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White Motor Company

Coordinates:41°31′58″N81°38′06″W/ 41.5328°N 81.6350°W/41.5328; -81.6350
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41°31′58″N81°38′06″W/ 41.5328°N 81.6350°W/41.5328; -81.6350

White Motor Company
IndustryAutomotive,Defense
Founded1900;124 years ago(1900)
FounderThomas H. White
Defunct1980;44 years ago(1980)
FateMost US assets acquired byVolvo,later emerged from bankruptcy reorganization under the name Northeast Ohio Axle
SuccessorNortheast Ohio Axle
Volvo
Headquarters
Cleveland, Ohio
,
United States
ProductsVehicles
Automotive parts

TheWhite Motor Companywas an Americanautomobile,truck, bus and agriculturaltractormanufacturerfrom 1900 until 1980. The company also produced bicycles,roller skates,automaticlathes,andsewing machines.BeforeWorld War II,the company was based inCleveland, Ohio.White Diesel Engine DivisioninSpringfield, Ohio,manufactureddiesel engine generators,which powered U.S. military equipment and infrastructure, namely ArmyNikeand Air ForceBomarclaunch complexes,and otherguided missileinstallations and proving grounds, sections ofSAGEandDEW Linestations, radars,Combat Direction Centersand other ground facilities of the U.S. aerospace defense ring, such as theTexas Towers.[1]

During theVietnam Era,the company retained its position within theTop 100 Defense Contractorslist (it ranked 87th in theFiscal Year1965,[2]77th in 1967,[3]73rd in 1968,[4]89th in 1969[5]). Its production facilities, such as the Lansing truck plant inLansing, Michigan,and the main plant in Cleveland were engaged in production, inspection, engineering services and maintenance of thousands of military/utility cargo trucksM39,[6]M44,[7]M600,[7]and M602 series trucks,[8]as well asspare parts,such ascylinder heads,dieselandgasoline engineswithaccessories.[9]

History[edit]

Advertisement for the White Sewing Machine Company's 1905 model

Around 1898,Thomas H. Whitepurchased aLocomobilesteam carand found its boiler unreliable. His son,Rollin,set out to improve its design. Rollin White developed a form of water tube steam generator which consisted of a series of stacked coils with two novel features: the first was the coils were all joined at the top of the unit, which allowed water to flow only when pumped, allowing control of the steam generation; the second was pulling steam from the lowest coil, closest to the fire, which allowed control of steam temperature. This second point was critical because the White steamer operated withsuperheated steamto take advantage of steam's properties at higher temperatures. Rollin White patented his steam generator, US patent 659,837 of 1900.[10]

White emblem on a White dealer in Pittsburgh (built before 1923)

White steamer[edit]

A 1907 White Model G steam touring car at theHenry Ford Museum.

Rollin H. White patented his new design and offered it to, among others, Locomobile. Finally, he persuaded his father, founder of theWhite Sewing Machine Company,to allow the use of a corner in one of his buildings to build an automobile.

White's brother, Windsor, who was a management talent[clarification needed],joined the business venture, followed by their brother, Walter, who became instrumental in the sales, promotion and distribution of the product. The first group of fifty cars were completed in October 1900, but none were offered to the public until April 1901 so the design could be thoroughly tested. Since the cars were being offered by the automobile department of the sewing machine company, White could not afford to diminish the reputation of the parent company by the introduction of an untested product.

In 1905, it became necessary to separate the automobile department from its parent company to accommodate the growth of the business and to physically separate them, as a fire in one could ruin both operations. On 4 July 1905, a racing steam car named "Whistling Billy" and driven byWebb Jayset a record of 73.75 mph (118.69 km/h) on theMorris Park Racecourse.[11]

Taft's car
1909 White touring car at thePetersen Automotive Museum

A 1907 White steamer was one of the early vehicles in the White House whenTheodore Roosevelt,the 26th President of the United States, allowed theSecret Serviceto use the car behind his horse-drawn carriage.[12]In 1909, presidentWilliam Howard Taftconverted the White Housestablesinto agarageand purchased four automobiles: twoPierce-Arrows,aBaker Electric,and a 1911 White.[12]This $4,000 car was one of the last steam cars produced and proved a favorite of the President who used bursts of steam against "pesky"press photographers.[12]The 40 hp (30 kW) White Model M 7-seattourergenerated favorable press for the newly formed White Motor Company.[13][14]Taft's White Model M is currently housed in the collection at theHeritage Museums and Gardensin Sandwich, Massachusetts.[15]

The last steam car was built in January 1911 as the company made a transition to gasoline-powered vehicles.[11]The company continued to show them in their catalogues as late as 1912. About 10,000 White steam-powered cars were built, more than the better knownStanley.

