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William Hood Simpson

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Not to be confused withWilliam Simpson (portrait artist).

William Hood Simpson
General William Hood Simpson in 1959.
Nickname(s)"Big Simp"[1]
Born(1888-05-18)18 May 1888
Weatherford, Texas,United States
Died15 August 1980(1980-08-15)(aged 92)
San Antonio,Texas, United States
Buried
Arlington National Cemetery,Virginia,United States
AllegianceUnited States
Service/branchUnited States Army
Years of service1909–1946
RankGeneral
Service numberO-2645
UnitInfantry Branch
Commands
Battles/wars
Awards

GeneralWilliam Hood Simpson(18 May 1888 – 15 August 1980) was a seniorUnited States Armyofficerwho served with distinction in bothWorld War IandWorld War II.He is best known for being thecommanding generalof theNinth United States Armyinnorthwest Europeduring World War II.

A graduate of theUnited States Military AcademyatWest Point, New York,where he was ranked 101st out of 103 in the class of 1909, Simpson served in the Philippines, where he participated in suppression of theMoro Rebellion,and in Mexico with thePancho Villa Expeditionin 1916. DuringWorld War Ihe saw active service in theMeuse-Argonne Offensiveon theWestern Fronton the staff of the33rd Division,for which he was awarded theArmy Distinguished Service MedalandSilver Citation Star.Between the wars he served on staff postings, attended theCommand and General Staff Collegeand theArmy War College,and commanded the 3rd Battalion,12th Infantry Regiment.

During World War II he commanded the9th Infantry Regimentand was the assistant division commander of the2nd Infantry Division.In succession he commanded the35thand the30th Infantry Divisions,theXII Corps,and theFourth Army.In May 1944, with thethree-star rankoflieutenant general,he assumed command of theNinth Army.Simpson led the Ninth Army in the assault onBrestin September 1944, and the advance to theRoer Riverin November. During theBattle of the Bulgein December, Simpson's Ninth Army came under command ofField MarshalBernard Montgomery's Anglo-Canadian21st Army Group.After the battle was over in early 1945, the Ninth Army remained with Montgomery's 21st Army Group forOperation Grenade,the advance to theRhine,andOperation Plunder,its crossing. On 1 April the Ninth Army made contact with the First Army, making a complete encirclement of theRuhr,and on 11 April, it reached theElbe.

After the war ended, Simpson commanded theSecond United States Army,and served in the Office of theChief of Staff.He retired from the army in 1946. In retirement, he lived and worked in theSan Antonio, Texas,area. He was a member of the board of directors of the Alamo National Bank, and succeeded GeneralWalter Kruegeras a member of the board of directors of the Chamber of Commerce of San Antonio. He died in theBrooke Army Medical Centeron 15 August 1980, and was buried inArlington National Cemetery.

Early life and military career

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William Hood Simpson was born on 18 May 1888, atWeatherford, Texas,the son of Edward J. Simpson, a rancher, and his wife ElizabethnéeHood, the daughter of Judge A. J. Hood, a prominent lawyer. His father and uncle had fought with theConfederate ArmyunderNathan Bedford Forrestin theAmerican Civil War.He lived in Weatherford until he was five or six years old, when the family moved to Hood's ranch nearAledo, Texas.He did not start school until he was eight years old, when he started riding a horse several miles each day to the local school in Aledo.[2][3]He attended Hughey Turner Training School, acollege-preparatory school,where he playedhigh school football,[4]but did not graduate.[5]

Simpson decided to pursue a military career and attend theUnited States Military Academy(USMA) atWest Point, New York.[6]He was friends withFritz G. Lanham,the son ofSamuel Lanham,theGovernor of Texas(and a former law partner of Judge Hood). Through Lanham he was able to secure an appointment from his localCongressman,Oscar W. Gillespie.Competition was not fierce; only one other boy applied. As Simpson's academic credits were insufficient to qualify for automatic admission, Simpson had to sit anentrance examinationatFort Sam Houstonin May 1905. A physical examination was conducted while he was there. He passed both, and was accepted into the class of 1909.[3][7]

