥemm/ⵀⵎ | [ħem] | 'goodbye' | ||
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
- ^Maddieson, Ian; Wright, Richard (October 1995)."The Vowels and Consonants of Amis — A Preliminary Phonetic Report"(PDF).Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages III.UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Volume 91. pp. 45–65.
- ^Watson (2002:19)
- ^Francisco (2019),p. 89.
- ^abCollins & Mees (2003),p. 148.
- ^Mager, Irene (1974).A critical analysis of the teaching of French phonology(Thesis).OCLC9841438.ProQuest193965929.
- ^Regueira (1996:120)
- ^Thakur 1975,p. 181.
References[edit]
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch(5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN978-90-04-10340-5
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian,Lincom Europa,ISBN978-3-929075-08-3
- Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian(1996),The sounds of the World's Languages,Oxford: Blackwell,ISBN978-0-631-19815-4
- Regueira, Xose (1996). "Galician".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.26(2): 119–122.doi:10.1017/s0025100300006162.S2CID241094214.
- Watson, Janet (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic,New York: Oxford University Press,ISBN978-0-19-824137-9
- Francisco, Felipe Benjamin (2019).O dialeto árabe de Essaouira: documentação e descrição de uma variedade do sul do Marrocos[The Arabic Dialect of Essaouira: Documentation and Description of a Southern Moroccan Variety] (PhD) (in Portuguese).São Paulo:University of São Paulo.doi:10.11606/T.8.2019.tde-29102019-180034.S2CID214469852.
