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William Alcott

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William Alcott
Born
William Andrus Alcott

(1798-08-06)August 6, 1798
Wolcott, Connecticut,U.S.
DiedMarch 29, 1859(1859-03-29)(aged 60)
Auburndale, Massachusetts,U.S.
Other namesWilliam Alexander Alcott
EducationYale School of Medicine
Occupation(s)Educator, physician, author
Signature

William Andrus Alcott(August 6, 1798 – March 29, 1859), also known asWilliam Alexander Alcott,was an American educator, educational reformer, physician, vegetarian and author of 108 books. His works, which include a wide range of topics includingeducational reform,physical education,school housedesign, family life, anddiet,are still widely cited today.

Early life and family

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William Alcott was born inWolcott, Connecticut.[1]His father, Obedience Alcox (1776–1847), was a farmer; in the 1820s, like many members of the family, he altered the spelling of his last name, which on his tombstone appears as "Obid. Alcott".[a]His mother was Anna Andrus (1777–1864), who was the daughter of aRevolutionary Warsoldier and William's most important educational influence.[2]He attended local schools and became a close friend of his near neighborAmos Bronson Alcott,who would later enjoy wide fame as a philosopher and as the father of writerLouisa May Alcott.Although sometimes described simply as "cousins" the two were actually second cousins; William's grandfather David Alcott (1740–1841) was the brother of Amos Bronson Alcott's grandfather, Captain John Alcott. The two boys shared books, exchanged ideas, and started a small library together. Odell Shepard had written of Amos Bronson Alcott, "Indeed there is a sense in which nearly everything Alcott wrote and did is attributable to William".[3]

Alcott lived inDedham, Massachusetts,where he was the superintendent of the Sunday School at theAllin Congregational Church.[4]He was known to walk barefoot on summer mornings from his home in the village up to Federal Hill to obtain a bucket of milk.[4]

Teaching and medical education

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At the age of 18 Alcott began teaching in a school located just a few yards from his father's house. With brief interruptions, he would continue to teach for the next nine years. His experiences as a student country school teacher would later become the subject of many of his later publications. He observed that the benches used by students were often painful and, at his own expense built backs onto the benches; these became the ancestors of the later school desks. He campaigned for better heating and ventilation in schools. He labored to improve the intellectual content of classrooms. While he was successful as a teacher,[5]in the summer of 1824 he suffered an attack of the disfiguring, dangerous skin infectionerysipelas,[6]and about this time was beginning to suffer fromtuberculosis.He would suffer symptoms of both for the remainder of his life.[7]He began studying medicine, with the thought that the extra knowledge would aid his teaching.[8]His formal study of medicine was brief. In the winter of 1825–26 he attended "a regular course of medical studies" inNew Haven, Connecticut.In March 1826 he was granted a license to practice medicine. In addition to teaching, he practiced medicine at least until 1829.[9]

William Channing Woodbridge and early writing

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In the spring of 1830 he metWilliam Channing Woodbridge.Woodbridge had just returned from Europe and was in the process of revising his second geography. Alcott at first worked as an assistant to Woodbridge[10]for which he was paid twelve dollars a month to check facts and improve maps. The two became close friends. In 1831, Woodbridge purchased theAmerican Journal of Educationand renamed itAmerican Annals of Education And Instruction.The two men then moved to Boston. Alcott wrote many articles for the journal, especially those dealing with school design and physical education. Even after Woodbridge lost control of the Journal in 1836 and became its foreign editor, Alcott became its Editor in 1837.[11]He would later publish a poignant memoir of Woodbridge's life.[12]While still teaching he had begun to contribute articles to newspapers and started work on the book that would becomeThe Young Man's Guide.[13]

Later life

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On June 14, 1836, he married Phebe Lewis Bronson (June 14, 1812 – November 9, 1907). They had three children. For a time they shared a house, Cottage Place, with the family of his old friend and cousin Amos Bronson Alcott. In the 1840s William moved to the town ofNewton, Massachusetts,just outside Boston. Eventually he would settle into a house inAuburndalein the town of Newton. He died here[10]of a lung infection. He worked until the day before he died. William Alcott is buried in Newton Cemetery.[14]