In 2019 Mitch Gross and Chris Rolph drove a 1910 model MM 40 hp White steam car from Beijing to Paris, likely the only time such a feat has been done by a steam car. The journey of over 8000 miles crossed 12 countries, 7 time zones and included the first crossing of a major desert (the Gobi) by a steam car.

The White steam car reentered popular culture in 2023 when comedian and classic car collectorJay Leno,while repairing his 1907 White steam car in his garage inBurbank,suffered third-degree burns on his face and hands when a fuel line sprayed him at the same time a spark ignited.

Gasoline models[edit]

White companies' manufacturing facility expanded. The White steamer used unique technology, and it was vulnerable in a market that was accepting the internal combustion engine as the standard. White canvassed existing gas manufacturers and licensed the rights to theDelahayedesign for the "gas car", showing a chassis at an English auto show in December 1908.

1904 White Model D

White tractors[edit]

Rollin became more interested in agricultural tractors, and developed designs for tractors derived from standard White truck parts. When the White Company was not interested in producing tractors, Rollin set out to develop his own designs and, with brother Clarence, eventually foundedCleveland Motor Plow,which later becameCletrac tractor.Cletrac was later purchased by Oliver Tractor Co, which in of itself was bought by white in 1960. the early 1920s, Rollin briefly produced theRollincar to diversify the tractor company, but found it could not compete in cost versus price against much larger manufacturers.

White was successful with their heavy machines, which saw service around the world duringWorld War I.White remained in the truck industry for decades.

Truck manufacturing[edit]

1909 White Truck at Crawford Auto-Aviation Museum
1922 White Model 15 truck on display at theIowa 80Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa.
White truck inIquique,Chile
White truck in theChicago Fire Departmentfrom 1930 to 1941
1944 White Model VA-114 truck on display at theIowa 80Trucking Museum, Walcott, Iowa.

White Motor Company ended car production after World War I to focus exclusively on trucks. The company soon sold 10 percent of all trucks made in the US. Although White produced all sizes of trucks from light delivery tosemi,the decision was made afterWWIIto produce only large trucks. White acquired several truck manufacturing companies during this time:Sterling(in 1951),Autocar(in 1953),[16] REO(in 1957) andDiamond T(in 1958).[17][18]White also agreed to sellConsolidated Freightways,Freightliner Trucksthrough its own dealers.[19]White produced trucks under the Autocar nameplate following its acquisition. Diamond T andREO Motor Car Companybecame theDiamond REOdivision, which was discontinued in the 1970s.

A White semi performed a role in the 1949James CagneyfilmWhite Heat.This era was probably the peak of White Motor market penetration, with the substantial gasoline engined tractors moving a large part of the tractor trailer fleet.

White designed and (with other companies) produced theM3 Scout Car,the standardUnited States Armyreconnaissance vehicle at the start of World War II. White also built the laterM2,M3,M13andM16half-tracks.

In 1967, White started theWestern Stardivision to sell trucks on the west coast.

White buses[edit]

TwoRed Jammersat thePrince of Wales Hotel
Main article:Red Jammers

The WhiteModel 706chassis emerged as the winner of a four-way competition withFord,REO andGMC,held by theNational Park Servicein 1935 atYosemite National Park.[20]Starting in 1936, White produced 500 of the Model 706, specifically designed to carry passengers through seven of the majorNational Parksof the western US; bus tours were offered as most tourists arrived from trains before World War II. The distinctive vehicles, with roll-back canvas convertible tops, were the product of noted industrial designerAlexis de Sakhnoffskyand used bodies from the Bender Body Company of Cleveland.[21]They originally operated in seven National Parks:Glacier,Grand Canyon,Mount Rainier,Rocky Mountain,Yellowstone,Yosemite,andZion.[22]After being retired from service in the 1960s, many buses were sold to private collectors and tour operators. TheSkagway Street Car Companyassembled a fleet of eight buses starting in 1987, naming each bus for the location from which they were acquired.[23]

Today,Glacier National Parkoperates 33 of its original 35 buses, where they are referred to as "Red Jammers",and eight (of an original 98)[24]have been restored for renewed service inYellowstone National Park.[23]Glacier's 33 buses were refurbished by Ford and TransGlobal in 2000–2002,[25][26]while Yellowstone's eight buses were refurbished by TransGlobal in 2007.[23]Glacier has kept one bus in original condition. Yellowstone has five White buses in original condition, two model 706s and three older units as well. In addition, a private operator uses two of the White 706 buses originally built for Yellowstone forGettysburg National Battlefieldtours.[27]One ex-Mount Rainier White 706 is on display at theLongmire Historic District.[28]

