Water (data page)
This page provides supplementary data to the articleproperties of water.
Further comprehensive authoritative data can be found at theNIST Chemistry WebBookpage on thermophysical properties of fluids.[1]
Structure and properties
[edit]Structure and properties | |
---|---|
Index of refraction,nD | 1.333 at 20 °C |
Dielectric constant[2] |
88.00 at 0 °C |
Bond strength | 492.215 kJ/mol O–H bond dissociation energy[3] |
Bond length | 95.87 pm (equilibrium)[4] |
Bond angle | 104.48° (equilibrium)[5][6] |
Magnetic susceptibility | −9.04 × 10−6volumeSIunits[7] |
Thermodynamic properties
[edit]Phase behavior | |
---|---|
Triple point | 273.16 K (0.01 °C), 611.73 Pa |
Critical point | 647 K (374 °C), 22.1 MPa |
Enthalpy change of fusion at 273.15 K,ΔfusH |
6.01 kJ/mol |
Entropy change of fusion at 273.15 K, 1 bar,ΔfusS |
22.0 J/(mol·K) |
Std enthalpy change of vaporization,ΔvapH |
44.0 kJ/mol |
Enthalpy change of vaporization at 373.15 K,ΔvapH |
40.68 kJ/mol |
Std entropy change of vaporization,ΔvapS |
118.89 J/(mol·K) |
Entropy change of vaporization at 373.15 K,ΔvapS |
109.02 J/(mol·K) |
Enthalpy change of sublimationat 273.15 K, ΔsubH |
51.1 kJ/mol |
Std entropy change ofsublimation at 273.15 K, 1 bar, ΔsubS |
~144 J/(mol·K) |
Molal freezing point constant | −1.858 °C kg/mol |
Molal boiling point constant | 0.512 °C kg/mol |
Solid properties | |
Std enthalpy change of formation,ΔfH |
−291.83 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy, S |
41 J/(mol K) |
Heat capacity,cp | 12.2 J/(mol K) at −200 °C 15.0 J/(mol K) at −180 °C 17.3 J/(mol K) at −160 °C 19.8 J/(mol K) at −140 °C 24.8 J/(mol K) at −100 °C 29.6 J/(mol K) at −60 °C 32.77 J/(mol K) at −38.3 °C 33.84 J/(mol K) at −30.6 °C 35.20 J/(mol K) at −20.8 °C 36.66 J/(mol K) at −11.0 °C 37.19 J/(mol K) at −4.9 °C 37.84 J/(mol K) at −2.2 °C |
Liquid properties | |
Std enthalpy change of formation,ΔfH |
−285.83 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy, S |
69.95 J/(mol K) |
Heat capacity,cp | 75.97 J/(mol K) and 4.2176 J/(g·K) at 0 °C 75.52 J/(mol K) and 4.1921 J/(g·K) at 10 °C 75.33 J/(mol K) and 4.1818 J/(g·K) at 20 °C 75.28 J/(mol K) and 4.1787 J/(g·K) at 25 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) and 4.1784 J/(g·K) at 30 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) and 4.1785 J/(g·K) at 40 °C 75.30 J/(mol K) and 4.1806 J/(g·K) at 50 °C 75.37 J/(mol K) and 4.1843 J/(g·K) at 60 °C 75.46 J/(mol K) and 4.1895 J/(g·K) at 70 °C 75.58 J/(mol K) and 4.1963 J/(g·K) at 80 °C 75.74 J/(mol K) and 4.2050 J/(g·K) at 90 °C 75.94 J/(mol K) and 4.2159 J/(g·K) at 100 °C |
Gas properties | |
Std enthalpy change of formation,ΔfH |
−241.83 kJ/mol |
Standard molar entropy, S |
188.84 J/(mol K) |
Heat capacity,cp | 36.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 36.1 J/(mol K) at 200 °C 36.2 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 37.9 J/(mol K) at 700 °C 41.4 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C |
Heat capacity,cv | 27.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 27.6 J/(mol K) at 200 °C 27.8 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 29.5 J/(mol K) at 700 °C 33.1 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C |
Heat capacity ratio, γ=cp/cv |
1.324 at 100 °C 1.310 at 200 °C 1.301 at 400 °C 1.282 at 700 °C 1.252 at 1000 °C |
van der Waals' constants | a = 553.6 L2kPa/mol2 b = 0.03049 L/mol |
Liquid physical properties
[edit]Velocity of sound in water | |
---|---|
cin distilled water at 25 °C | 1498 m/s |
cat other temperatures[8] | 1403 m/s at 0 °C 1427 m/s at 5 °C 1447 m/s at 10 °C 1481 m/s at 20 °C 1507 m/s at 30 °C 1526 m/s at 40 °C 1541 m/s at 50 °C 1552 m/s at 60 °C 1555 m/s at 70 °C 1555 m/s at 80 °C 1550 m/s at 90 °C 1543 m/s at 100 °C |
Density[9][2][page needed] | |
0.983854 g/cm3at −30 °C | 0.99221 g/cm3at 40 °C |
0.993547 g/cm3at −20 °C | 0.99022 g/cm3at 45 °C |
0.998117 g/cm3at −10 °C | 0.98804 g/cm3at 50 °C |
0.9998395 g/cm3at 0 °C | 0.98570 g/cm3at 55 °C |
0.999972 g/cm3at 3.984 °C[10] | |
0.9999720 g/cm3at 4 °C | 0.98321 g/cm3at 60 °C |
0.99996 g/cm3at 5 °C | 0.98056 g/cm3at 65 °C |
0.9997026 g/cm3at 10 °C | 0.97778 g/cm3at 70 °C |
0.9991026 g/cm3at 15 °C | 0.97486 g/cm3at 75 °C |
0.9982071 g/cm3at 20 °C | 0.97180 g/cm3at 80 °C |
0.9977735 g/cm3at 22 °C | 0.96862 g/cm3at 85 °C |
0.9970479 g/cm3at 25 °C | 0.96531 g/cm3at 90 °C |
0.9956502 g/cm3at 30 °C | 0.96189 g/cm3at 95 °C |
0.99403 g/cm3at 35 °C | 0.95835 g/cm3at 100 °C |
The values below 0 °C refer tosupercooledwater. | |
Viscosity[11] | |
1.7921mPa·s(cP) at 0 °C | 0.5494 mPa·s at 50 °C |
1.5188 mPa·s at 5 °C | 0.5064 mPa·s at 55 °C |
1.3077 mPa·s at 10 °C | 0.4688 mPa·s at 60 °C |
1.1404 mPa·s at 15 °C | 0.4355 mPa·s at 65 °C |
1.0050 mPa·s at 20 °C | 0.4061 mPa·s at 70 °C |
0.8937 mPa·s at 25 °C | 0.3799 mPa·s at 75 °C |
0.8007 mPa·s at 30 °C | 0.3635 mPa·s at 80 °C |
0.7225 mPa·s at 35 °C | 0.3355 mPa·s at 85 °C |
0.6560 mPa·s at 40 °C | 0.3165 mPa·s at 90 °C |
0.5988 mPa·s at 45 °C | 0.2994 mPa·s at 95 °C |
0.2838 mPa·s at 100 °C | |
Surface tension[12] | |
75.64dyn/cm at 0 °C | 69.56 dyn/cm at 40 °C |
74.92 dyn/cm at 5 °C | 68.74 dyn/cm at 45 °C |
74.22 dyn/cm at 10 °C | 67.91 dyn/cm at 50 °C |
73.49 dyn/cm at 15 °C | 66.18 dyn/cm at 60 °C |
72.75 dyn/cm at 20 °C | 64.42 dyn/cm at 70 °C |
71.97 dyn/cm at 25 °C | 62.61 dyn/cm at 80 °C |
71.18 dyn/cm at 30 °C | 60.75 dyn/cm at 90 °C |
70.38 dyn/cm at 35 °C | 58.85 dyn/cm at 100 °C |
Temperature, °C | Conductivity, μS/m |
---|---|
0.01 | 1.15 |
25 | 5.50 |
100 | 76.5 |
200 | 299 |
300 | 241 |
Water/steam equilibrium properties
[edit]Vapor pressure formula for steam in equilibrium with liquid water:[14]
wherePis equilibrium vapor pressure in kPa,andTis temperature inkelvins.