"Vegetable Diet"

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The American Vegetarian and Health Journal - Published by The American Vegetarian Society (AVS) - 1853

Alcott published "Vegetable Diet: As Sanctioned by Medical Men and By Experience in All Ages."in 1838. It is his best known work[15]and is significant to the medical literature about a vegetarian diet.[16]A second edition was published in 1849 "with an added cookbook and medical testimonies supporting what today would be called a vegan diet."[17]

In 2009, author Andrew Smith said in the book "Eating History" that "Vegetable Diet" was "America's first vegetarian cookbook."[18]In 2020, journalistAvery Yale Kamilawrote: "The book is considered a seminal work in the cannon of Americanvegetarianliterature. "[19]The book contains letters written by physicians, includingHorace A. Barrows,about vegetarian diets. The book is still in print.[20]

The book is included in the American Antiquarian Cookbook Collection.[21]In 2012, the book was republished by Andrews McMeel publishing with an introduction byAnna Thomas.[22]

Ideas, diet and morals

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Alcott became one of the most prolific authors in early American history. He wrote frequently on the topics of education and health. In 1836 he wrote a letter to the editor of theBoston Medical and Surgical Journaltitled "The Graham System" (May 4, p. 199-201; he signed it "M.D." The cause of greatest interest to Alcott throughout his life was vegetarianism. In 1850 he wrote three long letters on vegetarianism to the editor of theNew York Tribune- at the request of the editor (Aug 14, Nov. 6). Here he shows clearly that his preference was for a diet that used no animal products - what would today be called avegandiet.

Alcott opposed the consumption ofalcohol,coffee,meat,spicesandtea.[23]He argued against the use ofcondimentswhich were "stimulating" substances. He rejected the use of ginger, fennel, cardamom, mace, nutmeg and coriander. He believed thatgarlic,horseradish,molassesandsauceswere disgusting and indecent "drugs".[23]

Alcott wroteThe Physiology of Marriagein 1856. He deplored freecourtshipmanners. He specifically deplored "conversation which is too excitable", "presence of exciting books", "unnecessary heat", and many other courtship practices prevalent in 18th century America but steadily going out of fashion by 1856. He warned young people of the dangers of courtship. He is criticized by modern-day feminists for his "rigidity".[citation needed]

In Boston, Alcott edited theMoral Reformer(1835–1839), a journal dedicated to eliminating intemperance, gluttony, and licentiousness.[24][25]He was the editor of the vegetarianLibrary of Healthjournal.[26]In 1840, theMoral ReformerandThe Graham Journal of Health and Longevitywere merged in theLibrary of Health.[24]

Alcott was a founding member of theAmerican Physiological Societyin 1837, America's first vegetarian organization.[27]He was a founding member (in 1850) and the first president of the American Vegetarian Society.[28]

Books

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In all, he wrote about one hundred books, which were influential in reforming educational methods and improving people's physical and moral well-being.[10]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^Photographs are available on the commercial site Ancestry in several family trees

