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Bill Kristol

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Not to be confused withBilly Crystal.

Bill Kristol
Kristol in 2011
Chief of Staff to the Vice President
In office
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
Vice PresidentDan Quayle
Preceded byCraig Fuller
Succeeded byRoy Neel
Personal details
Born
William Kristol

(1952-12-23)December 23, 1952(age 71)
New York City,New York,U.S.
Political partyDemocratic(before 1980; 2020–present)[1]
Other political
affiliations		Republican(1980–2020)
Spouse
Susan Scheinberg
​
(m.1975)​
Children3
Parents
RelativesMatthew Continetti(son-in-law)
EducationHarvard University(BA,PhD)

William Kristol(/ˈkrɪstəl/;born December 23, 1952) is an Americanneoconservativewriter.[2]A frequent commentator on several networks including CNN, he was the founder and editor-at-large[3]of the political magazineThe Weekly Standard.Kristol is now editor-at-large of the center-right publicationThe Bulwarkand has been the host of Conversations with Bill Kristol, an interview web program, since 2014.[4][5]

Kristol played a leading role in the defeat of theClinton health care plan of 1993,[6]and for advocating the2003 invasion of Iraq.[7][8]He has been associated with a number of conservativethink tanks.He was chairman of the New Citizenship Project from 1997 to 2005. In 1997, he co-founded theProject for the New American Century(PNAC) withRobert Kagan.He is a member of the board of trustees for the free-marketManhattan Institute for Policy Research,a member of the Policy Advisory Board for theEthics and Public Policy Center,and a director of theForeign Policy Initiative.He is also one of the three board members ofKeep America Safe,a national-security think tank co-founded byLiz CheneyandDebra Burlingame,and serves on the boards of theEmergency Committee for Israeland of theSusan B. Anthony List(as of 2010).[9]

Kristol is a critic of former presidentDonald Trump,[10]a supporter of theNever Trump movement,and a founder and director of Defending Democracy Together, an advocacy organization responsible for such projects asRepublicans for the Rule of Lawand theRepublican Accountability Project.

Early life and education

[edit]

William Kristol was born on December 23, 1952, in New York City into aJewishfamily, the son ofIrving KristolandGertrude Himmelfarb.Irving Kristol was an editor and publisher who served as the managing editor ofCommentarymagazine, founded the magazineThe Public Interest,and was described byJonah Goldbergas the "godfather of neoconservatism."[11]Gertrude Himmelfarb was a prominent conservative historian, especially ofintellectual historyin the U.S. and Great Britain.

Kristol attendedCollegiate School for BoysinManhattan.He received a bachelor's degree atHarvard Universityand also a Ph.D. inpolitical sciencein 1979.[12][13]

Career

[edit]
Kristol withPresidentRichard Nixonin 1970
Kristol withVice PresidentDan Quaylein 1989

In the summer of 1970, Kristol was an intern at theWhite House.[14]In 1976, Kristol worked forDaniel Patrick Moynihan's United States Senate campaign, serving as deputy issues director during the Democratic primary. In 1988, he was the campaign manager forAlan Keyes's unsuccessfulMarylandSenatorial campaign againstPaul Sarbanes.

After teachingpolitical philosophyand U.S. politics at theUniversity of Pennsylvaniaand Harvard'sKennedy School of Government,Kristol went to work in government in 1985, serving as chief of staff toUnited States secretary of educationWilliam Bennettduring theReagan administration,and later, aschief of staff to the vice presidentunderDan Quaylein theGeorge H. W. Bush administration.The New Republicdubbed Kristol "Dan Quayle's brain" when he was appointed the vice president's chief of staff.

He served as chairman of the Project for the Republican Future from 1993 to 1994, and as the director of the Bradley Project at theBradley Foundationin Milwaukee in 1993. In 1993, he led conservative opposition to theClinton health care plan of 1993.

