Voiceless postalveolar affricate
(Redirected fromVoiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate)
| Voiceless postalveolar affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| tʃ | |||
| ʧ | |||
| IPA Number | 103 134 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | t͡ʃ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+0074 U+0361 U+0283 | ||
| X-SAMPA | tSort_rS | ||
| |||
Thevoiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricateorvoiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricateis a type ofconsonantalsound used in somespokenlanguages.The sound is transcribed in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetwith ⟨t͡ʃ ⟩, ⟨t͜ʃ ⟩ ⟨tʃ ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʧ ⟩), or, in broad transcription, ⟨c⟩. This affricate has a dedicated symbolU+02A7ʧLATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH,which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. The alternative commonly used in American tradition is⟨č⟩.It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
Historically, this sound often derives from a formervoiceless velar stop/k/(as inEnglishchurch;also inGulf Arabic,Slavic languages,Indo-Iranian languagesandRomance languages), or avoiceless dental stop/t/by way of palatalization, especially next to afront vowel(as in Englishnature;also inAmharic,Portuguese,some accents ofEgyptian,etc.).
Features
[edit]Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
- Itsmanner of articulationissibilantaffricate,which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
- Itsplace of articulationispalato-alveolar,that is, domed (partiallypalatalized)postalveolar,which means it is articulated with the blade of thetonguebehind thealveolar ridge,and the front of the tongue bunched up ( "domed" ) at thepalate.
- Itsphonationis voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Itsairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | чэмы/čamë/چەمہـ | 'cow' | Some dialects contrastlabializedand non-labialized forms. | ||
| Albanian | çelur | [t͡ʃɛluɾ] | 'opened' | ||
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | chamĝul | [t͡ʃɑmʁul] | 'to wash' | |
| Amharic | አንቺ/anči | [ant͡ʃi] | 'you' | ||
| Arabic[1] | CentralPalestinian | مكتبة(Normally unwritten)/mačtabe | [ˈmat͡ʃt̪abe] | 'library' | Corresponds to[k]inStandard Arabicand othervarieties.SeeArabic phonology |
| Iraqi | چتاب/čitaab | [t͡ʃɪˈt̪ɑːb] | 'book' | ||
| Jordanian | كتاب(Normally unwritten)/čitaab | [t͡ʃɪˈt̪aːb] | |||
| Aragonese | chuego | [ˈt͡ʃueɣo] | 'game' | ||
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | ճնճղուկ/čënčquk | 'sparrow' | ||
| Assyrian | ܟ̰ܝܡܐ/č’yama | [t͡ʃˤjɑmɑ] | 'to shut' | Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialectvarieties.Developed from an original /tˤ/. | |
| Asturian | Chipre | [ˈt͡ʃipɾe] | 'Cyprus' | Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x[ʃ]. | |
| Azerbaijani | Əkinçi/اکینچی | [æcint͡ʃʰi] | 'the ploughman' | ||
| Bengali | চশমা/čošma | [t͡ʃɔʃma] | 'spectacles' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeBengali phonology | |
| Basque | txalupa | [t͡ʃalupa] | 'boat' | ||
| Bulgarian | чучулига/čučuliga | [t͡ʃʊt͡ʃuˈliɡɐ] | 'lark' | SeeBulgarian phonology | |
| Catalan | cotxe | [ˈkɔ.t͡ʃə] | 'car' | SeeCatalan phonology. | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | nacaq | [ˈnat͡ʃaq] | 'parka hood' | ||
| Choctaw | hakchioma | [hakt͡ʃioma] | 'tobacco' | ||
| Coptic | Bohairic dialect | ϭⲟϩ/čoh | [t͡ʃʰɔh] | 'touch' | |
| Czech | morče | [ˈmo̞rt͡ʃɛ] | 'guinea pig' | SeeCzech phonology | |
| Dhivehi | ޗަކަސް/čakas | [t͡ʃakas] | 'mud' | Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words | |
| Dutch | Tjongejone | [t͡ʃɔŋəjɔŋə] | 'jeez' | An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement.[3]
Pronunciation is region dependent. | |
| English | beach | [biːt͡ʃ] | 'beach' | Slightlylabialized[tʃʷ].SeeEnglish phonology | |
| Esperanto | ĉar | [t͡ʃar] | 'because' | SeeEsperanto phonology | |
| Estonian | tšello | [ˈtʃelˑo] | 'cello' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. seeEstonian phonology | |
| Faroese | gera | [t͡ʃeːɹa] | 'to do' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeFaroese phonology | |
| Finnish | Tšekki | [ˈt̪ʃe̞kːi] | 'Czechia' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. SeeFinnish phonology | |
| French | Standard | caoutchouc | [kaut͡ʃu] | 'rubber' | Relatively rare; occurs mostly inloanwords.SeeFrench phonology |
| Acadian | tiens | [t͡ʃɛ̃] | '(I/you) keep' | Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel. | |
| Galician | cheo | [ˈt͡ʃeo] | 'full' | Galician-Portuguese/t͡ʃ/is conserved in Galician and merged with/ʃ/in most Portuguese dialects. SeeGalician phonology | |
| Georgian[4] | ჩიხი/čixi | [t͡ʃixi] | 'impasse' | ||
| German | Standard[5] | Tschüss | [t͡ʃʏs] | 'bye' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[5]SeeStandard German phonology |
| Greek | Cypriot | τσ̌άι/čai | [t͡ʃɑːiː] | 'tea' | |
