Wigwam

For other uses, seeWigwam (disambiguation).

This article is about the dwelling sometimes called a wikiup. For the census-designated location, seeLarkfield-Wikiup, California.For the unincorporated community, seeWikieup, Arizona.

Apachewickiup, byEdward S. Curtis,1903

Apache wickiup

Awigwam,wickiup,wetu(Wampanoag), orwiigiwaam(Ojibwe,insyllabics:ᐧᐄᑭᐧᐋᒻ)is a semi-permanent domed dwelling formerly used by certainNative Americantribes andFirst Nationspeople and still used for ceremonial events. The termwickiupis generally used to refer to these kinds of dwellings in theSouthwestern United StatesandWestern United Statesand NorthwestAlberta,Canada, whilewigwamis usually applied to these structures in theNortheastern United Statesas well as Ontario and Quebec incentral Canada.The names can refer to many distinct types of Indigenous structures regardless of location or cultural group. The wigwam is not to be confused with the Native Plainstipi,which has a different construction, structure, and use.

Structure

Paiutewickiup

The domed, round shelter was used by numerous northeastern Indigenous tribes. The curved surfaces make it an ideal shelter for all kinds of conditions.Indigenous peoplesin theGreat Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlandsresided in either wigwams orlonghouses.

These structures are made with a frame of arched poles, most often wooden, which are covered with some sort of bark roofing material. Details of construction vary with the culture and local availability of materials. Some of the roofing materials used include grass, brush, bark, rushes, mats, reeds, hides or cloth.

Dakota-style tipis andOjibwewigwam,White Earth, Minnesota,1928

Ojibwe wigwam, from an 1846 painting byPaul Kane

Wigwams are most often seasonal structures, although the term is applied to rounded and conical structures that are more permanent. Wigwams usually take longer to put up thantipis.Their frames are usually not portable like a tipi.

A typical wigwam in the Northeast has a curved surface which can hold up against the worst weather. Young green tree saplings of just about any type of wood, 10 to 15 feet (3.0 to 4.6 m) long, were cut down and bent. While the saplings were being bent, a circle was drawn on the ground. The diameter of the circle varied from 10 to 16 feet (3.0 to 4.9 m). The bent saplings were then placed over the drawn circle, using the tallest saplings in the middle and the shorter ones on the outside. The saplings formed arches all in one direction on the circle. The next set of saplings were used to wrap around the wigwam to give the shelter support. When the two sets of saplings were finally tied together, the sides and roof were placed on it. The sides of the wigwam were usually bark stripped from trees. The male of the family was responsible for the framing of the wigwam.

Mary Rowlandsonuses the termwigwamin reference to the dwelling places of Indigenous people that she stayed with while in their captivity duringKing Philip's Warin 1675. The termwigwamhas remained in common English usage as a synonym for any "Indian house"; however, this usage is dispreferred, as there are important differences between the wigwam and other shelters.

During the American revolution the termwigwamwas used by British soldiers to describe a wide variety of makeshift structures.

Wickiups of the west

Wickiups were used by differentindigenous peoples of the Great Basin,Southwest, and Pacific Coast. They were single room, dome-shaped dwellings, with a great deal of variation in size, shape, and materials.

TheAcjachemen,anindigenous people of California,built cone-shaped huts made ofwillowbranches covered with brush or mats made oftuleleaves. Known askiichas,the temporary shelters were utilized for sleeping or as refuge in cases of inclement weather. When a dwelling reached the end of its practical life it was simply burned, and a replacement erected in its place in about a day's time.

Below is a description ofChiricahuawickiups recorded by anthropologist Morris Opler:

The home in which the family lives is made by the men and is ordinarily a circular, dome-shaped brush dwelling, with the floor at ground level. It is eight feet [2.4 m] high at the center and approximately seven feet [2.1 m] in diameter. To build it, long fresh poles of oak or willow are driven into the ground or placed in holes made with a digging stick. These poles, which form the framework, are arranged at one-foot [0.30 m] intervals and are bound together at the top with yucca-leaf strands. Over them a thatching of bundles of big bluestem grass or bear grass is tied, shingle style, with yucca strings. A smoke hole opens above a central fireplace allows smoke to escape when the firepit is used. A hide, suspended at the entrance, is fixed on a cross-beam so that it may be swung forward or backward. The doorway may face in any direction. For waterproofing, pieces of hide are thrown over the outer hatching, and in rainy weather, if a fire is not needed, even the smoke hole is covered. In warm, dry weather much of the outer roofing is stripped off. It takes approximately three days to erect a sturdy dwelling of this type. These houses are "warm and comfortable even though there is a big snow". The interior is lined with brush and grass beds over which robes are spread....

The woman not only makes the furnishings of the home but is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and repair of the dwelling itself and for the arrangement of everything in it. She provides the grass and brush beds and replaces them when they become too old and dry.... However, formerly "they had no permanent homes, so they didn't bother with cleaning." The dome-shaped dwelling or wickiup, the usual home type for all the Chiricahua bands, has already been described.... Said a Central Chiricahua informant:

Both the teepee and the oval-shaped house were used when I was a boy. The oval hut was covered with hide and was the best house. The more well-to-do had this kind. The teepee type was just made of brush. It had a place for a fire in the center. It was just thrown together. Both types were common even before my time...