On 14 June 1905, a month after he turned 17, Simpson entered West Point.[8]He found the curriculum difficult, and by the end of his first year, he stood 116th in a class that now numbered 120; 29 members of the class had dropped out.[9]He was poor at mathematics, but excelled atequitation,and by the end of his second year his standing had risen to 107th out of 108, then to 100th out of 107 by the end of his third.[10]When eight cadets, two of whom were from the class of 1909, were found guilty ofhazingand suspended,[11]it fell to Simpson, as a cadet captain, to escort them from the academy grounds.[12]Simpson graduated on 11 June 1909, ranked 101st out of 103 in his class, and wascommissionedas asecond lieutenantofInfantry.[13]Fellow members of his class includedJacob L. Devers(39th),[14]George S. Patton(46th),[15][6]andRobert L. Eichelberger(68th),[16]all of whom eventually reachedfour-star rank,andJohn C. H. Lee(12th), andDelos C. Emmons(61st), who reachedthree-star rank.[17]

Early military career and World War I

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Simpson's first assignment was with the 2nd Battalion,6th Infantry Regiment,which was stationed atFort Lincoln,North Dakota.[3]Soon after he joined in the regiment on 11 September 1909, it received orders to deploy to the Philippines. He embarked fromSan Franciscoon 5 January 1910. He went to the island ofMindanaoin the Philippines and participated in suppression of theMoro Rebellion.He returned to the United States with his regiment, arriving at thePresidio of San Franciscoon 10 July 1912. The regiment moved toEl Paso, Texas,between 24 April and 1 May 1914. Promoted tofirst lieutenanton 1 July 1916, he commanded Companies C and K in thePancho Villa Expeditionin 1916. On 24 February 1917, he becameaide-de-camptoBrigadier GeneralGeorge Bell Jr.,the commander of the El Paso Military District.[3]

Simpson was promoted tocaptainon 15 May 1917, a month after theAmerican entry into World War I.He followed Bell on a tour of inspection of theBritishandFrenchforces on theWestern Frontin September and October 1917.[18]They then returned toCamp Logan, Texas,where the33rd Divisionwas activated, with Bell, now amajor general,as its first commander. The 33rd Division arrived in France in May 1918 and Simpson became its Assistant Chief of Staff (G-3), thestaffmember responsible foroperations.He was promoted tomajoron 7 June 1918, and attended theAmerican Expeditionary Forces(AEF) Army General Staff College from 15 June to 30 August. He returned to the 33rd Division as assistant to its G-2 (the staff member responsible forintelligence) on 1 September, then became assistant to its G-3 on 15 September. He became G-3 again on 4 October, and participated in theMeuse–Argonne offensive.He was promoted tolieutenant colonelon 5 November, and became the division'schief of staffon 17 November, soon afterWorld War I endedon11 November 1918.[13]For his services during the war he was awarded theArmy Distinguished Service MedalandSilver Citation Star,[6]and the FrenchCroix de guerreandLegion of Honourin the grade of Chevalier.[19]The citation for his Army DSM reads:

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, 9 July 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Lieutenant Colonel (Infantry) William Hood Simpson, United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I, as Assistant Chief of Staff, 33d Division, during the Meuse-Argonne offensive and later as Chief of Staff of this division.[20]

Between the wars

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Upon returning to the United States in May 1919, Simpson was posted to the6th DivisionatCamp Grant, Illinois,as its chief of staff from 15 June 1919, to 25 August 1920. He reverted to his substantive rank of captain on 30 June 1920, but was promoted to major again the following day. From 26 August to 30 December, he served as its assistant chief of staff (G-3). He served inWashington, D.C.,in the Office of the Chief of Infantry from 1 January 1921, to 1 August 1923.[19]InEl Paso, Texas,on Christmas Eve, 1921, he married Ruth Krakauer, an English-born widow whom he had first met while at West Point.[21][22][6]From 1 September 1923, to 28 May 1924, he was a student officer in the Advanced Course at theInfantry SchoolatFort Benning, Georgia.He then attended theUnited States Army Command and General Staff CollegeatFort Leavenworth, Kansas,from 15 August 1924, to 19 June 1925, when he was graduated as a distinguished graduate.[19][6]

