Wade–Giles

Wade–Giles
Script type	Alphabet romanization
Creator	Thomas WadeandHerbert Giles
Created	19th century
Languages	Mandarin Chinese
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	BCP 47 variant subtag:wadegile
Chinese	UyĐịchThứcGhép vần
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Wēi-Zhái Shì Pīnyīn Bopomofo ㄨㄟㄓㄞˊㄕˋㄆㄧㄣㄧㄣ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Uei Jair Shyh Pin'in Wade–Giles Wei1Chai2Shih4Pʻin1-yin1 Tongyong Pinyin Wei Jhái Shìh Pin-yin Yale Romanization Wēi Jái Shr̀ Pīnyīn MPS2 Wēi Jái Shr̀ Pīnyīn IPA [wéɪ ʈʂǎɪ ʂɻ̩̂ pʰín.ín]

Map of theTaiwan Strait,featuring names using Wade–Giles in Taiwan versus those using pinyin in mainland China

Wade–Giles(/ˌweɪdˈdʒaɪlz/WAYDJYLZE) is aromanization systemforMandarin Chinese.It developed from the system produced byThomas Francis Wadeduring the mid-19th century, and was given completed form withHerbert Giles'sA Chinese–English Dictionary(1892).

The romanization systems in common use until the late 19th century were based on theNanjing dialect,but Wade–Giles was based on the Beijing dialect and was the system of transcription familiar in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century. Both of these kinds of transcription were used inpostal romanizations(romanized place-names standardized for postal uses). Inmainland China,Wade–Giles has been mostly replaced byHanyu Pinyin,which was officially adopted in 1958, with exceptions for the romanized forms of some of the most commonly used names of locations and persons, and other proper nouns. The romanized name for most locations, persons and other proper nouns in Taiwan is based on the Wade–Giles derived romanized form, for exampleKaohsiung,theMatsu IslandsandChiang Ching-kuo.

History

Wade–Giles was developed byThomas Francis Wade,a scholar of Chinese and a British ambassador in China who was the first professor of Chinese at theUniversity of Cambridge.Wade publishedYü-yen Tzŭ-erh Chi(Ngôn ngữ tự nhĩ tập;Ngôn ngữ tự nhĩ tập)in 1867, the first textbook on theBeijing dialectofMandarinin English,which became the basis for the system later known as Wade–Giles. The system, designed to transcribe Chinese terms for Chinese specialists, was further refined in 1892 byHerbert Giles(inA Chinese–English Dictionary), a British diplomat in China and his son,Lionel Giles,a curator at the British Museum.

Taiwan used Wade–Giles for decades as the de facto standard, co-existing with several official romanizations in succession, namely,Gwoyeu Romatzyh(1928),Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II(1986), andTongyong Pinyin(2000). TheKuomintang(KMT) has previously promoted pinyin withMa Ying-jeou's successful presidential bid in 2008 and in a number of cities with Kuomintang mayors. However, the currentTsai Ing-wenadministration andDemocratic Progressive Party(DPP) along with the majority of the people in Taiwan, both native and overseas, use spelling and transcribe their legal names based on the Wade–Giles system, as well as the other aforementioned systems.

Initials and finals

The tables below show the Wade–Giles representation of eachChinese sound(in bold type),together with the correspondingIPAphonetic symbol (in square brackets), and equivalent representations inBopomofoandHanyu Pinyin.

Initials

		Labial	Dental/Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Velar
Nasal		m[m] ㄇ m	n[n] ㄋ n
Plosive	Unaspirated	p[p] ㄅ b	t[t] ㄉ d			k[k] ㄍ g
	Aspirated	pʻ[pʰ] ㄆ p	tʻ[tʰ] ㄊ t			kʻ[kʰ] ㄎ k
Affricate	Unaspirated		ts[ts] ㄗ z	ch[ʈʂ] ㄓ zh	ch[tɕ] ㄐ j
	Aspirated		tsʻ[tsʰ] ㄘ c	chʻ[ʈʂʰ] ㄔ ch	chʻ[tɕʰ] ㄑ q
Fricative		f[f] ㄈ f	s[s] ㄙ s	sh[ʂ] ㄕ sh	hs[ɕ] ㄒ x	h[x] ㄏ h
Liquid			l[l] ㄌ l	j[ɻ~ʐ] ㄖ r

Instead ofts,tsʻands,Wade–Giles writestz,tzʻandssbeforeŭ(seebelow).

