Daugava

For other uses, seeDaugava (disambiguation).

Daugava Western Dvina
The drainage basin of the Daugava
Native name	Западная Двина(Russian) Дзвіна(Belarusian) Daugava(Latvian) Vēna(Livonian) Dauguva(Lithuanian) Väina(Estonian) Düna(German) Dźwina(Polish)
Location
Country	Belarus,Latvia,Russia
Cities	Vitebsk Polotsk Daugavpils Riga
Physical characteristics
Source	Valdai Hills
• location	Penovsky District,Tver Oblast,Russia
• coordinates	56°52′16″N32°31′44″E
• elevation	221 m (725 ft)
Mouth	Gulf of Riga
• location	Riga,Latvia
• coordinates	57°3′42″N24°1′50″E
• elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Length	1,020 km (630 mi)
Basin size	87,900 km2(33,900 sq mi)
Discharge
• average	678 m3/s (23,900 cu ft/s)

TheDaugava(Latgalian:Daugova;Polish:Dźwina;German:Düna) orWestern Dvina(Russian:Западная Двина,romanized:Zapadnaya Dvina;Belarusian:Заходняя Дзвіна;Estonian:Väina;Finnish:Väinäjoki) is a large river rising in theValdai HillsofRussiathat flows throughBelarusandLatviainto theGulf of Rigaof theBaltic Sea.The Daugava rises close to the source of theVolga.It is 1,020 km (630 mi) in length,of which 352 km (219 mi) are in Latviaand 325 km (202 mi) in Russia. It is a westward-flowing river, tracing out a great south-bending curve as it passes through northern Belarus.

Latvia's capital,Riga,bridges the river'sestuaryfour times. Built on both riverbanks, the city centre is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the river's mouth and is a significant port.

Etymology

The Daugava flows throughRigainLatvia

According toMax Vasmer'sEtymological Dictionary,thetoponymDvina cannot stem from aUralic language;instead, it possibly comes from anIndo-Europeanword which used to meanriverorstream.The nameDvinaresembles stronglyDanuviuswhich itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European*dānu,meaning "large river".

The Finno-Ugric namesVēna(Livonian),Väinajogi(Estonian), andVäinäjoki(Finnish) all stem from Proto-Finnic*väin,meaning "a large, peacefully rolling river".

Geography

The totalcatchment areaof the river is 87,900 km²(33,900 sq mi), of which 33,150 km²(12,800 sq mi) are in Belarus.

Tributaries

The following rivers are tributaries to the river Daugava (from source to mouth):

• Left:Mezha,Kasplya,Dysna,Laucesa,Berezauka,Eglona,Pikstere,Ņega
• Right:Usvyacha,Palata,Drysa,Dubna,Aiviekste,Pērse,Dīvaja,Ogre

History

The Swedish army bombarding the fortress ofDünamündeat the Daugava's estuary inLatvia

Humans have settled at the mouth of the Daugava and along the shores of the Gulf of Riga for millennia, initially participating in a hunter-gatherer economy and utilizing the waters of the Daugava estuary for fishing and gathering. Beginning around the sixth century CE,Vikingexplorers crossed the Baltic Sea and entered the Daugava River, navigating upriver into the Baltic interior.

In medieval times, the Daugava was part of thetrade route from the Varangians to the Greeks,an important route for the transport of furs from the north and ofByzantinesilver from the south. The Riga area, inhabited by theFinnic-speakingLivs,became a key location of settlement and defence of the mouth of the Daugava at least as early as the Middle Ages, as evidenced by the now destroyed fort atTorņakalnson the west bank of the Daugava in present-day Riga. Since the Late Middle Ages, the western part of the Daugava basin has come under the rule of various peoples and states; for example, the Latvian town ofDaugavpilsvariously came underpapal,Slavonic, Polish, German, and Russian rule until therestoration of the Latvian independencein 1990 at the end of the Cold War.

Settlements

Daugava sunset inRiga

The following are some of the cities and towns built along the Daugava:

Russia

• Andreapol
• Zapadnaya Dvina
• Velizh

Belarus

• Ruba
• Vitebsk
• Beshankovichy
• Polotsk(home to theBoris stones)
• Navapolatsk
• Dzisna
• Verkhnedvinsk
• Druya

Latvia

• Krāslava
• Daugavpils
• Līvāni
• Jēkabpils
• Pļaviņas
• Aizkraukle
• Jaunjelgava
• Lielvārde
• Kegums
• Ogre
• Ikšķile
• Salaspils
• Riga

Environment

Port of Riga on the Daugava

The river began experiencing environmental deterioration in the Soviet era due to collective agriculture (producing considerable adverse water pollution runoff) and hydroelectric power projects.This is the river that theVula riverflows into.

Water quality

Upstream of the Latvian town ofJekabpils,the river'spHhas a characteristic value of about 7.8 (slightalkaline). In this area, the concentration of ionic calcium is around 43 milligrams per liter,nitrateis about 0.82 milligrams per liter, ionicphosphateis 0.038 milligrams per liter, and oxygen saturation is 80%. The high nitrate and phosphate load of the Daugava has contributed to the extensive buildup of phytoplankton biomass in the Baltic Sea; theOderandVistularivers also contribute to the high nutrient loading of the Baltic.

In Belarus, water pollution of the Daugava is considered moderately severe, with the chief sources being treated wastewater, fish-farming, and agricultural chemical runoff (such as herbicides, pesticides, nitrates, and phosphates).

Further reading

• Richard C. Frucht; Aldis Purs (2005).Latvia.ABC-CLIO.p. 115.ISBN9781576078006.Retrieved2009-08-01.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
• Francis W. Carter and David Turnock. 2002. Environmental problems of East Central Europe. 442 pages Google eBook
• Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch;Bealby, John Thomas (1911)."Dvina".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 8 (11th ed.). p. 738.

External links

• Daugava River photosatflickr