On 1 July 1925, Simpson assumed command of the 3rd Battalion,12th Infantry Regiment,atCamp Meade, Maryland,and laterFort Washington, Maryland;his tour in command also included duty at theSesquicentennial ExpositioninPhiladelphiafrom May to November 1926. He then attended theUnited States Army War Collegefrom 15 August 1927, to 30 June 1928. Upon graduation, he was assigned to theWar DepartmentGeneral Staff in Washington, D.C.,[19]where he worked in the Latin American section of the G-2 branch.[23]On 20 June 1932, he became Professor of Military Science and Tactics atPomona CollegeinClaremont, California,and was promoted tolieutenant colonelagain from 1 October 1934.[24]This posting also included duty as the Army representative at theCalifornia Pacific International Expositionin 1935. He then became an instructor at the Army War College in the G-4 Division from 12 August 1936, to 24 June 1937, and was director of its G-2 Division until 25 August 1940, with the rank ofcolonelfrom 1 September 1938.[25][24]

World War II

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Simpson on the cover ofLIFEmagazine, 12 March 1945.

Early war

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On 30 August 1940, Simpson was appointed to command the9th Infantry RegimentatFort Sam Houston, Texas.He was promoted tobrigadier generalon 1 October 1940, and served as the Assistant Division Commander (ADC) of the2nd Infantry Divisionfrom 5 October 1940, to 4 April 1941, whenFred L. Walkersucceeded him. From April to September 1941 he was the first commander of the country's largestInfantry Replacement Training Center,Camp Wolters,located inMineral Wells, Texas.He received a promotion to temporarymajor generalon 29 September 1941, and commanded the35th Infantry Division,anArmy National Guardformation, atCamp Robinson, Arkansas,from 15 October 1941, to 5 April 1942,[26]for which he was awarded theLegion of Merit.[20]He then commanded the30th Infantry Division,another Army National Guard formation, atFort Jackson, South Carolina,untilLeland Hobbstook command. On 31 August 1942, he took command of the newly createdXII Corps.[26]

Simpson commanded theFourth United States Armyfrom 29 September 1943, to 8 May 1944, with thethree-star rankoflieutenant generalas of 13 October 1943.[26]Fourth Army was re-formed when the combined headquarters of theWestern Defense Commandand Fourth Army were separated. Acadrewas provided by the Western Defense Command, but all senior officers were approved or selected by Simpson. He brought his chief of staff, ColonelJames E. Moorewith him from XII Corps. Moore had previously served with him as chief of staff of the 35th and 30th Infantry Divisions. The Fourth Army headquarters was initially inSan Jose, California,and it functioned as a training army. In search of more office space, the headquarters was moved to thePresidio of Monterey, California,on 1 November, and then to Fort Sam Houston in January 1944, when it took over the training mission of theThird United States Army,which had moved overseas.[27]

Senior American commanders of the European theater of World War II. Seated, from left to right, are William H. Simpson,George S. Patton,Carl A. Spaatz,Dwight D. Eisenhower,Omar Bradley,Courtney Hodges,andLeonard T. Gerow;standing are (from left to right)Ralph F. Stearley,Hoyt Vandenberg,Walter Bedell Smith,Otto P. Weyland,andRichard E. Nugent.

Command of the Ninth United States Army

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More personnel arrived in early 1944, enabling the Fourth Army to be split into a training army (the Fourth) and a headquarters to be deployed overseas, the Eighth, which was activated on 5 May 1944. Simpson and most of his staff became part of the Eighth Army headquarters. An advance party of the headquarters flew to the UK on 11 May, and Simpson met with the commander of theEuropean Theater of Operations, United States Army,GeneralDwight D. Eisenhower,an Army War College classmate. At Eisenhower's request, Simpson's command was redesignated theNinth United States Armyto avoid confusion with theBritish Eighth Army.The main body of Ninth Army embarked for the UK on theocean linerRMSQueen Elizabethon 22 June.[28][29]Simpson observed the abortive start ofOperation Cobraon 24 July with Lieutenant GeneralsCourtney HodgesandLewis H. Brereton.They were forced to take shelter as errant American bombs dropped around them.[30]Lieutenant GeneralLesley J. McNairinvited Simpson to watch the repeat of the bombardment with him the following day, but Simpson elected to return to his headquarters in England. Once again bombs fell short, and McNair was killed.[31]