| Hausa | ciwo/ثِيوُاْ | [t͡ʃíː.wòː] | 'disease, pain' | ||
| Hebrew | תשובה/čuva | [t͡ʃuˈva] | 'answer' | SeeModern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | चाय/čáy | [t͡ʃɑːj] | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeHindustani phonology |
| Urdu | چائے/çáy | ||||
| Haitian Creole | match | [mat͡ʃ] | 'sports match' | ||
| Hungarian | gyümölcslé | [ˈɟymølt͡ʃleː] | 'fruit juice' | SeeHungarian phonology | |
| Italian[6] | ciao | [ˈt͡ʃaːo] | 'hi' | SeeItalian phonology | |
| Javanese | cedhak/ꦕꦼꦣꦏ꧀/چۤڎَاك | [t͡ʃəɖaʔ] | 'near' | ||
| Kʼicheʼ | K'iche' | [kʼiˈt͡ʃeʔ] | 'Kʼicheʼ'' | Contrasts withejectiveform | |
| Kabardian | чэнж/čanž/چەنژ | 'shallow' | |||
| Kashubian[7] | czësto | [t͡ʃəstɔ] | 'cleanly' | ||
| Kurdish | hirç/هرچ | [hɪɾt͡ʃ] | 'bear' | ||
| Ladino | kolcha/קולגﬞה | [ˈkolt͡ʃa] | 'quilt' | ||
| Macedonian | чека/čeka | [t͡ʃɛka] | 'wait' | SeeMacedonian phonology | |
| Malay | Standard | cuci/چوچي | [t͡ʃut͡ʃi] | 'to wash' | SeeMalay phonology |
| Indonesian | Palatal[c]according to some analyses. SeeMalay phonology | ||||
| Maltese | bliċ | [blit͡ʃ] | 'bleach' | ||
| Manx | çhiarn | [ˈt͡ʃaːrn] | 'lord' | ||
| Marathi | चहा/čahá | [t͡ʃəhaː] | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.SeeMarathi phonology | |
| Mongolian | Khalkha dialect | наргиж/nargič ᠨᠠᠷᠭᠢᠵ |
[ˈnargit͡ʃ] | 'laugh' | |
| Nahuatl | āyōtōchtli | [aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi] | 'armadillo' | ||
| Norwegian | Some dialects | kjøkken | [t͡ʃøkːen] | 'kitchen' | SeeNorwegian phonology |
| Nunggubuyu[8] | jaro | [t͡ʃaɾo] | 'needle' | ||
| Occitan | chuc | [ˈt͡ʃyk] | 'juice' | SeeOccitan phonology | |
| Odia | ଚକ/caka | [t͡ʃɔkɔ] | 'wheel' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Persian | چوب/чӯб/çub | [t͡ʃʰuːb] | 'wood' | SeePersian phonology | |
| Polish | Gmina Istebna | ciemny | [ˈt͡ʃɛmn̪ɘ] | 'dark' | /ʈ͡ʂ/and/t͡ɕ/merge into[t͡ʃ]in these dialects. In standard Polish,/t͡ʃ/is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminalvoiceless retroflex affricate. |
| Lubawa dialect[9] | |||||
| Malbork dialect[9] | |||||
| Ostróda dialect[9] | |||||
| Warmia dialect[9] | |||||
| Portuguese | Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects | chamar | [t͡ʃɐˈmaɾ] | 'to call' | Archaic realization of etymological⟨ch⟩.Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by[ʃ]. |
| MostBraziliandialects[10] | presente | [pɾe̞ˈzẽ̞t͡ʃi] | 'present' | Allophone of/t/before/i,ĩ/(including when[i,ĩ,j]is not actually produced) and other instances of[i](e.g.epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. SeePortuguese phonology | |
| Most dialects | tchau | [ˈt͡ʃaw] | 'bye' | In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords. | |
| Punjabi | ਚੌਲ/چول/čol | [t͡ʃɔːl] | 'rice' | ||
| Quechua | chunka | [t͡ʃʊŋka] | 'ten' | ||
| Romani | ćiriklo | [t͡ʃiriˈklo] | 'bird' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Romanian | cer | [ˈt͡ʃe̞r] | 'sky' | SeeRomanian phonology | |
| Rotuman[11] | joni | [ˈt͡ʃɔni] | 'to flee' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | slàinte | [ˈsl̪ˠaːnʲt͡ʃə] | 'health' | Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Some speakers | čokoládaчоколада | [t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠] | 'chocolate' | In varieties that do not distinguish/ʈ͡ʂ/from/t͡ɕ/. |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[12] | szpańelsko | [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ] | 'Spanish' | These dialects merge/ʈ͡ʂ/and/t͡ɕ/into[t͡ʃ]. |
| Jablunkov[12] | [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛlskɔ] | ||||
| Slovak | číslo | [t͡ʃiːslo] | 'number' | SeeSlovak phonology | |
| Slovene | koča | [ˈkòːt͡ʃáː] | 'cottage' | ||
| Spanish[13] | chocolate | 'chocolate' | SeeSpanish phonology | ||
| Swahili | jicho | [ʄit͡ʃo]/جِيچٗ | 'eye' | ||
| Swedish | Finland | tjugo | [t͡ʃʉːɡʉ] | 'twenty' | SeeSwedish phonology |
| Some rural Swedish dialects | kärlek | [t͡ʃæːɭeːk] | 'love' | ||
| Tagalog | tsuper | [t͡ʃʊˈpɛɾ] | 'driver' | SeeTagalog phonology | |
| Tlingit | jinkaat | [ˈt͡ʃinkʰaːtʰ] | 'ten' | ||
| Turkish | çok | [t͡ʃok] | 'very' | SeeTurkish phonology | |
| Tyap | cat | [t͡ʃad] | 'love' | ||
| Ubykh | Çəbƹəja/čëbžëya | [t͡ʃəbʒəja] | 'pepper' | SeeUbykh phonology | |
| Ukrainian[14] | чотири/čotyry | [t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ] | 'four' | SeeUkrainian phonology | |
| Uzbek | choʻl/çúl/چۉل | [t͡ʃɵl] | 'desert' | ||
| Yiddish | טשאַטשקע/čačke | [t͡ʃat͡ʃkɛ] | 'knick-knack' | SeeYiddish phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[15] | chane | [t͡ʃanɘ] | ||
Mandarin Chinese,Russian,Japanese,Korean,Mongolian,Polish,Catalan,andThaihave avoiceless alveolo-palatal affricate/t͡ɕ/;this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use/t͡ʃ/.
Related characters
[edit]There are severalUnicodecharacters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):
