Wang Chongyang
Wang Chongyang | |
|---|---|
Vương Trùng Dương | |
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| Personal | |
| Born | Wang Zhongfu 11 January 1113 JingzhaoXianyang,Song Empire |
| Died | 22 January 1170(aged 57) |
| Religion | Taoism |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| School | Quanzhen School |
| Known for | Founder ofQuanzhen School |
| Other names | Wang Zhe |
| Monastic name | Chongyang |
| Senior posting | |
| Successor | Ma Yu |
| Reason for exit | deceased |
| Wang Chongyang | |||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | Vương Trùng Dương | ||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | Vương Trùng Dương | ||||||||
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| Part ofa serieson |
| Taoism |
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Wang Chongyang(11 January 1113 – 22 January 1170;Chinese calendar:22nd day, 12th month, 2nd year, Zhenghe era in the reign ofEmperor Huizong of Song- 4th day, 1st month, 10th year, Dading era in the reign ofEmperor Shizong of Jin)[note 1]was a Chinese philosopher and poet. He was aTaoist masterand one of the founders of theQuanzhen Schoolin the 12th century during theJin dynasty(1115–1234). He was one of the Five Northern Patriarchs of Quanzhen. He also appears as a character in works ofwuxiafiction.
Name[edit]
- Family name:Wang (Vương)
- Given names:Zhongfu(Trung phu);Dewei(Đức uy);Zhe(Triết)
- Courtesy names:Yunqing(Duẫn khanh);Shixiong(Thế hùng);Zhiming(Biết minh)
- Pseudonym:Chongyangzi(Trọng Dương Tử)
Life[edit]
Wang was born with his birth name as "Zhongfu" in a wealthy family in 1113. He was educated in Chinese classics and martial arts.
Wang intended to start a rebellion against theJurchen-ledJin dynasty,which conquered northern China in theJin–Song Wars.[1]According to tradition, in the summer of 1159 when he was 48, he met three Taoist immortals in a tavern,Zhongli Quan,Lü Dongbin,andLiu Haichan.They trained him in secret forms of Taoism. He changed his name to "Zhe" and adopted the Taoist name "Chongyang".
In 1160, Wang met one of the immortals again and was provided with a set of written instructions called "Ganshui Xianyuan Lu". Those written instructions included the names of two men who would later become his disciples (Ma YuandTan Chuduan). Wang built a tomb for himself nearMount Zhongnanand called it "Tomb of the Living Dead". He lived in it for three years.
At the end of the three years, Wang filled the tomb with earth and built a hut on top of it and called it "Complete Perfection Hut". He spent the next four years in the hut studying Taoism and imparting his knowledge to others. During that time, he met Tan Chuduan, who became his disciple after he cured Tan from illness.Qiu Chujiand Tan traveled around the local towns and villages with Wang and founded five Taoist congregations. Wang's teachings were referred to the "Teachings of the Complete Perfection" (after the hut) and his branch of Taoism became known as theQuanzhen School.
In 1167, Wang burnt down the hut and travelled east toShandong,where he met Ma Yu and Ma's wife,Sun Bu'er.They became his disciples as well. He accepted a total of seven disciples who later became known as "Seven Masters of Quanzhen" or "Seven Elders of Quanzhen". They are also called the "Seven Immortals" or "Seven Perfected Beings".
In 1187,Emperor Shizong of Jinsummoned Wang's discipleWang Chuyi(and, according to some sources, alsoQiu Chuji) to preach in his inner palace. Later, he requested the presence of Wang Chuyi at his deathbed.[1]Shizong's successor,Emperor Zhangzong,banned the teaching of Quanzhen Taoism. He considered them as causing heretical and detrimental to society;[1]He converted to Quanzhen's teachings later and let Wang Chuyi stay in Yanjing (present-dayBeijing) for a year.[1]Shizong's grandsonWanyan Shoulater wrote a biography for Wang Chongyang.[1]
He was immortalized in theLongmen Grottoes.
Writings[edit]
Wang was the author of many poems of Taoist instruction. According to legend, Liu Chuxuan became a follower of Wang after reading one of Wang's poems.