The Ninth Army headquarters moved to France, as it landed atUtah Beachon 29 and 30 August. It became active as part of Lieutenant GeneralOmar Bradley's12th Army Groupon 5 September, when the Ninth Army took over command of the US forces inBrittanyfrom Lieutenant GeneralGeorge S. Patton Jr.'s Third Army.[32]Simpson's first task was the capture ofBrest.To overcome strong natural and man-made defenses, Simpson chose to employ overwhelming firepower. There were sufficient artillery pieces in the area, but not sufficient ammunition, especially for the heavier pieces. Over a two-week period, 40,000 long tons (41,000 t) of artillery ammunition was brought forward from dumps in Normandy and the UK.[33]The battle commenced on 8 September, and after much hard fighting the city was liberated on 20 September 1944.[34]

Rhineland Campaign, 8 February – 5 March 1945

Simpson moved his headquarters toArlon,where it opened on 2 October, and two days later the Ninth Army relieved First Army in the southern portion of its line, taking over the center of the 12th Army Group's front in theArdennesbetween the First and Third Armies.[35]The stay at Arlon was brief; on 10 October, Simpson received word that Ninth Army was to take over the northern sector of the 12th Army Group's front adjoiningField MarshalBernard Montgomery's Anglo-Canadian21st Army Group.This was a consequence of Eisenhower's decision to reinforce that sector. The plan was for the Ninth Army to envelop the Ruhr industrial area to the north while First Army enveloped it to the south.[36][37]

Reflecting on the decision later, Bradley opined that the "uncommonly normal" Ninth Army staff collaborated with the 21st Army Group better than the more temperamental First Army staff did.[38]Ninth Army's attack on theSiegfried Linenorth ofAachencommenced on 16 November, heralded by artillery and aerial bombardment that included attacks by heavy bombers of theEighth Air ForceandRAF Bomber Command.[39]Progress was slow and costly. Simpson's offensive ended on 14 December, but on theRoer Riverrather than theRhine,due to the flooding threat posed by Roer dams upstream.[40]

TheUrft Dam(Urfttalsperre) held 161,000,000 cubic feet (4,550,000 m3) of water, and theRur Dam(Schwammenauel) held another 2.31×109cubic feet (65,500,000 m3). The Germans could demolish them to create a disastrous flood. Alternatively, through controlled demolition, they could release 7,100 cubic feet per second (202 m3/s). This would put the river into a flood condition that would cause it to rise by 3 feet (0.91 m), increase the speed of the current by 10 feet per second (3.0 m/s) and increase the width to 1,200 feet (370 m). This would preclude a crossing attempt for ten to twelve days.[41]

Simpson (right) with Field Marshal SirAlan Brooke,Field Marshal SirBernard MontgomeryandWinston Churchillamongdragons teethobstacles of theSiegfried LinenearAachenon 4 March 1945.

Eisenhower was anxious about accepting an army commander without operational experience in the war, but senior officers with such experience were few in May 1944. By 1 October, however, Eisenhower was sufficiently impressed by Simpson's performance to write to the Chief of Staff of the Army, GeneralGeorge C. Marshall,and recommend that Simpson's temporary rank of lieutenant general be made substantive.[42]According to Colonel Armistead D. Mead, Simpson's G-3 (Operations) officer:

General Simpson's genius lay in his charismatic manner, his command presence, his ability to listen, his unfailing use of his staff to check things out before making decisions, and his way of making all hands feel that they were important to him and to the army... I have never known a commander to make better use of his staff than General Simpson.[43]