Finals

		Coda
		∅			/i/		/u/		/n/		/ŋ/			/ɻ/
Medial	∅	ih/ŭ [ɨ] ㄭ-i	ê/o [ɤ] ㄜ e	a [a] ㄚ a	ei [ei] ㄟ ei	ai [ai] ㄞ ai	ou [ou] ㄡ ou	ao [au] ㄠ ao	ên [ən] ㄣ en	an [an] ㄢ an	ung [ʊŋ] ㄨㄥ ong	êng [əŋ] ㄥ eng	ang [aŋ] ㄤ ang	êrh [aɚ̯] ㄦ er
	/j/	i [i] ㄧ i	ieh [je] ㄧㄝ ie	ia [ja] ㄧㄚ ia			iu [jou] ㄧㄡ iu	iao [jau] ㄧㄠ iao	in [in] ㄧㄣ in	ien [jɛn] ㄧㄢ ian	iung [jʊŋ] ㄩㄥ iong	ing [iŋ] ㄧㄥ ing	iang [jaŋ] ㄧㄤ iang
	/w/	u [u] ㄨ u	o/uo [wo] ㄛ/ㄨㄛ o/uo	ua [wa] ㄨㄚ ua	ui/uei [wei] ㄨㄟ ui	uai [wai] ㄨㄞ uai			un [wən] ㄨㄣ un	uan [wan] ㄨㄢ uan			uang [waŋ] ㄨㄤ uang
	/ɥ/	ü [y] ㄩ ü	üeh [ɥe] ㄩㄝ üe						ün [yn] ㄩㄣ ün	üan [ɥɛn] ㄩㄢ üan

Wade–Giles writes-ueiafterkʻandk,otherwise-ui:kʻuei,kuei,hui,shui,chʻui.

It writes[-ɤ]as-oafterkʻ,kandh,otherwise as-ê:kʻo,ko,ho,shê,chʻê.When[ɤ]forms a syllable on its own, it is writtenêorodepending on the character.

Wade–Giles writes[-wo]as-uoafterkʻ,k,handsh,otherwise as-o:kʻuo,kuo,huo,shuo,bo,tso.Afterchʻ,it is writtenchʻoorchʻuodepending on the character.

For-ihand-ŭ,seebelow.

Giles'sA Chinese–English Dictionaryalso includes the finals-io(inyo,chio,chʻio,hsio,lioandnio) and-üo(inchüo,chʻüo,hsüo,lüoandnüo), both of which are pronounced-üehin modernStandard Chinese:yüeh,chüeh,chʻüeh,hsüeh,lüehandnüeh.

Syllables that begin with a medial

		Coda
		∅			/i/		/u/		/n/		/ŋ/
Medial	/j/	i/yi [i] ㄧ yi	yeh [je] ㄧㄝ ye	ya [ja] ㄧㄚ ya		yai [jai] ㄧㄞ yai	yu [jou] ㄧㄡ you	yao [jau] ㄧㄠ yao	yin [in] ㄧㄣ yin	yen [jɛn] ㄧㄢ yan	yung [jʊŋ] ㄩㄥ yong	ying [iŋ] ㄧㄥ ying	yang [jaŋ] ㄧㄤ yang
	/w/	wu [u] ㄨ wu	wo [wo] ㄨㄛ wo	wa [wa] ㄨㄚ wa	wei [wei] ㄨㄟ wei	wai [wai] ㄨㄞ wai			wên [wən] ㄨㄣ wen	wan [wan] ㄨㄢ wan		wêng [wəŋ] ㄨㄥ weng	wang [waŋ] ㄨㄤ wang
	/ɥ/	yü [y] ㄩ yu	yüeh [ɥe] ㄩㄝ yue						yün [yn] ㄩㄣ yun	yüan [ɥɛn] ㄩㄢ yuan

Wade–Giles writes the syllable[i]asioryidepending on the character.

System features

Consonants and initial symbols

A feature of the Wade–Giles system is the representation of theunaspirated-aspiratedstop consonantpairs using a character resembling anapostrophe.Thomas Wade and others used thespiritus asper(ʽ or ʻ), borrowed from thepolytonic orthographyof theAncient Greeklanguage.Herbert Gilesand others used a left (opening) curved singlequotation mark(‘) for the same purpose. A third group used a plainapostrophe('). Thebacktick,and visually similar characters are sometimes seen in various electronic documents using the system.