The bus driven by Egg Shen in the filmBig Trouble in Little ChinaintoChinatown, San Franciscois a White 706 which was later purchased by the Skagway Street Car Company.[23]It was one of the eight sold to Xanterra in 2001; they were subsequently restored by TransGlobal for tours in Yellowstone.[29]The character "Ol Jammer" from the Disney animated filmPlanes: Fire and Rescueis based on the White 706.[30][31]

In addition to the National Parks touring buses, White built similar buses with fixed roofs for intercity service.[32]White entered thetransit busmarket in 1937 with the 700 series, available in 30-and-35-foot (9.1 and 10.7 m) lengths. The longer model was produced through 1953, with an update in 1948 as the 1100 series.[32]

Company culture[edit]

1910 White touring car
White railcar in the collection of theRailtown 1897 State Historic Park

During the time brothers Walter and Windsor White ran the company, it offered a library branch, a store which sold necessities at low cost, sports teams, and concerts by orchestras andjazzbands, as well as musical performances by the workers, many of whom were immigrants fromSloveniaandPoland.The company also hadpicnicsatEuclid Beach Park.

After Walter White was fatally injured in a traffic accident, management changed and so did the firm's culture. Employees started one of the country's first automobileunions.TheGreat Depressioncaused a drop in sales, forcing White to merge withStudebaker.However, White soon became independent again.

In 1935, Robert Fager Black became president, but workers were still unhappy, and they went onstrike.Black tried talking to the workers who were striking, and he even gotbaseballequipment for them and let them play while on strike, so they would have something to do. Black learned people's names, visited the plant frequently, and asked customers if they were happy with what they purchased. Anyone could visit his office.

Black brought the company back to where it had once been byWorld War II,during which the company supplied the military with much of its equipment. White ranked 54th among US corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts.[33]When husbands went to serve, wives took their jobs, and the work force totaled over 4000. Black provided the services the company had at one time, and helped employees get to work withcarpools.

Black retired in 1956, still beloved by employees.[19]

Demise[edit]

1962 tractor

In 1953, White purchasedPittsburgh, Pennsylvania-basedAutocar Company.From 1951 until 1977, White Motors also distributedFreightliner Trucks.[34]This took place under an agreement with Freightliner's parent,Consolidated Freightways.White manufactured trucks under its own brands—White, Autocar, and Western Star—as well, leading to the company becoming known as the "Big Four" through to the mid-1970s. TheSterlingnameplate, unused by White as long as the company owned it, went to Freightliner after the companies' split. It was then used by Daimler Trucks, who manufactured the former Ford heavy truck line under the Sterling name, from 1997 to 2008.[35][36]

Sales dropped during the 1960s, and White tried merging withWhite Consolidated Industries,the original company that once made sewing machines, however the federal government blocked this deal. The company opened plants inVirginiaandUtah,since they did not have unions, but this did not help.Semon Knudsen,former president ofFord,made the company successful for a time, but the decline continued. Later, the federal government approved a merger with White Consolidated, which feared being hurt by White Motor's troubles. Mergers withDaimlerandRenaultwere also considered.[19]Production was somewhat limited as White did not have a lighter range (13,330 units built in 1978), leading to several attempts at linking up with various European manufacturers.[37]

By 1980, White was insolvent, filing Chapter 11 bankruptcy case 80-13361 in the Northern District of Ohio on September 4 of that year.Volvoacquired most of the US assets of the company in 1981, while two energy-related companies based inCalgary,Alberta,Bow Valley Resource Services,andNovaCorp,an Alberta corporation, purchased the Canadian assets, including theKelowna,British Columbia, plant, and the Western Star nameplate and product range.[38]

In 1983, White emerged from bankruptcy reorganization under the name Northeast Ohio Axle Inc. (which would later be changed to Neoax in May 1986).[39]In March 1987, Neoax bought the Fairfield Manufacturing Company (a maker of custom gears), and in March 1988, it acquiredIU International Corporation(a Philadelphia-based conglomerate) through a hostile takeover.[40]After acquiring IU International, Neoax sold the conglomerate's trucking and food distribution units, only keeping the waste management division. In 1989, Neoax changed its name to EnviroSource, and in 1998, to Envirosource.

Volvo produced trucks as White and Autocar through the 1980s, whileWestern Starcontinued independently in Canada and the United States, although Volvo-White–produced highcab over enginemodels were purchased and rebadgedWestern Starfor sale in the Canadian market through the early 1990s.