During the crisis of theBattle of the Bulge,the Ninth Army came under Montgomery's command on 20 December. The Ninth Army took no part in the battle, but was stripped of eight divisions to reinforce the First Army, and took over part of its front. After the battle was over in early 1945, the Ninth Army remained with Montgomery's 21st Army Group for the final attack into Germany.[40][44]ForOperation Grenade,the crossing of the Roer, the Ninth Army was reinforced, its strength increased from five to twelve divisions.[45]The major obstacle to the advance was the river itself, as the dams were still in German hands.[41]

TheBritish Second ArmycommencedOperation Veritable,the northern part of apincer movementto clear the Rhineland, on 8 February 1945. Montgomery's plan was for Operation Grenade, scheduled to commence on 10 February 1945, to form the southern part of the pincer, but there was still no word of the capture of the Roer dams by the First Army. Montgomery left the decision of whether to delay Operation Grenade up to Simpson, but postponement would make the task of both the British troops already fighting more difficult, and increase the risk that the Germans would detect the Ninth Army's preparations. Simpson watched the river slowly rise, but could not be certain whether it was the result of German demolition or increased flow due to snow melt. Finally, he postponed the attack. His decision was the correct one; the waters continued to rise and the river level was up 5 feet (1.5 m) on 9 and 10 February.[46]

Simpson (left) crosses theRhinein anLCVPwith Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, Winston Churchill and Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke

Operation Grenade was finally launched on 23 February, even though the water level had not yet completely returned to normal.[47]The attack was successfully concluded on 5 March, with the Rhine reached.[48]Next cameOperation Plunder,the 21st Army Group's crossing of the Rhine; the Ninth Army's part was calledOperation Flashpoint.[49]The Rhine was crossed on 24 March 1945.[50]On 1 April, the Ninth Army made contact with First Army, making a complete encirclement of the Ruhr.[51]Three days later, the Ninth Army reverted to the control of Bradley's 12th Army Group.[52]On 11 April, the Ninth Army reached theElbe.[53]

On 10 March, Montgomery had written to Simpson:

I would like to tell you how very pleased I have been with everything the Ninth Army has done. The operations were planned and carried through with great skill and energy. It has fallen to my lot to be mixed up with a good deal of fighting since I took command of the Eighth Army before Alamein in 1942; and the experience I have gained enables me to judge pretty well the military calibre of Armies. I can truthfully say that the operations of the Ninth Army, since 23 February last, have been up to the best standards.[42]

Senior Allied commanders. Left to right: Lieutenant GeneralOmar Bradley,Air Chief MarshalSirArthur Tedder,GeneralDwight Eisenhowerand Field Marshal SirBernard Montgomeryand Simpson

AfterVictory in Europe Day,the Ninth Army participated in theoccupation of Germany.On 6 May, it took over the First Army's units, allowing the First Army headquarters to redeploy to thePacific.[54]Further regrouping followed, as most of the area covered was earmarked to be administered by the UK orSoviet Union.On 15 June, all units of the Ninth Army were handed over to theSeventh United States Army,and Ninth Army headquarters prepared to redeploy to China.[55]Simpson flew to China, where he met with Lieutenant GeneralAlbert C. Wedemeyer,the American commander there. Simpson was informed that he would become the Commanding General, Field Forces, and deputy theater commander. The end of the war in Asia came before this occurred.[56]In August 1945 the headquarters of the Ninth Army was redeployed toCamp Shanks,New York. In mid-September it was moved toFort Braggand inactivated on 10 October 1945.[57]

Eisenhower summarized his experience with Simpson as follows:

If Simpson ever made a mistake as an Army Commander, it never came to my attention. After the war I learned that he had for some years suffered from a serious stomach disorder, but I would never have suspected during hostilities. Alert, intelligent, and professionally capable, he was the type of leader that American soldiers deserve. In view of his brilliant service, it was unfortunate that shortly after the war ill-health forced his retirement before he was promoted to four-star grade, which he had so clearly earned.[58]