ForT= 273 K to 333 K:A= 7.2326;B= 1750.286;C= 38.1.
ForT= 333 K to 423 K:A= 7.0917;B= 1668.21;C= 45.1.
Steam table[15] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) |
Pressure (kPa) |
Hof liquid (J/g) |
ΔvapH (J/g) |
Wvap (J/g) |
ρof vapor (kg/m3) |
0 | 0.612 | 0.00 | 2496.5 | 126.0 | 0.004845 |
10 | 1.227 | 42.0 | 2473.5 | 130.5 | 0.009398 |
20 | 2.336 | 83.8 | 2450.9 | 135.1 | 0.01728 |
30 | 4.242 | 125.6 | 2427.9 | 139.7 | 0.03036 |
40 | 7.370 | 167.2 | 2404.9 | 144.2 | 0.05107 |
50 | 12.33 | 209.0 | 2381.4 | 148.7 | 0.08285 |
60 | 19.90 | 250.8 | 2357.6 | 153.0 | 0.1300 |
70 | 31.15 | 292.7 | 2332.9 | 157.3 | 0.1979 |
80 | 46.12 | 334.6 | 2307.7 | 161.5 | 0.2931 |
90 | 70.10 | 376.6 | 2282.6 | 165.5 | 0.4232 |
100 | 101.32 | 419.0 | 2256.3 | 169.4 | 0.5974 |
110 | 143.27 | 460.8 | 2229.5 | 173.1 | 0.8264 |
120 | 198.50 | 503.2 | 2201.4 | 176.7 | 1.121 |
130 | 270.13 | 545.8 | 2172.5 | 180.2 | 1.497 |
140 | 361.4 | 588.5 | 2142.8 | 183.2 | 1.967 |
150 | 476.0 | 631.5 | 2111.8 | 186.1 | 2.548 |
160 | 618.1 | 674.7 | 2080.0 | 188.7 | 3.263 |
170 | 792.0 | 718.5 | 2047.0 | 190.6 | 4.023 |
180 | 1002.7 | 762.5 | 2012.2 | 192.8 | 5.165 |
190 | 1254.9 | 807.0 | 1975.8 | 194.5 | 6.402 |
200 | 1554.3 | 851.9 | 1937.3 | 195.6 | 7.868 |
210 | 1907.9 | 897.5 | 1897.5 | 196.3 | 9.606 |
221.1 | 2369.8 | 948.5 | 1850.2 | 196.6 | 11.88 |
229.4 | 2769.6 | 987.9 | 1812.5 | 196.2 | 13.87 |
240.6 | 3381.1 | 1040.6 | 1759.4 | 195.1 | 16.96 |
248.9 | 3904.1 | 1080.3 | 1715.8 | 193.7 | 19.66 |
260.0 | 4695.9 | 1134.8 | 1653.9 | 190.8 | 23.84 |
271.1 | 5603.4 | 1195.9 | 1586.5 | 186.9 | 28.83 |
279.4 | 6366.5 | 1240.7 | 1532.5 | 183.3 | 33.18 |
290.6 | 7506.2 | 1302.3 | 1456.3 | 177.4 | 39.95 |
298.9 | 8463.9 | 1350.0 | 1394.8 | 172.2 | 45.93 |
310.0 | 9878.0 | 1415.7 | 1307.7 | 164.2 | 55.25 |
321.1 | 11461 | 1483.9 | 1212.7 | 154.5 | 66.58 |
329.4 | 12785 | 1537.9 | 1133.2 | 145.6 | 76.92 |
340.6 | 14727 | 1617.9 | 1007.6 | 130.9 | 94.25 |
348.9 | 16331 | 1687.0 | 892.0 | 117.0 | 111.5 |
360.0 | 18682 | 1797.0 | 694.0 | 91.0 | 145.3 |
371.1 | 21349 | 1968.3 | 365.0 | 47.0 | 214.5 |
374.4 | 22242 | 2151.2 | 0 | 0 | 306.8 |
Temperature (°C) |
Pressure (kPa) |
Hof liquid (J/g) |
ΔvapH (J/g) |
Wvap (J/g) |
ρof vapor (kg/m3) |
Data in the table above is given for water–steam equilibria at various temperatures over the entire temperature range at which liquid water can exist. Pressure of the equilibrium is given in the second column in kPa.The third column is the heat content of each gram of the liquid phase relative to water at 0 °C. The fourth column is the heat of vaporization of each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The fifth column is the workPΔVdone by each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The sixth column is the density of the vapor.
Melting point of ice at various pressures
[edit]Data obtained fromCRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics44th ed., p. 2390.