In 2003, Kristol andLawrence F. KaplanwroteThe War Over Iraq: America's Mission and Saddam's Tyranny,in which the authors analyzed theBush Doctrineand the history of Iraqi-U.S. relations. In the book, Kristol and Kaplan provided support and justifications for the2003 invasion of Iraq.[15]

He also served as a foreign policy advisor for SenatorJohn McCain'spresidential campaign.[16]

Media commentator

[edit]

After theRepublican sweep of both houses of Congress in 1994,Kristol established, along withJohn Podhoretz,the conservative news magazineThe Weekly Standard.Rupert Murdoch,chairman and managing director ofNews Corp.,financed its creation.

Beginning in 1996, Kristol was a panelist on theABCSunday news programThis Week.Following declining ratings, his contract was not renewed three years later.[17]

Kristol was a columnist forTimein 2007.[18]The following year, he joinedThe New York Timesas a columnist. Several days after he did so,Timespublic editorClark Hoytcalled his hiring "a mistake," due to Kristol's assertion in 2006 that theTimesshould potentially be prosecuted for having revealed information about theTerrorist Finance Tracking Program.[19]Kristol wrote a weekly opinion column forThe New York Timesfrom January 7, 2008,[20]to January 26, 2009.

For ten years, Kristol was a regular panelist onFox News Sundayand often contributed to the nightly programSpecial Report with Bret Baier.In 2013, his contract withFox Newsexpired, and he became a much sought after commentator on several networks.[21]It was announced onThis WeekwithGeorge Stephanopouloson February 2, 2014, that Kristol would be a contributor forABC Newsand to that program.[22]

Podcast

[edit]

Since the summer of 2014, Kristol has also hosted an online interview program,Conversations with Bill Kristol,featuring guests from academic and public life.[5]

Conversations with Bill Kristolis an American interview program hosted by political analyst and commentator Bill Kristol. The series features in-depth discussions with leading figures in public life, and spans topics from politics and political philosophy to history, foreign policy, economics, and culture. The show aims to foster substantive and thoughtful discourse on pivotal issues facing the nation.[23][24][25][26]

The series debuted in 2014. It is programming of the Foundation for Constitutional Government, a nonprofit organization devoted to promoting the study of politics and political philosophy. Bill Kristol, the host, has long been recognized as a leading participant in and analyst of American politics. He was a founder of The Weekly Standard and is a founding director of Defending Democracy Together. Kristol has been a significant voice in American politics for decades.[23][27][28][29]

Each episode of Conversations with Bill Kristol features an interview. The program is longform, often more than an hour, which allows guests to share expertise and experiences, and to participate in thoughtful, reflective dialogue.[30]

The series has hosted a diverse roster of guests, from scholars and journalists to political strategists and public intellectuals. Notable regular guests including Garry Kasparov, Anne Applebaum, Harvey Mansfield, and Larry Summers have been featured to provide insights into their respective fields and to share their perspectives on a range issues.[23][30][31]

The program is produced by Bill Kristol and Andy Zwick. Episodes are released biweekly.[23]

Political views

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Kristol was key to the defeat of the Clinton health care plan of 1993. In the first of what would become many strategy memos written for Republican policymakers, Kristol said the party should "kill," not amend, President Clinton's health care plan. A later memorandum used the phrase "There is no health care crisis," which Senate Minority LeaderBob Doleused in his response to Clinton's 1994State of the Unionaddress.

Kristol was a leading proponent of theIraq War.In 1998, he joined other foreign policy analysts in sending a letter to President Clinton urging a stronger posture against Iraq.[32][33]Kristol argued thatSaddam Husseinposed a grave threat to the United States and its allies: "The only acceptable strategy is one that eliminates the possibility that Iraq will be able to use or threaten to use weapons of mass destruction. In the near term, this means a willingness to undertake military action as diplomacy is clearly failing. In the long term, it means removing Saddam Hussein and his regime from power. That now needs to become the aim of American foreign policy."[34]In 1998 he andRobert Kaganwrote a New York Times piece where they said "bombing Iraq isn't enough" and called on Clinton to invade the country.[35]