For his services as commander of the Ninth Army, Simpson was awarded theBronze Star Medaland a secondArmy Distinguished Service Medal.He also garnered foreign decorations that included being made aKnight Commander of the Order of the British Empireby the UK, a Grand Commander of theOrder of Orange-Nassauby the Netherlands, and a Grand Officer of theOrder of Leopoldwith palm by Belgium. He also received the Legion of Honor and theCroix de Guerre 1939–1945from France, the Soviet Union'sOrder of Kutuzov,and theCroix de Guerre 1940with palm from Belgium.[20][26]

Later life

[edit]
Headstone inArlington National Cemetery

After the war ended, Simpson commanded theMemphis, Tennessee-basedSecond United States Armyfrom 11 October to 14 November 1945. He then returned to Washington, D.C., working in the Office of theChief of Staffas a member of the Military Intelligence Board, and President of the War Department Reorganization Board from 15 November 1945, until 4 April 1946. He retired from the army with a physical disability on 30 November 1946.[26]On 4 August 1954, he was promoted to fullgeneralon the retired list by a specialAct of Congressthat advanced officers who had commanded armies or the equivalent to that rank.[59][60]

After retirement, Simpson lived and worked in theSan Antonio, Texas,area. He was a member of the board of directors of the Alamo National Bank, and succeeded GeneralWalter Kruegeras a member of the Board of Directors of the Chamber of Commerce of San Antonio. He was also chairman of the board of the Alamo chapter of theAssociation of the United States Army,and spearheaded a drive to raise $750,000 for the construction of the Santa Rosa Children's Hospital.[5][21]

His wife Ruth died in 1971, and soon thereafter, Simpson moved into theMenger Hotelin downtown San Antonio, where he was very popular with the staff. He suffered fromphlebitisandneuritis,and was generally confined to his room. In 1978, at the age of 90, he met Catherine Louise (Kay) Berman, a retired civil-service worker from a military family 33 years his junior, and the two were married on 9 April 1978. They moved out of the Menger Hotel and into a home they built inWindcrest, Texas.[21][61]

Simpson died in theBrooke Army Medical Centeron 15 August 1980,[22]and was buried alongside his first wife Ruth inArlington National CemeteryinVirginia.[62]

Military decorations

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Bronze oak leaf cluster
 Distinguished Service Medalwith one oak leaf cluster [20][19]
Silver Star [20][19]
Legion of Merit [20]
Bronze Star Medal [26]
Philippine Campaign Medal [19]
Mexican Service Medal [19]
Bronze star
Bronze star
 World War I Victory Medalwith twobattle clasps [19]
Army of Occupation of Germany Medal [63]
American Defense Service Medal [63]
American Campaign Medal [63]
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal [63]
Bronze star
Bronze star
Bronze star
Bronze star
 European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medalwith four bronzeservice stars [63]
World War II Victory Medal [19]
Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire(United Kingdom) [26]
Légion d'honneur(Knight) (France) [19]
Croix de guerre 1914–1918(France) [19]