PressurekPa | Temp. °C |
101.325 | 0.0 |
32950 | −2.5 |
60311 | −5.0 |
87279 | −7.5 |
113267 | −10.0 |
138274 | −12.5 |
159358 | −15.0 |
179952 | −17.5 |
200251 | −20.0 |
215746 | −22.1 |
Table of various forms of ice
[edit]Properties of various forms ofice[16] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ice form |
Density g/cm3 |
Crystal structure |
Triple points |
TP temp °C | TP pressure MPa |
Ih | 0.92 | hexagonal | Lq, Vap, Ih | 0.01 | 0.000612 |
Lq, Ih,III | −22.0 | 207.5 | |||
Ih,II, III | −34.7 | 212.9 | |||
Ic | 0.92 | cubic | |||
II | 1.17 | rhombohedral | Ih,II, III | −34.7 | 212.9 |
II, III, V | −24.3 | 344.3 | |||
II, V, VI | −55 (est) | 620 | |||
III | 1.14 | tetragonal | Lq, Ih,III | −22.0 | 207.5 |
Lq, III, V | −17 | 346.3 | |||
Ih,II, III | −34.7 | 212.9 | |||
II, III, V | −24.3 | 344.3 | |||
IV | 1.27 | rhombohedral | |||
V | 1.23 | monoclinic | Lq, III, V | −17 | 346.3 |
Lq, V, VI | 0.16 | 625.9 | |||
II, III, V | −24.3 | 344.3 | |||
II, V, VI | −55 (est) | 620 | |||
VI | 1.31 | tetragonal | Lq, V, VI | 0.16 | 625.9 |
Lq, VI, VII | 81.6 | 2200 | |||
II, V, VI | −55 (est) | 620 | |||
VI, VII, VIII | ≈5 | 2100 | |||
VII | 1.50 | cubic | Lq, VI, VII | 81.6 | 2200 |
VI, VII, VIII | ≈5 | 2100 | |||
VII, VIII, X | −173 | 62000 | |||
VIII | 1.46 | tetragonal | VI, VII, VIII | ≈5 | 2100 |
VII, VIII, X | −173 | 62000 | |||
IX | 1.16 | tetragonal | |||
X | 2.46 | cubic | VII, VIII, X | −173 | 62000 |
XI‡ | 0.92 | orthorhombic | Vap, Ih,XI | −201.5 | 0 (expected) |
XII | 1.29 | tetragonal | |||
XIII | 1.23 | monoclinic | |||
XIV | 1.29 | orthorhombic |
‡Ice XI triple point is theoretical and has never been obtained
Phase diagram
[edit]Water with dissolved NaCl
[edit]NaCl, wt% | Teq,°C | ρ, g/cm3 | n | η, mPa·s |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0.99984 | 1.333 | 1.002 |
0.5 | −0.3 | 1.0018 | 1.3339 | 1.011 |
1 | −0.59 | 1.0053 | 1.3347 | 1.02 |
2 | −1.19 | 1.0125 | 1.3365 | 1.036 |
3 | −1.79 | 1.0196 | 1.3383 | 1.052 |
4 | −2.41 | 1.0268 | 1.34 | 1.068 |
5 | −3.05 | 1.034 | 1.3418 | 1.085 |
6 | −3.7 | 1.0413 | 1.3435 | 1.104 |
7 | −4.38 | 1.0486 | 1.3453 | 1.124 |
8 | −5.08 | 1.0559 | 1.347 | 1.145 |
9 | −5.81 | 1.0633 | 1.3488 | 1.168 |
10 | −6.56 | 1.0707 | 1.3505 | 1.193 |
12 | −8.18 | 1.0857 | 1.3541 | 1.25 |
14 | −9.94 | 1.1008 | 1.3576 | 1.317 |
16 | −11.89 | 1.1162 | 1.3612 | 1.388 |
18 | −14.04 | 1.1319 | 1.3648 | 1.463 |
20 | −16.46 | 1.1478 | 1.3684 | 1.557 |
22 | −19.18 | 1.164 | 1.3721 | 1.676 |
23.3 | −21.1 | |||
23.7 | −17.3 | |||
24.9 | −11.1 | |||
26.1 | −2.7 | |||
26.28 | 0 | |||
26.32 | 10 | |||
26.41 | 20 | |||
26.45 | 25 | |||
26.52 | 30 | |||
26.67 | 40 | |||
26.84 | 50 | |||
27.03 | 60 | |||
27.25 | 70 | |||
27.5 | 80 | |||
27.78 | 90 | |||
28.05 | 100 |
Note: ρ is density,nis refractive index at 589 nm,[clarification needed]and η is viscosity, all at 20 °C;Teqis the equilibrium temperature between two phases: ice/liquid solution forTeq< 0–0.1 °C and NaCl/liquid solution forTeqabove 0.1 °C.
Self-ionization
[edit]°C | −35 | 0 | 25 | 60 | 300 (~50 MPa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pKw[18] | 17 | 14.9 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 12 |
Spectral data
[edit]UV-Vis | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
λmax | ?nm | |||||||||||||||
Extinction coefficient,ε | ? | |||||||||||||||
IR | ||||||||||||||||
Major absorption bands[19] |
| |||||||||||||||
NMR | ||||||||||||||||
Proton NMR | 4.79 ppm in D2O; 1.56 ppm in CDCl3;0.40 ppm in C6D6;4.87 in CD3OD[20] | |||||||||||||||
Carbon-13 NMR | N/A | |||||||||||||||
Other NMR data | ||||||||||||||||
MS | ||||||||||||||||
Masses of main fragments |
Self-diffusion coefficients
[edit]Experimentalself-diffusioncoefficients at various temperatures[21] | ||||||||||
Temperature in °C | Coefficients in 10−9m2/s | |||||||||
0 | 1.099 | |||||||||
1 | 1.138 | |||||||||
4 | 1.261 | |||||||||
5 | 1.303 | |||||||||
10 | 1.525 | |||||||||
15 | 1.765 | |||||||||
20 | 2.023 | |||||||||
25 | 2.299 | |||||||||
30 | 2.594 | |||||||||
35 | 2.907 | |||||||||
40 | 3.238 | |||||||||
45 | 3.588 | |||||||||
50 | 3.956 | |||||||||
56 | 4.423 | |||||||||
60 | 4.748 | |||||||||
70 | 5.615 | |||||||||
80 | 6.557 | |||||||||
90 | 7.574 | |||||||||
100 | 8.667 |
Additional data translated from German "Wasser (Stoffdaten)" page
[edit]The data that follows was copied and translated from the German language Wikipedia version of this page (which has moved tohere). It provides supplementary physical, thermodynamic, and vapor pressure data, some of which is redundant with data in the tables above, and some of which is additional.