In 1988, Volvo andGeneral Motorsmerged their heavy truck divisions in North America, creating Volvo GM Heavy Truck Corporation and a new brand of trucks, White-GMC. Western Star was sold to Australian entrepreneur Terry Peabody in 1990.[41]In 1997, Volvo purchased the stake of General Motors in their joint venture and rebadged White-GMC vehicles under the Volvo and Autocar nameplates. Subsequently, Western Star was resold by Peabody toDaimlerChryslerand merged with its Freightliner subsidiary.[42][43]Volvo dropped any reference to White or General Motors and adopted the Volvo Trucks North America name. Autocar remained a part of Volvo until 2000, when the brand was withdrawn from the market, and was subsequently sold to Grand Vehicle Works together with the Xpeditor lowcab-overheavy duty product, which remains in production under the Autocar badge, the last vestige of what was once America's leading commercial vehicle producer.

A former White subsidiary,White Farm Equipment,produced farm tractors until 2001. As of 2006, the only products made under the White name are a series of corn planters (made byAGCO) and garden tractors (made byMTD Products).

Products[edit]

A 1941 White model 798 bus at theSoutheastern Railway Museumin 2022
  • 50A bus
  • 99 White Horse (1939–1940)
  • 99A White Horse (1941-1942)
  • 116 White Horse (1939-1940)
  • 116A White Horse (1941-1942)
  • 444 T
  • 600
  • 666
  • 700
  • 701
  • 704
  • 706
  • 706 National Park bus
  • 707
  • 784
  • 798
  • 800
  • 805
  • 810
  • 820
  • 920
  • 1064
  • 1100
  • 1144
  • 1500
  • 2064
  • 3000 Series (1949-1960s)
  • 3015
  • 3020
  • 3022
  • 3028
  • 3400
  • 4000
  • 4200
  • 4264
  • 4400
  • 4464
  • 5000
  • 5400
  • 6000
  • 7000
  • 9000
  • 9062
  • 9064
  • Autocar Company
  • Construcktor
  • Freightliner Trucks
  • M2
  • M3
  • M3 Scout Car
  • M13
  • M16
  • Orion Bus
  • PDQ Delivery (1960–1966)
  • Road Boss 1 and 2
  • Road Xpeditor 1 and 2 (WX)
  • TBC Truck
  • WC
  • Western Star Trucks
  • Road Commander 1 and 2
  • WIA64T
  • WX42 pumper/rescue