In the2000 presidential election,Kristol supported John McCain. Answering a question from aPBSreporter about theRepublican primaries,he said, "No. I had nothing against Governor Bush. I was inclined to prefer McCain. The reason I was inclined to prefer McCain was his leadership on foreign policy."[36]

After theBush administrationdeveloped its response to theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks,Kristol said: "We've just been present at a very unusual moment, the creation of a new American foreign policy."[36]Kristol ardently supported the Bush administration's decision to go to war with Iraq. In 2003, he and Lawrence Kaplan wroteThe War Over Iraq,in which he described reasons for removing Saddam. Kristol rejected comparisons toVietnamand predicted a "two-month war, not an eight-year war" during a March 28C-SPANappearance.[37]

As the military situation inIraqbegan to deteriorate in 2004, Kristol argued for an increase in the number of U.S. troops in Iraq. He also wrote an op-ed strongly criticizing United States secretary of defenseDonald Rumsfeld,saying he "breezily dodged responsibility" for planning mistakes made in the Iraq War, including insufficient troop levels.[38]In September 2006, he and fellow commentatorRich Lowrywrote, "There is no mystery as to what can make the crucial difference in the battle of Baghdad: American troops."[39]

This was one of the early calls for what became theIraq War troop surge of 2007four months later. In December 2008, Kristol wrote that the surge was "opposed at the time by the huge majority of foreign policy experts, pundits, and pontificators," but that "most of them – and the man most of them are happy won the election,Barack Obama– now acknowledge the surge's success. "[40]

U.S. Secretary of StateJohn Kerrywith Kristol and former DNC ChairmanHoward Deanbefore appearing onMSNBC's "Morning Joe" on September 22, 2014

Kristol was one of many conservatives to publicly oppose Bush's secondU.S. Supreme Courtnominee,Harriet Miers."I'm disappointed, depressed, and demoralized," he said of Miers. "It is very hard to avoid the conclusion that President Bush flinched from a fight on constitutional philosophy. Miers is undoubtedly a decent and competent person. But her selection will unavoidably be judged as reflecting a combination ofcronyismand capitulation on the part of the president. "

He was a vocal supporter of the2006 Lebanon War,stating that the war is "our war too," referring to theUnited States.[41]

Kristol was an ardent promoter ofSarah Palin,advocating for her selection as the running mate ofJohn McCainin the2008 United States presidential electionmonths before McCain chose her.[42][43]However, he later recanted his support for her, saying: "I'm perfectly willing to say that given what I now know about her, she would not have been a good vice president."[44][45]

In response toIran's nuclear program, Kristol has supported strongsanctions.In June 2006, at the height of the Lebanon War, he suggested: "We might consider countering this act of Iranian aggression with a military strike against Iranian nuclear facilities. Why wait?"[46]

In 2010, Kristol criticized the Obama administration and Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman AdmiralMike Mullenfor an unserious approach to Iran. He wrote: "The real question is what form of instability would be more dangerous – that caused by this Iranian government with nuclear weapons, or that caused by attacking this government's nuclear weapons program. It's time to have a serious debate about the choice between these two kinds of destabilization, instead of just refusing to confront the choice."[47]

In the 2010 affair surrounding thedisclosure of U.S. diplomatic cables,Kristol spoke strongly against the organization and suggested using "our various assets to harass, snatch, or neutralizeJulian Assangeand his collaborators, wherever they are. "[48]In March 2011, he wrote an editorial inThe Weekly Standardarguing that the United States' military interventions in Muslim countries (including theGulf War,theKosovo War,theWar in Afghanistan,and theIraq War) should not be classified as "invasions," but rather as "liberations."[49][50]Kristol backed PresidentBarack Obama's decision to intervene in theLibyan Civil Warin 2011 and urged fellow conservatives to support the action.[51][52][53]

Opposition to Donald Trump

[edit]
Further information:List of Republicans who opposed the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign
Orating,ASU,March 2017

Kristol vehemently opposed the nomination ofDonald Trumpas the Republican candidate for president in 2016. He has continued to express animosity towards Trump's domestic and foreign policy aims, and dismay at conservative Republicans who have accommodated themselves to theTrump administration.[54]