Physical and thermodynamic tables
[edit]In the following tables, values are temperature-dependent and to a lesser degree pressure-dependent, and are arranged by state of aggregation (s = solid, lq = liquid, g = gas), which are clearly a function of temperature and pressure. All of the data were computed from data given in "Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for Scientific and General Use" (IAPWS, 1984) (obsolete as of 1995).[22]This applies to:
- T– temperature in degreesCelsius
- V–specific volumein cubicdecimetersper kilogram (1 dm3is equivalent to 1 liter)
- H–specific enthalpyinkilojoulesper kilogram
- U–specific internal energyin kilojoules per kilogram
- S– specificentropyin kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin
- cp–specific heat capacityat constant pressure in kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin
- γ–Thermal expansion coefficientas 10−3per kelvin
- λ–Heat conductivityinmilliwattsper meter-kelvin
- η–Viscosityinmicropascal-seconds (1 cP= 1000 μPa·s)
- σ–surface tensioninmillinewtonsper meter (equivalent to dyn/cm)
Standard conditions
[edit]In the following table, material data are given for standard pressure of 0.1 MPa(equivalent to 1 bar). Up to 99.63 °C (the boiling point of water at 0.1 MPa), at this pressure water exists as a liquid. Above that, it exists as water vapor.Notethat the boiling point of 100.0 °C is at a pressure of 0.101325 MPa (1atm), which is the average atmospheric pressure.
Water/steam data table at standard pressure (0.1 MPa) | ||||||||||
T°C | V dm3/kg |
H kJ/kg |
U kJ/kg |
S kJ/(kg·K) |
cp kJ/(kg·K) |
γ 10−3/K |
λ mW / (m·K) |
η μPa·s |
σ‡ mN/m | |
0 | lq | 1.0002 | 0.06 | −0.04 | −0.0001 | 4.228 | −0.080 | 561.0 | 1792 | 75.65 |
5 | 1.0000 | 21.1 | 21.0 | 0.076 | 4.200 | 0.011 | 570.6 | 1518 | 74.95 | |
10 | 1.0003 | 42.1 | 42.0 | 0.151 | 4.188 | 0.087 | 580.0 | 1306 | 74.22 | |
15 | 1.0009 | 63.0 | 62.9 | 0.224 | 4.184 | 0.152 | 589.4 | 1137 | 73.49 | |
20 | 1.0018 | 83.9 | 83.8 | 0.296 | 4.183 | 0.209 | 598.4 | 1001 | 72.74 | |
25 | 1.0029 | 104.8 | 104.7 | 0.367 | 4.183 | 0.259 | 607.2 | 890.4 | 71.98 | |
30 | 1.0044 | 125.8 | 125.7 | 0.437 | 4.183 | 0.305 | 615.5 | 797.7 | 71.20 | |
35 | 1.0060 | 146.7 | 146.6 | 0.505 | 4.183 | 0.347 | 623.3 | 719.6 | 70.41 | |
40 | 1.0079 | 167.6 | 167.5 | 0.572 | 4.182 | 0.386 | 630.6 | 653.3 | 69.60 | |
45 | 1.0099 | 188.5 | 188.4 | 0.638 | 4.182 | 0.423 | 637.3 | 596.3 | 68.78 | |
50 | 1.0121 | 209.4 | 209.3 | 0.704 | 4.181 | 0.457 | 643.6 | 547.1 | 67.95 | |
60 | 1.0171 | 251.2 | 251.1 | 0.831 | 4.183 | 0.522 | 654.4 | 466.6 | 66.24 | |
70 | 1.0227 | 293.1 | 293.0 | 0.955 | 4.187 | 0.583 | 663.1 | 404.1 | 64.49 | |
80 | 1.0290 | 335.0 | 334.9 | 1.075 | 4.194 | 0.640 | 670.0 | 354.5 | 62.68 | |
90 | 1.0359 | 377.0 | 376.9 | 1.193 | 4.204 | 0.696 | 675.3 | 314.6 | 60.82 | |
99.63 | lq | 1.0431 | 417.5 | 417.4 | 1.303 | 4.217 | 0.748 | 679.0 | 283.0 | 58.99 |
g | 1694.3 | 2675 | 2505 | 7.359 | 2.043 | 2.885 | 25.05 | 12.26 | – | |
100 | g | 1696.1 | 2675 | 2506 | 7.361 | 2.042 | 2.881 | 25.08 | 12.27 | 58.92 |
200 | 2172.3 | 2874 | 2657 | 7.833 | 1.975 | 2.100 | 33.28 | 16.18 | 37.68 | |
300 | 2638.8 | 3073 | 2810 | 8.215 | 2.013 | 1.761 | 43.42 | 20.29 | 14.37 | |
500 | 3565.5 | 3488 | 3131 | 8.834 | 2.135 | 1.297 | 66.970 | 28.57 | – | |
750 | 4721.0 | 4043 | 3571 | 9.455 | 2.308 | 0.978 | 100.30 | 38.48 | – | |
1000 | 5875.5 | 4642 | 4054 | 9.978 | 2.478 | 0.786 | 136.3 | 47.66 | – | |
‡The values for surface tension for the liquid section of the table are for a liquid/air interface. Values for the gas section of the table are for a liquid/saturated steam interface. |
Triple point
[edit]In the following table, material data are given with a pressure of 611.7Pa(equivalent to 0.006117 bar). Up to a temperature of 0.01 °C, thetriple pointof water, water normally exists as ice, except forsupercooledwater, for which one data point is tabulated here. At the triple point, ice can exist together with both liquid water and vapor. At higher temperatures, the data are for water vapor only.
