Voiceless uvular fricative
| Voiceless uvular fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| χ | |||
| IPA Number | 142 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | χ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+03C7 | ||
| X-SAMPA | X | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
Thevoiceless uvular fricativeis a type ofconsonantalsound that is used in somespokenlanguages.The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabetthat represents this sound is ⟨χ⟩, theGreek chi.The sound is represented by⟨x̣⟩(ex withunderdot) inAmericanist phonetic notation.It is sometimes transcribed with ⟨x⟩ (or ⟨r⟩, ifrhotic) in broad transcription.
Most languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have avoiceless uvular fricative trill(a simultaneous[χ]and[ʀ̥]). Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note that there is "a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."
Although they are not normally differentiated in study, languages in which they have been (Hebrew,Wolof,as well as the northern and central varieties ofEuropean Spanish) have been found to specifically possess the fricative trill.[1][2][3][4]It can be transcribed as ⟨ʀ̝̊⟩ (adevoicedandraiseduvular trill) in IPA. It is found as either the fortis counterpart of/ɣ/(which itself is voiceless at least in Northern StandardDutch:[x]) or the sole dorsal fricative in Northern SD and regional dialects and languages of the Netherlands (Dutch Low SaxonandWest Frisian) spoken above the riversRhine,MeuseandWaal(sometimes termed the Rotterdam–Nijmegen Line). A plain fricative that is articulated slightly further front, as eithermedio-velarorpost-palatalis typical of dialects spoken south of the rivers (mainlyBrabantianandLimburgishbut excludingRipuarianand the dialect ofBergen op Zoom), including Belgian SD. In those dialects, the voiceless uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme/r/.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]SeeHard and soft G in Dutchfor more details.
The frication in the fricative trill variant sometimes occurs at the middle or the back of the soft palate (termedvelarormediovelarandpost-velar,respectively), rather than the uvula itself. This is the case in Northern Standard Dutch as well as some varieties ofArabic,Limburgish and MadridSpanish.It may thus be appropriate to call those variantsvoiceless (post)velar-uvular fricative trillas the trill component is always uvular (velar trills are not physically possible). The corresponding IPA symbol is ⟨ʀ̝̊˖⟩ (a devoiced, raised andadvanceduvular trill, where the "advanced" diacritic applies only to the fricative portion of the sound). Thus, in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutchacht[ɑʀ̝̊˖t]'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch[ɑxt]or[ɑx̟t],which features a non-trilled fricative articulated at the middle or front of the soft palate.[3][4][5][9][10][12]
For avoiceless pre-uvular fricative(also calledpost-velar), seevoiceless velar fricative.
Features[edit]
Features of the voiceless uvular fricative:
- Itsmanner of articulationisfricative,which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
- Itsplace of articulationisuvular,which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue(the dorsum) at theuvula.
- Itsphonationis voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is anoral consonant,which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is acentral consonant,which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Theairstream mechanismispulmonic,which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with theintercostal musclesandabdominal muscles,as in most sounds.
Occurrence[edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans[13][14] | goed | [χut] | 'good' | Varies between a fricative and a fricative trill when word-initial.[13]SeeAfrikaans phonology. | |
| Arabic[12] | خضراءḵaḍrāʾ | [χadˤraːʔ] | 'green' (f.) | Fricative trill with velar frication.[12]May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeArabic phonology | |
| Armenian | խաղxaġ | [χɑʁ] | 'game' | ||
| Chuvash | хăнаhăna | [χə'na] | 'guest' | ||
| Danish | Standard[15] | pres | [ˈpχæs] | 'pressure' | Before/r/,aspiration of/p,t,k/is realized as devoicing of/r/.[16]Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʁ⟩. SeeDanish phonology. |
| Dutch | Standard Northern[5][6] | acht | [ɑʀ̝̊˖t] | 'eight' | Fricative trill with post-velar frication.[5]May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeDutch phonologyandHard and soft G in Dutch |
| Belgian[7][8] | brood | [bʀ̝̊oːt] | 'bread' | Voiced when following a vowel.[17]Realization of/r/varies considerably among dialects. SeeDutch phonology | |
| English | Scouse[18] | clock | [kl̥ɒχ] | 'clock' | Possible word-final realization of/k/;varies between a fricative and a fricative trill.[18] |
| neck | [nɛχ] | 'neck' | |||
| Welsh[19][20] | Amlwch | [ˈamlʊχ] | 'Amlwch' | Occurs only in loanwords from Welsh;[19]usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeEnglish phonology | |
| WhiteSouth African[14][21] | gogga | [ˈχɒχə] | 'insect' | Less commonly velar[x],occurs only in loanwords from Afrikaans andKhoisan.[14]Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeWhite South African English phonologyandEnglish phonology. | |