- U+107AE𐞮MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TESH DIGRAPHis anIPA superscript letter[16]
- U+1DF17𝼗LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOKis used inphonetic transcription[17][18]
- U+1DF1C𝼜LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOKhas been used in phonetic descriptions ofPolish[19]
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
[edit]| Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate | |
|---|---|
| t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | |
| tɹ̝̊˗ | |
| Audio sample | |
Features
[edit]- Itsmanner of articulationisaffricate,which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Itsplace of articulationispostalveolar,which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Itsphonationis voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Itsairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Australian[20] | tree | [t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯] | 'tree' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence/tr/.[20][21][22]In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar[tɹ̝̊].[21]SeeAustralian English phonologyandEnglish phonology |
| General American[21][22] | |||||
| Received Pronunciation[21][22] | |||||
Notes
[edit]- ^Watson (2002:17)
- ^Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- ^"Tjongejonge".2 April 2019.
- ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^abMangold (2005:51–52)
- ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^Jerzy Treder."Fonetyka i fonologia".Archived fromthe originalon 2016-03-04.Retrieved2015-11-16.
- ^Ladefoged (2005:158)
- ^abcdDubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
- ^Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- ^Blevins (1994:492)
- ^abDąbrowska (2004:?)
- ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995),p. 4.
- ^Merrill (2008:108)
- ^Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08)."L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic"(PDF).
- ^Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11)."L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks"(PDF).
- ^Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07)."L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R" Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters "and IPA etc. code point and name changes"(PDF).
- ^Miller, Kirk; Everson, Michael (2021-01-03)."L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook"(PDF).
- ^abCox & Fletcher (2017),p. 144.
- ^abcdCruttenden (2014),pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
- ^abcWells (2008).
References
[edit]- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004)."Brazilian Portuguese".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.34(2): 227–232.doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756.
- Blevins, Juliette (1994). "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology".Oceanic Linguistics.33(2): 491–516.doi:10.2307/3623138.JSTOR3623138.
- Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012].Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-1-316-63926-9.
- Cruttenden, Alan (2014).Gimson's Pronunciation of English(8th ed.). Routledge.ISBN9781444183092.
- Dąbrowska, Anna (2004).Język polski.Wrocław:wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie.ISBN83-7384-063-X.
- Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995).Dialekty i gwary polskie.Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna.ISBN83-2140989-X.
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995).Ukrainian.Lincom Europa.ISBN9783929075083.
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009).Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian.Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.ISBN9789027238146.
- Ladefoged, Peter(2005).Vowels and Consonants(Second ed.). Blackwell.
- Mangold, Max(2005) [First published 1962].Das Aussprachewörterbuch(6th ed.). Mannheim: Dudenverlag.ISBN978-3-411-04066-7.
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003)."Castilian Spanish".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.33(2): 255–259.doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373.
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008)."Tilquiapan Zapotec"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.38(1): 107–114.doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344.
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004)."Italian".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.34(1): 117–121.doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628.
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006)."Standard Georgian"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.36(2): 255–264.doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659.
- Watson, Janet (2002).The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic.New York: Oxford University Press.
- Wells, John C. (2008).Longman Pronunciation Dictionary(3rd ed.). Longman.ISBN9781405881180.