Wang's writings include:
- "An Anthology of Complete Perfection by Chongyang" (Chongyang Quanzhen Ji)[2]
- "Chongyang's Anthology on Teaching Transformation" (Chongyang Jiaohua Ji)
- "Chongyang's Anthology of the Ten Transformations by Dividing Pears" (Chongyang fenli shihua ji) (The phrase "to divide a pear" is a pun for "to separate," these were writings intended to convince Ma Yu and Sun Bu'er to separate in order to better cultivate the Dao.)
Disciples[edit]
The most notable ones among Wang's seven disciples wereSun Bu'erandQiu Chuji.Sun's husband, Ma Yu, was one of the seven, while she became an important role model for female Taoists. Ma Yu later succeeded Wang as the leader of the Quanzhen School.
Qiu Chuji gained the favour ofGenghis Khanand founded theWhite Cloud MonasteryinBeijing.Genghis Khan granted tax-exempt status to all Quanzhen schools and placed Qiu in charge of all religions in China.
Each of the seven disciples founded his or her own lineage of Quanzhen Taoism. They are as follows:
- Ma Yu (Mã ngọc) founded the Yuxian lineage (Meeting the Immortals)
- Tan Chuduan (Đàm chỗ đoan) founded the Nanwu lineage (Southern Void)
- Liu Chuxuan (Lưu chỗ huyền) founded the Suishan lineage (Mount Sui)
- Qiu Chuji(Khâu Xử Cơ) founded the Longmen lineage (Dragon Gate)
- Wang Chuyi (Vương chỗ một) founded the Yushan lineage (Mount Yu)
- Hao Datong (Hách đại thông) founded the Huashan lineage (Mount Hua)
- Sun Bu'er(Tôn như một) founded the Qingjing lineage (Clarity and Stillness)
In fiction[edit]
Condor Trilogy[edit]
Wang Chongyang is mentioned by name in thewuxianovelsThe Legend of the Condor HeroesandThe Return of the Condor HeroesbyJin Yong.He is already dead when the events in the first novel take place and the details of his life are revealed by other characters, such as his juniorZhou Botong.Wang Chongyang, who was nicknamed "Central Divine" (Trung thần thông;zhōng shéntōng), emerged as one of the top five martial artists in theGian ghu(martial artists' community) in his time after a martial arts contest onMount Hua.He also founded the martial arts school Quanzhen School, which is based on the real-lifeQuanzhen School.After his death, his seven apprentices succeed him and lead Quanzhen to become one of the major orthodox martial arts schools in theGian ghu.
In the second novel, the protagonistsYang GuoandXiaolongnüdiscover more details about Wang Chongyang's life in the Ancient Tomb onMount Zhongnan,where the Quanzhen School is based. It is revealed that Wang Chongyang had a romantic relationship with Lin Chaoying, the founder of theAncient Tomb School,which Xiaolongnü and Yang Guo are members of. Wang Chongyang had lost to Lin Chaoying in a contest and had to keep his promise to hand over possession of the tomb and lead a monastic life as a Taoist for the rest of his life.
Other appearances[edit]
In themanhuaseriesOriental Heroesby Hong Kong artistWong Yuk-long,Wang Chongyang is noted as the creator of the 'Nine Solar Art'.
Notes[edit]
- ^Tống Huy Tông chính cùng hai năm 12 tháng nhập nhị – Kim Thế Tông đại định mười năm tháng giêng sơ tứ
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^abcdeJing-shen Tao, "The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China". University of Washington Press, 1976,ISBN0-295-95514-7.Pages 106-107.
- ^"Saints & Sages Part VI: Vương Trùng Dương Wang Chong Yang (1113－1170) – Purple Cloud".Retrieved2020-08-04.
Sources[edit]
- Daoism Handbook,Livia Kohn, editor. (Handbook of Oriental Studies Section Four, Volume 14.) Brill Academic Publishers, 2000.
- The Taoist Manual: An Illustrated Guide Applying Taoism to Daily Life,Brock Silvers. Sacred Mountain Press 2005.
External links[edit]
- (in Chinese)Vương triết cuộc đời sự tích khảo thuật