| French | très | [t̪χɛ] | 'very' | Allophone of/ʁ/in contact with voiceless consonants. SeeFrench phonology | |
| German | Standard[22] | Dach | [daχ] | 'roof' | Appears only after certainback vowels.SeeStandard German phonology |
| Chemnitz dialect[23] | Rock | [χɔkʰ] | 'skirt' | In free variation with[ʁ̞],[ʁ],[ʀ̥]and[q].[23]Does not occur in coda.[23] | |
| Lower Rhine[24] | Wirte | [ˈvɪχtə] | 'hosts' | In free variation with[ɐ]between a vowel and avoicelesscoronalconsonant. | |
| Hebrew[1] | מֶלֶךְmélekh | [ˈme̞le̞χ] | 'king' | Usually a fricative trill.[1]SeeModern Hebrew phonology. | |
| Limburgish | Some dialects[9][10][11] | waor | [β̞ɒ̝ːʀ̝̊] | 'was' | Allophone of/r/that has been variously described as occurring in the syllable coda[9][10]and word-final.[11]May be only partially devoiced; frication may be uvular or post-velar.[9][10]The example word is from theMaastrichtian dialect.SeeMaastrichtian dialect phonologyandHard and soft G in Dutch |
| Luxembourgish[25] | Zuch | [t͡suχ] | 'train' | SeeLuxembourgish phonology. | |
| Low German | Dutch Low Saxon[5][6] | acht | [ɑʀ̝̊˖t] | 'eight' | Fricative trill with post-velar frication;[5]voiceless counterpart of/ɣ/.May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeHard and soft G in Dutch |
| Portuguese | GeneralBrazilian[26] | rompimento | [χõpiˈmẽtʊ] | 'rupture' (noun) | Some dialects, corresponds to rhotic consonant/ʁ/.SeePortuguese phonology. |
| Ripuarian[27][28] | ach | [ɑχ] | 'eight' | Allophone of/x/after back vowels. Fronted to[ç]or[ʃ]after front vowels and consonants.[27][28]It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeColognian phonology,Kerkrade dialect phonologyandHard and soft G in Dutch | |
| Spanish | European[3][4] | ojo | 'eye' | Fricative trill; frication is velar in Madrid. Occurs in northern and central varieties.[3][4]Most often, it is transcribed with ⟨x⟩ in IPA. SeeSpanish phonology. | |
| Poncedialect[29] | perro | [ˈpe̞χo̞] | 'dog' | This and[ʀ̥]are the primary realizations of/r/in this dialect.[29]SeeSpanish phonology. | |
| Tlingit | -dáx̱ | [dáχ] | 'from, out of' | Occurs plain,labialised,ejective,and labialised ejective. | |
| Turkmen | gahar | [ɢɑχɑɾ] | 'snow' | ||
| Upper Sorbian[30] | brach | [bʁ̞äʀ̝̊] | 'fault' | Fricative trill.[30] | |
| Welsh | chwech | 'six' | SeeWelsh phonology. | ||
| West Frisian[5][6] | berch | [bɛrʀ̝̊˖] | 'mountain' | Fricative trill with post-velar frication;[5]voiceless counterpart of/ɣ/.Never occurs in word-initial positions. May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeWest Frisian phonology | |
| Wolof[2] | sax | [sax] | Fricative trill.[2] | ||
| Yiddish[13] | איךikh | [iχ] | 'I' | SeeYiddish phonology. | |
Related Consonants[edit]
| Nearby Fricatives | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless | x | χ | ħ |
| Voiced | ɣ | ʁ | ʕ |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^abcLaufer (1999),p. 98.
- ^abcLadefoged & Maddieson (1996),p. 167.
- ^abcd"Castilian Spanish - Madrid by Klaus Kohler".
- ^abcdLyons (1981),p. 76.
- ^abcdefghCollins & Mees (2003:191).Goeman & Van de Velde (2001)have also found that frication is much more commonly in the velar region in dialects and language varieties with "hard G", though they do not distinguish between trilled and non-trilled fricatives in their study.
- ^abcdGussenhoven (1999),p. 74.
- ^abTops (2009),pp. 25, 30–32, 63, 80–88, 97–100, 105, 118, 124–127, 134–135, 137–138, 140–141.
- ^abVerhoeven (1994:?), cited inTops (2009:22, 83)
- ^abcdeHeijmans & Gussenhoven (1998),p. 108.
- ^abcdeGussenhoven & Aarts (1999),p. 156.
- ^abcVerhoeven (2007),p. 220.
- ^abcThelwall & Sa'Addedin (1999),pp. 51, 53.
- ^abc"John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?".5 December 2011.Retrieved30 April2015.
- ^abcBowerman (2004:939): "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme/x/(seeLass (2002:120)), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative[χ]rather than the velar. "
- ^Basbøll (2005),pp. 62, 65–66.
- ^Basbøll (2005),pp. 65–66.
- ^Tops (2009),p. 83.
- ^abWells (1982),pp. 372–373.
- ^abWells (1982),p. 389.
- ^Tench (1990),p. 132.
- ^Wells (1982),p. 619.
- ^Hall (1993:100), footnote 7, citingKohler (1990)
- ^abcKhan & Weise (2013),p. 235.
- ^Hall (1993),p. 89.
- ^Gilles & Trouvain (2013),p. 68.
- ^Barbosa & Albano (2004),pp. 5–6.
- ^abStichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997),p. 17.
- ^abBodelier (2011),p. 19.
- ^ab"ProQuest Document View - The Spanish of Ponce, Puerto Rico: A phonetic, phonological, and intonational analysis".
- ^abHowson (2017),p. 362.
References[edit]
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- Goeman, Ton; Van de Velde, Hans (2001)."Co-occurrence constraints on/r/and/ɣ/in Dutch dialects ".In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.).'r-atics.Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112.ISSN0777-3692.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - Gussenhoven, Carlos (1999), "Dutch",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 74–77,ISBN978-0-521-65236-0
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