Examples using the spiritus asper:p, pʻ, t, tʻ, k, kʻ, ch, chʻ.The use of this character preservesb,d,g,andjfor the romanization ofChinese varietiescontainingvoicedconsonants, such asShanghainese(which has a full set of voiced consonants) andMin Nan(Hō-ló-oē) whose century-oldPe̍h-ōe-jī(POJ, often called Missionary Romanization) is similar to Wade–Giles. POJ,Legge romanization,Simplified Wade,andEFEO Chinese transcriptionuse the letter⟨h⟩instead of an apostrophe-like character to indicate aspiration. (This is similar to the obsoleteIPAconvention before therevisions of the 1970s). The convention of an apostrophe-like character or⟨h⟩to denote aspiration is also found in romanizations of other Asian languages, such asMcCune–ReischauerforKoreanandISO 11940forThai.

People unfamiliar with Wade–Giles often ignore the spiritus asper, sometimes omitting them when copying texts, unaware that they represent vital information. Hànyǔ Pīnyīn addresses this issue by employing the Latin letters customarily used for voiced stops, unneeded in Mandarin, to represent the unaspirated stops:b, p, d, t, g, k, j, q, zh, ch.

Partly because of the popular omission of apostrophe-like characters, the four sounds represented in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn byj,q,zh,andchoften all becomech,including in many proper names. However, if the apostrophe-like characters are kept, the system reveals a symmetry that leaves no overlap:

• The non-retroflexch(Pīnyīnj) andchʻ(Pīnyīnq) are always before eitherüori,but neverih.
• Theretroflexch(Pīnyīnzh) andchʻ(Pīnyīnch) are always beforeih,a,ê,e,o,oru.

Vowels and final symbols

Syllabic consonants

LikeYaleandMandarin Phonetic Symbols II,Wade–Giles renders the two types ofsyllabic consonant(simplified Chinese:Không vận;traditional Chinese:Không vận;Wade–Giles:kʻung¹-yün⁴;Hànyǔ Pīnyīn:kōngyùn) differently:

• -ŭis used after thesibilantswritten in this position (and this position only) astz,tzʻandss(Pīnyīnz,cands).
• -ihis used after theretroflexch,chʻ,sh,andj(Pīnyīnzh,ch,sh,andr).

These finals are both written as-ihinTongyòng Pinyin,as-iinHànyǔ Pīnyīn(hence distinguishable only by the initial from[i]as inli), and as-yinGwoyeu RomatzyhandSimplified Wade.They are typically omitted inZhùyīn (Bōpōmōfō).

IPA		ʈ͡ʂɻ̩	ʈ͡ʂʰɻ̩	ʂɻ̩	ɻɻ̩	t͡sɹ̩	t͡sʰɹ̩	sɹ̩
Yale		jr	chr	shr	r	dz	tsz	sz
MPS II		jr	chr	shr	r	tz	tsz	sz
Wade–Giles		chih	chʻih	shih	jih	tzŭ	tzʻŭ	ssŭ
Tongyòng Pinyin		jhih	chih	shih	rih	zih	cih	sih
Hànyǔ Pīnyīn		zhi	chi	shi	ri	zi	ci	si
Gwoyeu Romatzyh		jy	chy	shy	ry	tzy	tsy	sy
Simplified Wade		chy	chhy	shy	ry	tsy	tshy	sy
Zhùyīn		ㄓ	ㄔ	ㄕ	ㄖ	ㄗ	ㄘ	ㄙ

Vowel o

Finaloin Wade–Giles has two pronunciations in modern Peking dialect:[wo]and[ɤ].

What is pronounced in vernacular Peking dialect as aclose-mid back unrounded vowel[ɤ]is written usually asê,but sometimes aso,depending on historical pronunciation (at the time Wade–Giles was developed). Specifically, after velar initialsk,kʻandh(and a historicalng,which had been dropped by the time Wade–Giles was developed),ois used; for example, "Ca" isko¹(Pīnyīngē) and "Khắc" iskʻo⁴(Pīnyīnkè). In Peking dialect,oafter velars (and what used to beng) have shifted to[ɤ],thus they are written asge,ke,heandein Pīnyīn. When[ɤ]forms a syllable on its own, Wade–Giles writesêorodepending on the character. In all other circumstances, it writesê.