Water/steam data table at triple point pressure (0.0006117 MPa) | |||||||||
T°C | V dm3/kg |
H kJ/kg |
U kJ/kg |
S kJ/(kg·K) |
cp kJ/(kg·K) |
γ 10−3/K |
λ mW / (m·K) |
η μPa·s | |
0 | lq | 1.0002 | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.0002 | 4.339 | −0.081 | 561.0 | 1792 |
0.01 | s | 1.0908 | −333.4 | −333.4 | −1.221 | 1.93 | 0.1 | 2180 | – |
lq | 1.0002 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 | 4.229 | −0.080 | 561.0 | 1791 | |
g | 205986 | 2500 | 2374 | 9.154 | 1.868 | 3.672 | 17.07 | 9.22 | |
5 | g | 209913 | 2509 | 2381 | 9.188 | 1.867 | 3.605 | 17.33 | 9.34 |
10 | 213695 | 2519 | 2388 | 9.222 | 1.867 | 3.540 | 17.60 | 9.46 | |
15 | 217477 | 2528 | 2395 | 9.254 | 1.868 | 3.478 | 17.88 | 9.59 | |
20 | 221258 | 2537 | 2402 | 9.286 | 1.868 | 3.417 | 18.17 | 9.73 | |
25 | 225039 | 2547 | 2409 | 9.318 | 1.869 | 3.359 | 18.47 | 9.87 | |
30 | 228819 | 2556 | 2416 | 9.349 | 1.869 | 3.304 | 18.78 | 10.02 | |
35 | 232598 | 2565 | 2423 | 9.380 | 1.870 | 3.249 | 19.10 | 10.17 | |
40 | 236377 | 2575 | 2430 | 9.410 | 1.871 | 3.197 | 19.43 | 10.32 | |
45 | 240155 | 2584 | 2437 | 9.439 | 1.872 | 3.147 | 19.77 | 10.47 | |
50 | 243933 | 2593 | 2444 | 9.469 | 1.874 | 3.098 | 20.11 | 10.63 | |
60 | 251489 | 2612 | 2459 | 9.526 | 1.876 | 3.004 | 20.82 | 10.96 | |
70 | 259043 | 2631 | 2473 | 9.581 | 1.880 | 2.916 | 21.56 | 11.29 | |
80 | 266597 | 2650 | 2487 | 9.635 | 1.883 | 2.833 | 22.31 | 11.64 | |
90 | 274150 | 2669 | 2501 | 9.688 | 1.887 | 2.755 | 23.10 | 11.99 | |
100 | 281703 | 2688 | 2515 | 9.739 | 1.891 | 2.681 | 23.90 | 12.53 | |
200 | 357216 | 2879 | 2661 | 10.194 | 1.940 | 2.114 | 32.89 | 16.21 | |
300 | 432721 | 3076 | 2811 | 10.571 | 2.000 | 1.745 | 43.26 | 20.30 | |
500 | 583725 | 3489 | 3132 | 11.188 | 2.131 | 1.293 | 66.90 | 28.57 | |
750 | 772477 | 4043 | 3571 | 11.808 | 2.307 | 0.977 | 100.20 | 38.47 | |
1000 | 961227 | 4642 | 4054 | 12.331 | 2.478 | 0.785 | 136.30 | 47.66 |
Saturated vapor pressure
[edit]The following table is based on different, complementary sources and approximation formulas, whose values are of various quality and accuracy. The values in the temperature range of −100 °C to 100 °C were inferred from D. Sunday (1982) and are quite uniform and exact. The values in the temperature range of the boiling point of water up to the critical point (100 °C to 374 °C) are drawn from different sources and are substantially less accurate; hence they should be used only as approximate values.[23][24][25][26]
To use the values correctly, consider the following points:
- The values apply only to smooth interfaces and in the absence other gases or gas mixtures such as air. Hence they apply only to pure phases and need a correction factor for systems in which air is present.
- The values were not computed according formulas widely used in the US, but using somewhat more exact formulas (see below), which can also be used to compute further values in the appropriate temperature ranges.
- The saturated vapor pressure over water in the temperature range of −100 °C to −50 °C is only extrapolated [Translator's note:Supercooledliquid water is not known to exist below −42 °C].
- The values have various units (Pa, hPa or bar), which must be considered when reading them.
Formulas
[edit]The table values for −100 °C to 100 °C were computed by the following formulas, whereTis in kelvins and vapor pressures,PwandPi,are inpascals.
Over liquid water
- loge(Pw) = −6094.4642T−1+ 21.1249952 − 2.724552×10−2T+ 1.6853396×10−5T2+ 2.4575506 loge(T)
For temperature range: 173.15 K to 373.15 K or equivalently −100 °C to 100 °C
Over ice
- loge(Pi) = −5504.4088T−1− 3.5704628 − 1.7337458×10−2T+ 6.5204209×10−6T2+ 6.1295027 loge(T)
For temperature range: 173.15 K to 273.15 K or equivalently −100 °C to 0 °C
At triple point
An important basic value, which is not registered in the table, is the saturated vapor pressure at thetriple pointof water. The internationally accepted value according to measurements of Guildner, Johnson and Jones (1976) amounts to:
Values of saturated vapor pressure of water | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temp. Tin °C |
Pi(T)over ice inPa |
Pw(T)over water inPa |
Temp. Tin °C |
Pw(T)over water in hPa |
Temp. Tin °C |
P(T) inbar |
Temp. Tin °C |
P(T) inbar |
Temp. Tin °C |
P(T) inbar | ||||
−100 | 0.0013957 | 0.0036309 | 0 | 6.11213 | 100 | 1.01 | 200 | 15.55 | 300 | 85.88 | ||||
−99 | 0.0017094 | 0.0044121 | 1 | 6.57069 | 101 | 1.05 | 201 | 15.88 | 301 | 87.09 | ||||
−98 | 0.0020889 | 0.0053487 | 2 | 7.05949 | 102 | 1.09 | 202 | 16.21 | 302 | 88.32 | ||||