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Perry, Donald E., ed. (4 May 1959)."Superior engines develop KW… for missile KO!".Missiles and Rockets.Vol. 5, no. 23. American Aviation Publications, Inc. p. 30.
  2. ^Top 100 Defense Contractors FY 1965.//Defense Industry Bulletin,December 1965, v. 1, no. 12, p. 6.
  3. ^Fiscal Year 1967: Top 100 Defense Contractors Announced.//Defense Industry Bulletin,January 1968, v. 4, no. 1, p. 34.
  4. ^Fiscal Year 1968: Top 100 Defense Contractors Announced.//Defense Industry Bulletin,January 1969, v. 5, no. 1, p. 19.
  5. ^Fiscal Year 1969: Top 100 Defense Contractors Announced.//Defense Industry Bulletin,December 1969, v. 5, no. 12, p. 16.
  6. ^Defense procurement.//Defense Industry Bulletin,June/July 1967, v. 3, no. 6, p. 34.
  7. ^abDefense procurement.//Defense Industry Bulletin,June 1969, v. 5, no. 6, p. 38.
  8. ^Defense procurement.//Defense Industry Bulletin,July 1970, v. 6, no. 7, p. 37.
  9. ^Defense procurement.//Defense Industry Bulletin,July 1969, v. 5, no. 7, p. 47.
  10. ^"R.H. White Steam Generator patent No. 659,837 dated October 16, 1900"(PDF).White Steam Car Registry.Archived(PDF)from the original on 11 November 2013.Retrieved15 May2013.
  11. ^ab"History".White Steam Car Registry.Archivedfrom the original on 20 June 2013.Retrieved15 May2013.
  12. ^abcFreeman, David W. (January 1993)."Cars of the Presidents".Popular Mechanics.170(1): 36–37.Retrieved15 May2013.
  13. ^"White Motor Company".The Washington Post.24 February 1909.
  14. ^Hoke, Donald R."President Taft's White Steam Car".virtualsteamcarmuseum.org.Archivedfrom the original on 24 September 2017.Retrieved9 May2018.
  15. ^"1909 White Steamer - Heritage Museums & Gardens".Heritage Museums & Gardens.Archivedfrom the original on 24 September 2017.Retrieved23 September2017.
  16. ^"Purpose-built trucks engineered by the leading OEM dedicated to severe-duty trucks".Autocar Truck.Archivedfrom the original on 8 May 2018.Retrieved9 May2018.
  17. ^White Acquires Reo CompanyTruck & Bus TransportationAugust 1957 page 85
  18. ^Diamond TNational Road Transport Hall of Fame
  19. ^abc"Working at White: A History of White Motors".The Western Reserve Historical Society. Archived fromthe originalon 25 October 2011.Retrieved15 May2013.
  20. ^McNessor, Mike (December 2017)."Never Parked: 1936-39 White Buses".Hemmings Classic Car.Retrieved21 January2020.
  21. ^Hartshorne, Shady (June 2012)."Jammer Joe at the Wheel: Glacier Park's Iconic Red Buses".Go Nomad.Retrieved21 January2020.
  22. ^Strohl, Daniel (13 September 2017)."Big. Yellow. Different. Yellowstone-used White 706 bus lets all the light in".Hemmings Motor News [blog].Retrieved21 January2020.
  23. ^abcdVandergrift, Peter (27 May 2007)."Yellow buses return to Yellowstone".Deseret News.AP.Retrieved21 January2020.
  24. ^"1936 National Park Bus".National Park Service.Retrieved21 January2020.
  25. ^Scott, Tristan (31 January 2013)."Glacier National Park will retain, restore red buses".The Missoulian.Retrieved21 January2020.
  26. ^"Glacier National Park Red Buses To Get An Overhaul".National Parks Traveler.3 December 2018.Retrieved21 January2020.
  27. ^"Our Classic Gettysburg Battlefield Tours".Historic Tour Company.Archived fromthe originalon 5 June 2016.
  28. ^Brodwater, Mike (7 July 2018)."Catching the bus: Restored buses provide unique view at several national parks".The Spokesman-Review.Retrieved21 January2020.
  29. ^Easterling, Camden (31 May 2007)."Back in business: 1930s-era buses return to Yellowstone".Bozeman Daily Chronicle.Retrieved21 January2020.
  30. ^"White Model 706 in movies and TV series".Internet Movie Cars Database.Retrieved21 January2020.
  31. ^Bobs Gannaway; Ferrell Barron (27 June 2014)."Interview with Planes Fire & Rescue director Bobs Gannaway and producer Ferrell Barron".Mom Skoop(Interview). Interviewed by Rhonda.Retrieved21 January2020.
  32. ^abBrophy, Jim (8 July 2017)."Bus Stop Classics: White Motor Corporation Urban Transit Buses – Better Known for Trucks, They Made Buses Too".Curbside Classic.Retrieved27 October2020.
  33. ^Peck, Merton J.; Scherer, Frederic M. (1962).The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis.Harvard Business School. p. 619.
  34. ^Schmidt, Achim (ed.)."Zur Geschichte der White Motor Company"[History of the White Motor Company].White Road Commander(in German).Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2014.Retrieved14 May2014.
  35. ^Reiter, Chris; Creme, Andreas (14 October 2008)."Daimler to Close Sterling Trucks Unit, Cut 3,500 Jobs".Bloomberg.Archivedfrom the original on 13 June 2010.Retrieved15 May2013.
  36. ^"To our customers".Sterling Trucks. October 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 15 May 2013.Retrieved15 May2013.Daimler Trucks North America's (DTNA) decision to discontinue the sale of Sterling branded Heavy, Medium, and Light duty Truck.
  37. ^Baldwin, Nick (1981),The Observer's Book of Commercial Vehicles (#40),London: Frederick Warne, p. 191,ISBN0-7232-1619-3
  38. ^"White Motor Will Sell Truck Business to Volvo".The New York Times.9 May 1981. p. 29.
  39. ^"Investing; Neoax Emerges From Obscurity".The New York Times.3 May 1987.
  40. ^"IU Accepts Sweetened Bid Of $670 Million From Neoax".The New York Times.7 March 1988.
  41. ^Western Star Boss Terry Peabody's first foray into truck manufacturingCommercial Motor16 January 1997
  42. ^DaimlerChrysler buys Western Star Trucks, Orion BusMetro Magazine,7 August 2000
  43. ^DC swallows Detroit and Western StarTruck & Bus TransportationSeptember 2000 page 10
  • "American Truck & Bus Spotter's Guide: 1920-1985," by Tad Burness
  • "White Trucks of the 1950s At Work" by Barry R. Bertram
  • "White Trucks of the 1960s At Work" by Barry R. Bertram

External links[edit]

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