What is pronounced in Peking dialect as[wo]is usually written asoin Wade–Giles, except forwo,shuo(e.g. "Nói"shuo¹) and the three syllables ofkuo,kʻuo,andhuo(as in quá, hoắc, etc.), which contrast withko,kʻo,andhothat correspond to Pīnyīnge,ke,andhe.This is because characters like la, nhiều, etc. (Wade–Giles:lo²,to¹;Pīnyīn:luó,duō) did not originally carry the medial[w].Peking dialect does not have phonemic contrast betweenoand-uo/wo(except in interjections when used alone) and a medial[w]is usually inserted in front of-oto form[wo].

IPA	pwo	pʰwo	mwo	fwo	two	tʰwo	nwo	lwo	kɤ	kʰɤ	xɤ	ʈ͡ʂwo	ʈ͡ʂʰwo	ʐwo	t͡swo	t͡sʰwo	swo	ɤ	wo
Wade–Giles	po	pʻo	mo	fo	to	tʻo	no	lo	ko	kʻo	ho	cho	chʻo	jo	tso	tsʻo	so	o/ê	wo
Zhùyīn	ㄅㄛ	ㄆㄛ	ㄇㄛ	ㄈㄛ	ㄉㄨㄛ	ㄊㄨㄛ	ㄋㄨㄛ	ㄌㄨㄛ	ㄍㄜ	ㄎㄜ	ㄏㄜ	ㄓㄨㄛ	ㄔㄨㄛ	ㄖㄨㄛ	ㄗㄨㄛ	ㄘㄨㄛ	ㄙㄨㄛ	ㄜ	ㄨㄛ
Pīnyīn	bo	po	mo	fo	duo	tuo	nuo	luo	ge	ke	he	zhuo	chuo	ruo	zuo	cuo	suo	e	wo

Zhùyīn and Pīnyīn write[wo]as ㄛ-oafter ㄅb,ㄆp,ㄇmand ㄈf,and as ㄨㄛ-uoafter all other initials.

Tones

Tonesare indicated in Wade–Giles using superscript numbers (1–4) placed after the syllable. This contrasts with the use of diacritics to represent the tones in Pīnyīn. For example, the Pīnyīnqiàn(fourth tone) has the Wade–Giles equivalentchʻien⁴.

Tone	Sample text (s;t;lit)	Hanyu Pinyin	Wade–Giles
1. high	Mẹ;Mẹ;'mom'	mā	ma1
2. rising	Ma;'hemp'	má	ma2
3. low (dipping)	Mã;Mã;'horse'	mǎ	ma3
4. falling	Mắng;Mắng;'scold'	mà	ma4
5. neutral	Sao;Sao;(interrogative)	ma	ma

Punctuation

Wade–Giles useshyphensto separate all syllables within a word (whereas Pīnyīn separates syllables only in specially defined cases, using hyphens or closing (right) single quotation marks as appropriate).

If a syllable is not the first in a word, its first letter is notcapitalized,even if it is part of aproper noun.The use of apostrophe-like characters, hyphens, and capitalization is frequently not observed in place names and personal names. For example, the majority ofoverseasTaiwanese peoplewrite theirgiven nameslike "Tai Lun" or "Tai-Lun", whereas the Wade–Giles is actually "Tai-lun". (See alsoChinese names.)

Comparison with other systems

Pinyin

• Wade–Giles chose theFrench-like⟨j⟩(implying a sound like IPA's[ʒ],as insin Englishmeasure) to represent a Northern Mandarin pronunciation of what is represented as⟨r⟩in pinyin (Northern Mandarin[ʐ]/ Southern Mandarin[ɻ];generally consideredallophones).
• Ü(representing/y/) always has anumlautabove, while pinyin only employs it in the cases ofnü,nüe,lü,lüeandlüan,while leaving it out afterj,q,xandyas a simplification because⟨u⟩/[u]cannot otherwise appear after those letters. (The vowel⟨u⟩/[u]can occur in those cases in pinyin where the diaeresis are indicated⟨ü⟩/[y]or[ɥ];in which cases it serves to distinguish thefront vowel[y]from theback vowel[u].By contrast it is always present to mark the front vowel in Wade–Giles.) Becauseyü(as inNgọc"jade" ) must have an umlaut in Wade–Giles, the umlaut-lessyuin Wade–Giles is freed up for what corresponds toyou(Có"have" / "there is") in Pinyin.
• The Pīnyīn cluster⟨-ong⟩is⟨-ung⟩in Wade–Giles, reflecting the pronunciation of[ʊ]as in Englishbook/bʊk/.(Comparekung¹-futogōngfuas an example.)
• After a consonant, both Wade–Giles and Pīnyīn use⟨-iu⟩and⟨-un⟩instead of the complete syllables:⟨-iou⟩and⟨-uên⟩/⟨-uen⟩.