−97 | 0.0025470 | 0.0064692 | 3 | 7.58023 | 103 | 1.13 | 203 | 16.55 | 303 | 89.57 | ||||
−96 | 0.0030987 | 0.0078067 | 4 | 8.13467 | 104 | 1.17 | 204 | 16.89 | 304 | 90.82 | ||||
−95 | 0.0037617 | 0.0093996 | 5 | 8.72469 | 105 | 1.21 | 205 | 17.24 | 305 | 92.09 | ||||
−94 | 0.0045569 | 0.011293 | 6 | 9.35222 | 106 | 1.25 | 206 | 17.60 | 306 | 93.38 | ||||
−93 | 0.0055087 | 0.013538 | 7 | 10.0193 | 107 | 1.30 | 207 | 17.96 | 307 | 94.67 | ||||
−92 | 0.0066455 | 0.016195 | 8 | 10.7280 | 108 | 1.34 | 208 | 18.32 | 308 | 95.98 | ||||
−91 | 0.0080008 | 0.019333 | 9 | 11.4806 | 109 | 1.39 | 209 | 18.70 | 309 | 97.31 | ||||
−90 | 0.0096132 | 0.023031 | 10 | 12.2794 | 110 | 1.43 | 210 | 19.07 | 310 | 98.65 | ||||
−89 | 0.011528 | 0.027381 | 11 | 13.1267 | 111 | 1.48 | 211 | 19.46 | 311 | 100.00 | ||||
−88 | 0.013797 | 0.032489 | 12 | 14.0251 | 112 | 1.53 | 212 | 19.85 | 312 | 101.37 | ||||
−87 | 0.016482 | 0.038474 | 13 | 14.9772 | 113 | 1.58 | 213 | 20.25 | 313 | 102.75 | ||||
−86 | 0.019653 | 0.045473 | 14 | 15.9856 | 114 | 1.64 | 214 | 20.65 | 314 | 104.15 | ||||
−85 | 0.02339 | 0.053645 | 15 | 17.0532 | 115 | 1.69 | 215 | 21.06 | 315 | 105.56 | ||||
−84 | 0.027788 | 0.063166 | 16 | 18.1829 | 116 | 1.75 | 216 | 21.47 | 316 | 106.98 | ||||
−83 | 0.032954 | 0.074241 | 17 | 19.3778 | 117 | 1.81 | 217 | 21.89 | 317 | 108.43 | ||||
−82 | 0.039011 | 0.087101 | 18 | 20.6409 | 118 | 1.86 | 218 | 22.32 | 318 | 109.88 | ||||
−81 | 0.046102 | 0.10201 | 19 | 21.9757 | 119 | 1.93 | 219 | 22.75 | 319 | 111.35 | ||||
−80 | 0.054388 | 0.11925 | 20 | 23.3854 | 120 | 1.99 | 220 | 23.19 | 320 | 112.84 | ||||
−79 | 0.064057 | 0.13918 | 21 | 24.8737 | 121 | 2.05 | 221 | 23.64 | 321 | 114.34 | ||||
−78 | 0.075320 | 0.16215 | 22 | 26.4442 | 122 | 2.12 | 222 | 24.09 | 322 | 115.86 | ||||
−77 | 0.088419 | 0.18860 | 23 | 28.1006 | 123 | 2.18 | 223 | 24.55 | 323 | 117.39 | ||||
−76 | 0.10363 | 0.21901 | 24 | 29.8470 | 124 | 2.25 | 224 | 25.02 | 324 | 118.94 | ||||
−75 | 0.12127 | 0.25391 | 25 | 31.6874 | 125 | 2.32 | 225 | 25.49 | 325 | 120.51 | ||||
−74 | 0.14168 | 0.29390 | 26 | 33.6260 | 126 | 2.40 | 226 | 25.98 | 326 | 122.09 | ||||
−73 | 0.16528 | 0.33966 | 27 | 35.6671 | 127 | 2.47 | 227 | 26.46 | 327 | 123.68 | ||||
−72 | 0.19252 | 0.39193 | 28 | 37.8154 | 128 | 2.55 | 228 | 26.96 | 328 | 125.30 | ||||
−71 | 0.22391 | 0.45156 | 29 | 40.0754 | 129 | 2.62 | 229 | 27.46 | 329 | 126.93 | ||||
−70 | 0.26004 | 0.51948 | 30 | 42.4520 | 130 | 2.70 | 230 | 27.97 | 330 | 128.58 | ||||
−69 | 0.30156 | 0.59672 | 31 | 44.9502 | 131 | 2.78 | 231 | 28.48 | 331 | 130.24 | ||||
−68 | 0.34921 | 0.68446 | 32 | 47.5752 | 132 | 2.87 | 232 | 29.01 | 332 | 131.92 | ||||
−67 | 0.40383 | 0.78397 | 33 | 50.3322 | 133 | 2.95 | 233 | 29.54 | 333 | 133.62 | ||||
−66 | 0.46633 | 0.89668 | 34 | 53.2267 | 134 | 3.04 | 234 | 30.08 | 334 | 135.33 | ||||
−65 | 0.53778 | 1.0242 | 35 | 56.2645 | 135 | 3.13 | 235 | 30.62 | 335 | 137.07 | ||||
−64 | 0.61933 | 1.1682 | 36 | 59.4513 | 136 | 3.22 | 236 | 31.18 | 336 | 138.82 | ||||
−63 | 0.71231 | 1.3306 | 37 | 62.7933 | 137 | 3.32 | 237 | 31.74 | 337 | 140.59 | ||||
−62 | 0.81817 | 1.5136 | 38 | 66.2956 | 138 | 3.42 | 238 | 32.31 | 338 | 142.37 | ||||
−61 | 0.93854 | 1.7195 | 39 | 69.9675 | 139 | 3.51 | 239 | 32.88 | 339 | 144.18 | ||||
−60 | 1.0753 | 1.9509 | 40 | 73.8127 | 140 | 3.62 | 240 | 33.47 | 340 | 146.00 | ||||
−59 | 1.2303 | 2.2106 | 41 | 77.8319 | 141 | 3.72 | 241 | 34.06 | 341 | 147.84 | ||||
−58 | 1.4060 | 2.5018 | 42 | 82.0536 | 142 | 3.82 | 242 | 34.66 | 342 | 149.71 | ||||
−57 | 1.6049 | 2.8277 | 43 | 86.4633 | 143 | 3.93 | 243 | 35.27 | 343 | 151.58 | ||||
−56 | 1.8296 | 3.1922 | 44 | 91.0757 | 144 | 4.04 | 244 | 35.88 | 344 | 153.48 | ||||
−55 | 2.0833 | 3.5993 | 45 | 95.8984 | 145 | 4.16 | 245 | 36.51 | 345 | 155.40 | ||||
−54 | 2.3694 | 4.0535 | 46 | 100.939 | 146 | 4.27 | 246 | 37.14 | 346 | 157.34 | ||||
−53 | 2.6917 | 4.5597 | 47 | 106.206 | 147 | 4.39 | 247 | 37.78 | 347 | 159.30 | ||||
−52 | 3.0542 | 5.1231 | 48 | 111.708 | 148 | 4.51 | 248 | 38.43 | 348 | 161.28 | ||||
−51 | 3.4618 | 5.7496 | 49 | 117.452 | 149 | 4.64 | 249 | 39.09 | 349 | 163.27 | ||||
−50 | 3.9193 | 6.4454 | 50 | 123.4478 | 150 | 4.76 | 250 | 39.76 | 350 | 165.29 | ||||
−49 | 4.4324 | 7.2174 | 51 | 129.7042 | 151 | 4.89 | 251 | 40.44 | 351 | 167.33 | ||||
−48 | 5.0073 | 8.0729 | 52 | 136.2304 | 152 | 5.02 | 252 | 41.12 | 352 | 169.39 | ||||
−47 | 5.6506 | 9.0201 | 53 | 143.0357 | 153 | 5.16 | 253 | 41.81 | 353 | 171.47 | ||||
−46 | 6.3699 | 10.068 | 54 | 150.1298 | 154 | 5.29 | 254 | 42.52 | 354 | 173.58 | ||||