A house form that departed from the more common dome-shaped variety is recorded for the Southern Chiricahua as well:

When we settled down, we used the wickiup; when we were moving around a great deal, we used this other kind...

• 
  Illustration of anAcjachemenwickiup, California
• 
  Frame ofApachewickiup
• 
  Chiricahuamedicine manand family in wickiup
• 
  Utewickiup
• 
  Frame ofCrowsweat lodge in snow
• 
  Wigwam display atUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison Arboretum

"Wigwam" in different Algonquian languages

The English wordwigwamderives from Eastern Abenakiwigwôm,fromProto-Algonquian*wi·kiwa·ʔmi.Others have similar names for the structure:

• wigwôm(with vowel syncope) inAbenaki
• wiigiwaamin theAnishinaabe language
  • wiigwaam(with vowel syncope) inEastern Ojibweand inOdaawaa
  • wigwam(with vowel syncope) inPotawatomiWNLAP spelling
  • miigiwaamin theAlgonquin languageas an alternative (with the indefinite prefixm-instead of the definite third-person prefixw-)
• ookóówain theBlackfoot language(without the possessive theme suffix-m)
• mâhëö'oin theCheyenne language(with the indefinite prefixm-instead of the definite third-person prefixw-and without the possessive theme suffix-m)
• wiikiaamiin theMiami-Illinois language
• wikuomin theMi'kmaq language
• wicuwin theMohegan language
• ȣichiȣamin theNipmuck language
• wikëwaminUnami

wickiup:

• wiikiyaapiinFox
• mīkiwāhpinCree(with the indefinite prefixm-instead of the definite third-person prefixw-)
• mīciwāhpinMontagnais(with the indefinite prefixm-instead of the definite third-person prefixw-)
• wikiopinMenominee
• wîkiyâpiin Sauk

Use of similar dwellings elsewhere today

SomaliAqallodge

Near identical constructions, calledaqal,are used by today's nomadicSomali peopleas well as theAfar peopleon theHorn of Africa.Pieces of old clothing or plastic sheet,woven mats(traditionally made of grass), or whatever material is available will be used to cover theaqal's roof. Similar domed tents are also used by theBushmenandNama peopleand other indigenous peoples in Southern Africa.

The traditional semi-permanent dwelling of theSámipeople of Northern Europe was thegoahti(also known as agammeorkota). In terms of construction, purpose and longevity, it represents a close equivalent to a North American nativewigwam.Most goahti dwellings consisted of portable wooden poles, covered on the outside with either timber or peat moss, in lieu of walls. This differentiated them from the other type of Sámi dwelling, the more temporary and tent-likelavvu,covered with skins or fabrics and somewhat similar to tipis. Some goahti houses were occasionally covered with skins or fabric as well, but were generally larger thanlavvu,and goahti were always used as more permanent housing.

Many native peoples of Northern Asia also built or build traditional semi-permanent dwellings known aschum.Though some of these Siberian native dwellings are more tent-like, reminiscent of Plains Indians' tipis or of the Sámilavvu,other forms of chum are more permanent in nature. The more permanent forms of chum are very similar in construction to the timber or peat moss covered goahti dwellings of the Sámi, or the wigwams of the Native American cultures of the Eastern Woodlands and northern parts of North America.

In Britain, similar structures known asbender tents,are built quickly and cheaply byNew Age travellers,using poles from the woods (often hazel) and plastic tarpaulins,and are based on the designs of "Benders" by theRomanieswho arrived in Britain in the 15th Century.

Yarangashave a similar shape, but can have internal rooms inside the dome.

Research

• Colorado Wickiup Project. This project, which researches aboriginal wooden feature sites inColorado,has been conducted by the Dominquez Archaeological Research Group since 2003. From 2005 to 2012 the results were published in a seven-volume series.

See also

• Hogan(hooghaninNavajo)—a dwelling that uses earth in its construction
• Quiggly holeorkekuliorKickwillie hole—a type ofpit-housecommon in the Northwest Plateau of North America
• Jacal,a somewhat comparable indigenous structure used by neighboring peoples in Mexico
• Sweat lodge—a ceremonial sauna that is often built in the wigwam style
• Wigwam Motelor number of motels with a similar name.
• Wigwam Stories(1901), byMary Catherine Judd,illustrated byAngel De Cora

Bibliography

• Opler, Morris E. (1941).An Apache life-way: The economic, social, and religious institutions of the Chiricahua Indians.Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1962, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1965, New York: Cooper Square Publishers; 1965, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & 1994, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,ISBN0-8032-8610-4).

External links

• Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)."Wigwam".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 629.
• Chiricahua wickiup (picture)
• making of a wickiup (including pictures)
• drawing of a wickiup
• How to build a wigwam
• Wigwam constructionArchived2009-06-10 at theWayback Machine