Chart

Vowelsa, e, o

IPA	a	ɔ	ɛ	ɤ	ai	ei	au	ou	an	ən	aŋ	əŋ	ʊŋ	aɹ
Pinyin	a	o	ê	e	ai	ei	ao	ou	an	en	ang	eng	ong	er
Tongyong Pinyin
Wade–Giles			eh	ê/o						ên		êng	ung	êrh
Bopomofo	ㄚ	ㄛ	ㄝ	ㄜ	ㄞ	ㄟ	ㄠ	ㄡ	ㄢ	ㄣ	ㄤ	ㄥ	ㄨㄥ	ㄦ
example	A	Ác	Ai	Nga	Ngải	Hắc	Lõm	Ngẫu nhiên	An	Ân	Ngẩng	Lãnh	Trung	Nhị

Vowelsi, u, y

IPA	i	je	jou	jɛn	in	iŋ	jʊŋ	u	wo	wei	wən	wəŋ	y	ɥe	ɥɛn	yn
Pinyin	yi	ye	you	yan	yin	ying	yong	wu	wo/o	wei	wen	weng	yu	yue	yuan	yun
Tongyong Pinyin											wun	wong
Wade–Giles	i/yi	yeh	yu	yen			yung				wên	wêng	yü	yüeh	yüan	yün
Bopomofo	ㄧ	ㄧㄝ	ㄧㄡ	ㄧㄢ	ㄧㄣ	ㄧㄥ	ㄩㄥ	ㄨ	ㄨㄛ/ㄛ	ㄨㄟ	ㄨㄣ	ㄨㄥ	ㄩ	ㄩㄝ	ㄩㄢ	ㄩㄣ
example	Một	Cũng	Lại	Ngôn	Âm	Anh	Dùng	Năm	Ta	Vị	Văn	Ông	Ngọc	Nguyệt	Nguyên	Vân

Non-sibilant consonants

IPA	p	pʰ	m	fəŋ	tjou	twei	twən	tʰɤ	ny	ly	kɤɹ	kʰɤ	xɤ
Pinyin	b	p	m	feng	diu	dui	dun	te	nü	lü	ge	ke	he
Tongyong Pinyin				fong	diou	duei			nyu	lyu
Wade–Giles	p	pʻ		fêng	tiu	tui	tun	tʻê	nü	lü	ko	kʻo	ho
Bopomofo	ㄅ	ㄆ	ㄇ	ㄈㄥ	ㄉㄧㄡ	ㄉㄨㄟ	ㄉㄨㄣ	ㄊㄜ	ㄋㄩ	ㄌㄩ	ㄍㄜ	ㄎㄜ	ㄏㄜ
example	Pha	Bà	Mạt	Phong	Ném	Đoái	Đốn	Đặc	Nữ	Lữ	Ca	Nhưng	Gì

Sibilant consonants

IPA	tɕjɛn	tɕjʊŋ	tɕʰin	ɕɥɛn	ʈʂɤ	ʈʂɨ	ʈʂʰɤ	ʈʂʰɨ	ʂɤ	ʂɨ	ɻɤ	ɻɨ	tsɤ	tswo	tsɨ	tsʰɤ	tsʰɨ	sɤ	sɨ
Pinyin	Gian	jiong	qin	xuan	zhe	zhi	che	chi	she	shi	re	ri	ze	zuo	zi	ce	ci	se	si
Tongyong Pinyin		jyong	cin	syuan	jhe	jhih		chih		shih		rih			zih		cih		sih
Wade–Giles	chien	chiung	chʻin	shüan	chê	chih	chʻê	chʻih	shê	shih	jê	jih	tsê	tso	tzŭ	tsʻê	tzʻŭ	sê	ssŭ
Bopomofo	ㄐㄧㄢ	ㄐㄩㄥ	ㄑㄧㄣ	ㄒㄩㄢ	ㄓㄜ	ㄓ	ㄔㄜ	ㄔ	ㄕㄜ	ㄕ	ㄖㄜ	ㄖ	ㄗㄜ	ㄗㄨㄛ	ㄗ	ㄘㄜ	ㄘ	ㄙㄜ	ㄙ
example	Kiện	Quẫn	Tần	Tuyên	Triết	Chi	Xả	Xích	Xã	Là	Chọc	Ngày	Trắc	Tả	Tự	Sách	Thứ	Sắc	Tư