−45 | 7.1732 | 11.225 | 55 | 157.5226 | 155 | 5.43 | 255 | 43.23 | 355 | 175.70 | ||||
−44 | 8.0695 | 12.503 | 56 | 165.2243 | 156 | 5.58 | 256 | 43.95 | 356 | 177.85 | ||||
−43 | 9.0685 | 13.911 | 57 | 173.2451 | 157 | 5.72 | 257 | 44.68 | 357 | 180.02 | ||||
−42 | 10.181 | 15.463 | 58 | 181.5959 | 158 | 5.87 | 258 | 45.42 | 358 | 182.21 | ||||
−41 | 11.419 | 17.170 | 59 | 190.2874 | 159 | 6.03 | 259 | 46.16 | 359 | 184.43 | ||||
−40 | 12.794 | 19.048 | 60 | 199.3309 | 160 | 6.18 | 260 | 46.92 | 360 | 186.66 | ||||
−39 | 14.321 | 21.110 | 61 | 208.7378 | 161 | 6.34 | 261 | 47.69 | 361 | 188.93 | ||||
−38 | 16.016 | 23.372 | 62 | 218.5198 | 162 | 6.50 | 262 | 48.46 | 362 | 191.21 | ||||
−37 | 17.893 | 25.853 | 63 | 228.6888 | 163 | 6.67 | 263 | 49.25 | 363 | 193.52 | ||||
−36 | 19.973 | 28.570 | 64 | 239.2572 | 164 | 6.84 | 264 | 50.05 | 364 | 195.86 | ||||
−35 | 22.273 | 31.544 | 65 | 250.2373 | 165 | 7.01 | 265 | 50.85 | 365 | 198.22 | ||||
−34 | 24.816 | 34.795 | 66 | 261.6421 | 166 | 7.18 | 266 | 51.67 | 366 | 200.61 | ||||
−33 | 27.624 | 38.347 | 67 | 273.4845 | 167 | 7.36 | 267 | 52.49 | 367 | 203.02 | ||||
−32 | 30.723 | 42.225 | 68 | 285.7781 | 168 | 7.55 | 268 | 53.33 | 368 | 205.47 | ||||
−31 | 34.140 | 46.453 | 69 | 298.5363 | 169 | 7.73 | 269 | 54.17 | 369 | 207.93 | ||||
−30 | 37.903 | 51.060 | 70 | 311.7731 | 170 | 7.92 | 270 | 55.03 | 370 | 210.43 | ||||
−29 | 42.046 | 56.077 | 71 | 325.5029 | 171 | 8.11 | 271 | 55.89 | 371 | 212.96 | ||||
−28 | 46.601 | 61.534 | 72 | 339.7401 | 172 | 8.31 | 272 | 56.77 | 372 | 215.53 | ||||
−27 | 51.607 | 67.466 | 73 | 354.4995 | 173 | 8.51 | 273 | 57.66 | 373 | 218.13 | ||||
−26 | 57.104 | 73.909 | 74 | 369.7963 | 174 | 8.72 | 274 | 58.56 | 374 | 220.64 | ||||
−25 | 63.134 | 80.902 | 75 | 385.6459 | 175 | 8.92 | 275 | 59.46 | 374.15 | 221.20 | ||||
−24 | 69.745 | 88.485 | 76 | 402.0641 | 176 | 9.14 | 276 | 60.38 | ||||||
−23 | 76.987 | 96.701 | 77 | 419.0669 | 177 | 9.35 | 277 | 61.31 | ||||||
−22 | 84.914 | 105.60 | 78 | 436.6708 | 178 | 9.57 | 278 | 62.25 | ||||||
−21 | 93.584 | 115.22 | 79 | 454.8923 | 179 | 9.80 | 279 | 63.20 | ||||||
−20 | 103.06 | 125.63 | 80 | 473.7485 | 180 | 10.03 | 280 | 64.17 | ||||||
−19 | 113.41 | 136.88 | 81 | 493.2567 | 181 | 10.26 | 281 | 65.14 | ||||||
−18 | 124.70 | 149.01 | 82 | 513.4345 | 182 | 10.50 | 282 | 66.12 | ||||||
−17 | 137.02 | 162.11 | 83 | 534.3000 | 183 | 10.74 | 283 | 67.12 | ||||||
−16 | 150.44 | 176.23 | 84 | 555.8714 | 184 | 10.98 | 284 | 68.13 | ||||||
−15 | 165.06 | 191.44 | 85 | 578.1673 | 185 | 11.23 | 285 | 69.15 | ||||||
−14 | 180.97 | 207.81 | 86 | 601.2068 | 186 | 11.49 | 286 | 70.18 | ||||||
−13 | 198.27 | 225.43 | 87 | 625.0090 | 187 | 11.75 | 287 | 71.22 | ||||||
−12 | 217.07 | 244.37 | 88 | 649.5936 | 188 | 12.01 | 288 | 72.27 | ||||||
−11 | 237.49 | 264.72 | 89 | 674.9806 | 189 | 12.28 | 289 | 73.34 | ||||||
−10 | 259.66 | 286.57 | 90 | 701.1904 | 190 | 12.55 | 290 | 74.42 | ||||||
−9 | 283.69 | 310.02 | 91 | 728.2434 | 191 | 12.83 | 291 | 75.51 | ||||||
−8 | 309.75 | 335.16 | 92 | 756.1608 | 192 | 13.11 | 292 | 76.61 | ||||||
−7 | 337.97 | 362.10 | 93 | 784.9639 | 193 | 13.40 | 293 | 77.72 | ||||||
−6 | 368.52 | 390.95 | 94 | 814.6743 | 194 | 13.69 | 294 | 78.85 | ||||||
−5 | 401.58 | 421.84 | 95 | 845.3141 | 195 | 13.99 | 295 | 79.99 | ||||||
−4 | 437.31 | 454.88 | 96 | 876.9057 | 196 | 14.29 | 296 | 81.14 | ||||||
−3 | 475.92 | 490.19 | 97 | 909.4718 | 197 | 14.60 | 297 | 82.31 | ||||||
−2 | 517.62 | 527.93 | 98 | 943.0355 | 198 | 14.91 | 298 | 83.48 | ||||||
−1 | 562.62 | 568.22 | 99 | 977.6203 | 199 | 15.22 | 299 | 84.67 | ||||||
0 | 611.153 | 611.213 | 100 | 1013.25 | 200 | 15.55 | 300 | 85.88 | ||||||
Temp. Tin °C |
Pi(T)over ice inPa |
Pw(T)over water inPa |
Temp. Tin °C |
Pw(T)over water in hPa |
Temp. Tin °C |
P(T) inbar |
Temp. Tin °C |
P(T) inbar |
Temp. Tin °C |
P(T) inbar |
Magnetic susceptibility
[edit]Accepted standardized value of the magnetic susceptibility of water at 20 °C (room temperature) is −12.97 cm3/mol.[27]
Accepted standardized value of the magnetic susceptibility of water at 20 °C (room temperature) is −0.702 cm3/g.[27]
Isotopolog, state |
Temperature in K |
Magnetic susceptibiliy in cm3/mol |
---|---|---|
H2O(g) | >373 | −13.1 |
H2O(l) | 373 | −13.09 |
H2O(l) | 293 | −12.97 |
H2O(l) | 273 | −12.93 |
H2O(s) | 273 | −12.65 |
H2O(s) | 223 | −12.31 |
DHO(l) | 302 | −12.97 |
D2O(l) | 293 | −12.76 |
D2O(l) | 276.8 | −12.66 |
D2O(s) | 276.8 | −12.54 |
D2O(s) | 213 | −12.41 |
- Except where noted otherwise, data relate toStandard temperature and pressure.