Dates of rank

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Insignia Rank Component Date Reference
No insignia in 1909 Second lieutenant 6th Infantry Regiment 11 June 1909 [13]
First lieutenant 6th Infantry Regiment 1 July 1916 [13]
Captain Infantry 15 May 1917 [13]
Major National Army 7 June 1918 [13]
Lieutenant colonel National Army 5 November 1918 [13]
Captain(reverted) Infantry 30 June 1920 [13]
Major Infantry 1 July 1920 [19]
Lieutenant colonel Infantry 1 October 1934 [25]
Colonel Infantry 1 September 1938 [25]
Brigadier general Army of the United States 1 October 1940 [25]
Major general Army of the United States 29 September 1941 [26]
Lieutenant general Army of the United States 13 October 1943 [26]
Brigadier general Regular Army 1 February 1944 [26]
Major general Regular Army 11 April 1946 [26]
Lieutenant general Retired List 30 November 1946 [26]
General Retired List 4 August 1954 [64][60]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^English 2009,p. 137.
  2. ^Stone 1971,pp. 6–7.
  3. ^abcdBuerkle, Ruth C. (30 June 1976)."General William Hood Simpson, United States Army, Retired".Bexar County Historical Commission Oral History Program.Retrieved20 March2020.
  4. ^Bartoli & McClurkin 2012,p. 59.
  5. ^abBuerkle, Ruth C. (7 July 1976)."General William Hood Simpson, United States Army, Retired".Bexar County Historical Commission Oral History Program.Retrieved20 March2020.
  6. ^abcdeEnglish 2009,p. 139.
  7. ^Stone 1971,pp. 5–11.
  8. ^Stone 1971,p. 14.
  9. ^Stone 1971,p. 23.
  10. ^Stone 1971,pp. 26–29.
  11. ^"Cadets Dismissed from West Point".San Francisco Call.Vol. 104, no. 84. 23 August 1908.Retrieved21 March2020.
  12. ^Stone 1971,pp. 30–32.
  13. ^abcdefghCullum 1920,p. 1466.
  14. ^Cullum 1920,p. 1429.
  15. ^Cullum 1920,p. 1433.
  16. ^Cullum 1920,p. 1446.
  17. ^Cullum 1920,pp. 1412, 4442.
  18. ^English 2009.
  19. ^abcdefghijklmCullum 1930,pp. 862–863.
  20. ^abcdef"William Simpson – Recipient".Hall of Valor Project.Retrieved22 March2020.
  21. ^abc"William Hood Simpson".Assembly.40(4): 116–117. March 1982.Retrieved22 March2020.
  22. ^abHull, Michael D. (31 December 2018)."The U.S. Ninth Army's Breakout: Crossing the Roer and the Rhine".Warfare History Network.Retrieved23 March2020.
  23. ^English 2009,pp. 139–140.
  24. ^abEnglish 2009,p. 140.
  25. ^abcdCullum 1940,p. 225.
  26. ^abcdefghijklCullum 1950,p. 138.
  27. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,pp. 15–17.
  28. ^Stone 1974,pp. 1–2.
  29. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,pp. 15–18.
  30. ^Stone 1974,pp. 22–24.
  31. ^Stone 1974,pp. 26–27.
  32. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,pp. 20–21.
  33. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,pp. 27–28.
  34. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,pp. 30–35.
  35. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,pp. 55–56.
  36. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,pp. 65–66.
  37. ^Stone 1974,pp. 103–104, 112–113.
  38. ^Bradley 1951,p. 422.
  39. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,p. 86.
  40. ^abStone 1974,pp. 126–128.
  41. ^abParker & Thompson 1947,pp. 133–134.
  42. ^abStone 1981,p. 50.
  43. ^Stone 1981,p. 47.
  44. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,pp. 117–118.
  45. ^Stone 1974,p. 134.
  46. ^Stone 1974,pp. 158–163.
  47. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,p. 166.
  48. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,p. 191.
  49. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,p. 210.
  50. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,p. 243.
  51. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,p. 269.
  52. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,p. 274.
  53. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,p. 298.
  54. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,p. 332.
  55. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,pp. 358–361.
  56. ^Calhoun, Mark T. (21 July 2023)."General William H. Simpson and the Endgame in China".The National WWII Museum - New Orleans.Retrieved21 August2024.
  57. ^Parker & Thompson 1947,pp. 363–364.
  58. ^Eisenhower 1997,p. 376.
  59. ^"Front and Center".The Army Combat Forces Journal.5(2): 3. September 1954.ISSN0271-7336.Retrieved30 March2020.
  60. ^abPub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States)83–508
  61. ^Williams 2000,pp. 172–175.
  62. ^"William H. Simpson".Arlington National Cemetery.Retrieved29 March2020.
  63. ^abcde"General William Hood Simpson".The Portal to Texas History. 1959.
  64. ^Young 1959,p. 328.

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toWilliam Hood Simpson.
Military offices
Preceded by Commanding General 35th Infantry Division
1941–1942 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Commanding General 30th Infantry Division
May–July 1942 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Newly activated post
 Commanding General XII Corps
1942–1943 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Commanding General Fourth United States Army
1943–1944 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Newly activated post
 Commanding General Ninth United States Army
1944–1945 		Succeeded by
Post deactivated
Preceded by Commanding General Second Army
1945–1946 		Succeeded by
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Cover of Time Magazine
19 February 1945 		Succeeded by
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