Tones

IPA	ma˥˥	ma˧˥	ma˨˩˦	ma˥˩	ma
Pinyin	mā	má	mǎ	mà	ma
Tongyong Pinyin	ma				mȧ
Wade–Giles	ma1	ma2	ma3	ma4	ma
Bopomofo	ㄇㄚ	ㄇㄚˊ	ㄇㄚˇ	ㄇㄚˋ	˙ㄇㄚ
example (Chinese characters)	Mẹ	Ma	Mã	Mắng	Sao

Note: In Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, the so-called neutral tone is written leaving the syllable with no diacritic mark at all. In Tongyòng Pinyin, a ring is written over the vowel.

Adaptations

There are several adaptations of Wade–Giles.

Mathews

The Romanization system used in the 1943 edition ofMathews' Chinese–English Dictionarydiffers from Wade–Giles in the following ways:

• It uses the right apostrophe:pʼ,tʼ,kʼ,chʼ,tsʼ,tzʼŭ;while Wade–Giles uses the left apostrophe, similar to the aspirationdiacriticused in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet before the revisions of the 1970s:pʻ,tʻ,kʻ,chʻ,tsʻ,tzʻŭ.
• It consistently usesifor the syllable[i],while Wade–Giles usesioryidepending on the character.
• It usesofor the syllable[ɤ],while Wade–Giles usesêorodepending on the character.
• It offers the choice betweenssŭandszŭ,while Wade–Giles requiresssŭ.
• It does not use the spellingschio,chʻio,hsio,yo,replacing them withchüeh,chʻüeh,hsüeh,yüehin accordance with their modern pronunciations.
• It uses an underscored³to denote a second tone which comes from an original third tone, but only if the following syllable has the neutral tone and thetone sandhiis therefore not predictable:hsiao³•chieh.
• It denotes the neutral tone by placing a dot (if the neutral tone is compulsory) or a circle (if the neutral tone is optional) before the syllable. The dot or circle replaces the hyphen.

Table

Main article:Wade–Giles table

Gallery

Examples of Wade–Giles derived English language terminology:

• 
  Tzu Chi University,Hualien
• 
  Lienchiang CountyHospital and Health Bureau
• 
  Emblem ofPingtung County

See also

• Comparison of Chinese transcription systems
• Simplified Wade
• Daoism–Taoism romanization issue
• Legge romanization
• Romanization of Chinese
• Cyrillization of Chinese

Bibliography

• Wade, Thomas Francis.A progressive course designed to assist the student of Colloquial Chinese(Yü Yen Tzǔ Êrh Chi) in two volumes. Third edition Shanghai: Hong Kong: Singapore: Yokohama: London: Kelly & Walsh, Limited, 1903.
• Giles, Herbert A.A Chinese–English Dictionary.2-vol. & 3-vol. versions both. London: Shanghai: Bernard Quaritch; Kelly and Walsh, 1892.Rev. & enlarged 2nd ed.in 3 vols. (Vol. I: front-matter &a-hsü,Vol. II:hsü-shao,andVol. III:shao-yün), Shanghai: Hong Kong: Singapore: Yokohama: London: Kelly & Walsh, Limited; Bernard Quaritch, 1912. Rpt. of the 2nd ed. but in 2 vols. and bound as 1, New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1964.

Further reading

• "Library of Congress Pinyin Conversion Project Frequently Asked Questions What's the difference between Wade–Giles and Pinyin?"–Library of Congress

External links

• Chinese Romanization Converter– Convert between Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, Wade–Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems.
• A conversion table of Chinese provinces and cities from Wade–Giles to Pīnyīn
• Pinyin4j: Java library supporting Chinese to Wade–Giles– Support Simplified and Traditional Chinese; Support most popular Romanization systems, including Hànyŭ Pīnyīn, Tongyòng Pinyin, Wade–Giles, MPS2, Yale and Gwoyeu Romatzyh; Support multiple pronunciations of a single character; Support customized output, such as ü or tone marks.
• Chinese without a teacher,Chinese phrasebook by Herbert Giles with Romanization
• Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool– Converts between Wade–Giles and other formats
• Wade–Giles Annotation– Wade–Giles pronunciation and English definitions for Chinese text snippets or web pages.
• Quốc ngữ ghép vần đối chiếu biểu(in Chinese)
• Key to Wade–Giles romanization of Chinese characters: November 1944(Army Map Service)