- Reliability of datageneral note.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^"Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems".NIST Chemistry WebBook.National Institute of Standards and Technology.doi:10.18434/T4D303.NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69.
- ^abLide 2004,p. 6-15.
- ^Maksyutenko, Pavlo; Rizzo, Thomas R.; Boyarkin, Oleg V. (2006). "A direct measurement of the dissociation energy of water".The Journal of Chemical Physics.125(18): 181101.Bibcode:2006JChPh.125r1101M.doi:10.1063/1.2387163.PMID17115729.
- ^Cook, R; Delucia, F; Helminger, P (1974). "Molecular force field and structure of water: Recent microwave results".Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy.53(1): 62–76.Bibcode:1974JMoSp..53...62C.doi:10.1016/0022-2852(74)90261-6.
- ^Hoy, AR; Bunker, PR (1979). "A precise solution of the rotation bending Schrödinger equation for a triatomic molecule with application to the water molecule".Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy.74(1): 1–8.Bibcode:1979JMoSp..74....1H.doi:10.1016/0022-2852(79)90019-5.
- ^"List of experimental bond angles of type aHOH".Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark DataBase.
- ^Griffiths, David Jeffery (1999).Introduction to Electrodynamics(3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. p.275.ISBN978-0-13-919960-8.
- ^"Water and the Speed of Sound".engineeringtoolbox.Retrieved2008-04-29.
- ^Dean & Lange 1999,p. 1199: Due to the old definition ofliterused at the time, the data from the Handbook was converted from old g/ml to g/cm3,by multiplying by 0.999973
- ^Franks 2012,p. 376.
- ^Lide 2004,p. 6-201.
- ^Dean & Lange 1999,p. 1663.
- ^Revised Release on Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Heavy Water Substance,The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam Lucerne, Switzerland, August 2007.
- ^Dean & Lange 1999,p. 1436.
- ^Dean & Lange 1999,p. 1476.
- ^Martin Chaplin."Water Phase Diagram".London South Bank University.Retrieved2022-05-27.
- ^Lide, D. R., ed. (2005).CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. pp. 8–71, 8–116.ISBN0-8493-0486-5.
- ^Martin Chaplin."Water ionization".London South Bank University.Retrieved2022-05-27.
- ^Martin Chaplin."Water Absorption Spectrum".London South Bank University.Retrieved2022-05-27.
- ^Fulmer, Gregory R.; Miller, Alexander J. M.; Sherden, Nathaniel H.; Gottlieb, Hugo E.; Nudelman, Abraham; Stoltz, Brian M.; Bercaw, John E.; Goldberg, Karen I. (2010)."NMR Chemical Shifts of Trace Impurities: Common Laboratory Solvents, Organics, and Gases in Deuterated Solvents Relevant to the Organometallic Chemist"(PDF).Organometallics.29(9): 2176–2179.doi:10.1021/om100106e.ISSN0276-7333.
- ^Holz, Manfred; Heil, Stefan R.; Sacco, Antonio (2000)."Temperature-dependent self-diffusion coefficients of water and six selected molecular liquids for calibration in accurate1
HNMR PFG measurements ".Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.2(20): 4740–4742.Bibcode:2000PCCP....2.4740H.doi:10.1039/b005319h.ISSN1463-9084. - ^"IAPWS".Main IAPWS Thermodynamic Property Formulations.Retrieved4 May2023.
In 1995, IAPWS approved a new formulation of the thermodynamic properties of water and steam for general and scientific use. This replaced the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher and Kell, and now serves as the international standard for water's thermodynamic properties.
- ^Guildner, L. A.; Johnson, D. P.; Jones, F. E. (1976). "Vapor Pressure of Water at Its Triple Point: Highly Accurate Value".Science.191(4233): 1261.Bibcode:1976Sci...191.1261G.doi:10.1126/science.191.4233.1261.PMID17737716.S2CID37399612.
- ^Klaus Scheffler (1981):Wasserdampftafeln: thermodynam. Eigenschaften von Wasser u. Wasserdampf bis 800°C u. 800 bar(Water Vapor Tables: Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water and Water Vapor to 800°C and 800 bar), Berlin [u.a.]ISBN3-540-10930-7
- ^D. Sonntag und D. Heinze (1982):Sättigungsdampfdruck- und Sättigungsdampfdichtetafeln für Wasser und Eis.(Saturated Vapor Pressure and Saturated Vapor Density Tables for Water and Ice)(1. Aufl.), VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie
- ^Ulrich Grigull,Johannes Staub, Peter Schiebener (1990):Steam Tables in SI-Units – Wasserdampftafeln.Springer-Verlagdima gmbh
- ^abcWeast, Robert (1983–1984).CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 64th edition.Boca Raton, Florida: CRC publishing. pp. E-119.ISBN0-8493-0464-4.
Bibliography
[edit]- Dean, John Aurie; Lange, Norbert Adolph (1999).Lange's Handbook of Chemistry(15th ed.). McGraw-Hill.ISBN978-0-07-016384-3.
- Franks, Felix (2012).The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water.Springer.ISBN978-1-4684-8334-5.
- Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.);NIST Chemistry WebBook,NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD)
- Lide, David R. (2004).CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics(85th ed.). CRC Press.ISBN978-0-8493-0485-9.
External links
[edit]- Microwave Spectrum (by NIST)
- Water propertiesby Martin Chaplin, London South Bank University.