Citations

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  1. ^Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter L. (eds.)."Alcott, William Alexander".American Medical Biographies.Baltimore: The Norman, Remington Company.
  2. ^Orcutt, Samuel, History of the Town of Wolcott, Waterbury, Conn.: American Printing company, 1873, pp. 265-267, 435.
  3. ^The Journals of Bronson Alcott, edited by Odell Shepard. Boston: Little Brown, 1958, p. xv.
  4. ^abClarke, Wm. Horatio (1903).Mid-Century Memories of Dedham.Dedham Historical Society.p. 9.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^"Dr. William A. Alcott", Memoirs of Teachers, Educators and Promoters of Education Literature and Science, edited by Henry Bernard; New York Brownell, 1859a, pp. 249-267.
  6. ^Orcott 1873, p. 268
  7. ^"Dr. William Alcott," Historical Magazine, June 1859b, p. 193
  8. ^Alcott, William A. (1859).Forty years in the wilderness of pills and powders.Boston: J. P. Jewett.LCCN01019657.
  9. ^"Dr. William A. Alcott, 1859a, p. 257.
  10. ^abcJohnson 1906,p. 69
  11. ^"Dr. William A. Alcott", 1859a, pp. 163-164.
  12. ^Alcott, William A. "William C. Woodbridge," Memoirs of Teachers, Educators and Promoters of Education Literature and Science, edited by Henry Bernard, New York: Brownell, 1859, p. 51–64.
  13. ^"Dr. William A. Alcott, 1859a, p. 266.
  14. ^Orcutt 1873, p. 267
  15. ^"History of Vegetarianism - William Andrus Alcott (1798-1859)".ivu.org.RetrievedJune 30,2020.
  16. ^Bramen, Lisa."The Long Marriage of Vegetarianism and Social Activism".Smithsonian Magazine.RetrievedOctober 12,2020.
  17. ^"William Alcott and the cultural meaning of medical knowledge in the nineteenth century - Hektoen International".hekint.org.RetrievedAugust 23,2020.
  18. ^Smith, Andrew F. (September 18, 2009).Eating History: Thirty Turning Points in the Making of American Cuisine.Columbia University Press.ISBN978-0-231-51175-9.
  19. ^Kamila, Avery Yale (March 29, 2020)."Vegan Kitchen: A meat-free diet in Maine is nothing new".Press Herald.RetrievedJune 30,2020.
  20. ^Daley, Bill (December 4, 2013)."The history of America, in cookbooks".The Seattle Times.RetrievedJune 30,2020.
  21. ^"Delicious history: The American story told in cookbook series | Food and Cooking | siouxcityjournal".siouxcityjournal.December 4, 2013.RetrievedOctober 12,2020.
  22. ^"Vegetable Diet".Andrews McMeel Publishing.RetrievedOctober 12,2020.
  23. ^abSmith, Andrew F. (2013).Food and Drink in American History, Volume 1.ABC-CLIO. p. 16.ISBN978-1-61069-232-8
  24. ^abFletcher, Robert Samuel. (1971).A History of Oberlin College: From its Foundation Through the Civil War, Volume 1.Arno Press. p. 319
  25. ^Numbers, Ronald L. (2008).Prophetess of Health: A Study of Ellen G. White.William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 105.ISBN978-0-8028-0395-5
  26. ^Shprintzen, Adam D. (2013).The Vegetarian Crusade: The Rise of an American Reform Movement, 1817-1921.University of North Carolina Press. p. 37.ISBN978-1-4696-0891-4
  27. ^Iacobbo, Karen; Iacobbo, Michael. (2004).Vegetarian America: A History.Praeger Publishing. pp. 36-37.ISBN978-0275975197
  28. ^International Vegetarian Union – History of Vegetarianism – American Vegetarian Society
  29. ^Project Gutenberg Edition of The Young Woman's Guide
  30. ^"First published in 1833"
  31. ^Use of Tobacco: Physical, Intellectual, Moral Effects on Human System (1836), by Alcott, William A., M.D
  32. ^Old Sturbridge Village | Explore & Learn | OSV Documents - William Alcott’s First Day as a School Master
  33. ^Old Sturbridge Village | Explore & Learn | OSV Documents - The Ward Families and Their "Helps": Domestic Work, Workers, and Relationships on a New England Farm, 1787-1866
  34. ^Project Gutenberg Edition of The Young Mother: or, Management of Children in Regard to Health
  35. ^Electronic Text of William A Alcott's "The Adventures Of Lot"
  36. ^Elijah the Tishbite - Alcott, Wm A
  37. ^Stories of Eliot and the Indians
  38. ^Internet Archive text

Sources

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