In January 2019, Kristol criticized President Trump's planned withdrawal ofU.S. troops from Syriaandfrom Afghanistan.[55]On December 21, Kristol and a group calling itselfRepublicans for the Rule of Lawreleased an ad encouraging viewers to call their Senators to demand top Trump officials be forced to testify in hisimpeachment trial.[56]

In March 2020, Kristol endorsed former U.S. vice presidentJoe Bidenfor President of the United States.[57]Kristol is founding director ofRepublican Voters Against Trump,a project ofDefending Democracy Together,launched in May 2020.[58]On October 15, Kristol voted for the Democratic ticket. He stated "Just filled out my early absentee ballot in VA for Joe Biden &Kamala Harris,Mark Warner,andJennifer Wexton.No regrets at all about this. "[59]

Kristol did an interview withJewish Insiderin 2021 where he said that he identifies as more of a former Republican.[60]

Defending Democracy Togetherspent hundreds of thousands of dollars in January 2024 to supportNikki Haleyand run advertisements againstDonald Trumpin the 2024 Republican presidential primary, theWashington Examinerreported.[61]After Kamala Harris replaced Joe Biden as the Democratic nominee for U.S. President, Kristol endorsed her on The Bulwark.

Personal life

[edit]

Since 1975, Kristol has been married to Susan Scheinberg, whom he met while they were both students at Harvard. Scheinberg holds aPh.D.inclassics.The couple has three children.[62]Their daughter, Anne, is married to writerMatthew Continetti,editor-in-chief ofThe Washington Free Beaconwebsite. Their son, Joseph, served in theU.S. Marine Corpsin Afghanistan and worked for themanagement consultingcompanyMcKinsey & Companybefore taking a job aslegislative directorfor SenatorTom Cottonin 2018.[63][64]Kristol lives inMcLean, Virginia.[65]

Published works

[edit]
  • The Weekly Standard: A Reader: 1995–2005(Harper Perennial, 2006).ISBN0-06-088285-9
  • War Over Iraq: Saddam's Tyranny And America's Mission(Co-authorLawrence F. Kaplan) (Encounter Books,2003).ISBN1-893554-69-4
  • Bush v. Gore: The Court Cases and the Commentary(Co-editorE. J. Dionne) (Brookings Institution Press,2001).ISBN0-8157-0107-1
  • Homosexuality and American Public Life(Introduction by Kristol, Editor Christopher Wolfe) (Spence Publishing Company, 1999).ISBN978-1-890626-23-5

References

[edit]
  1. ^@BillKristol (January 14, 2024)."I'm an ex-Republican. But if I were an Iowan, I'd be crossing back over to vote for Haley Monday"(Tweet) – viaTwitter.[better source needed]
  2. ^*Bai, Matt(March 1, 2018)."In exile with Bill Kristol, the Republican resister-in-chief".Yahoo News.Archivedfrom the original on August 27, 2021.RetrievedMarch 3,2018.
  3. ^"A Note From Bill Kristol".Weekly Standard.December 12, 2016.Archivedfrom the original on June 29, 2018.RetrievedDecember 13,2016.
  4. ^"The Bulwark Masthead".The Bulwark.Archivedfrom the original on November 7, 2021.RetrievedJuly 27,2020.
  5. ^ab"Join the Conversation".conversationswithbillkristol.org.The Foundation for Constitutional Government Inc. 2016.Archivedfrom the original on November 8, 2016.RetrievedNovember 8,2016.
  6. ^Edsall, Thomas B. (January 18, 2007)."Happy Hours".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on July 23, 2009.RetrievedApril 30,2010.
  7. ^Kristol, Bill; Kagan, Robert (January 21, 2002)."What to Do About Iraq".Archivedfrom the original on May 7, 2019.RetrievedMay 7,2019.
  8. ^Kristol, Bill (May 20, 2015)."William Kristol: We were right to fight in Iraq".USA Today.Archivedfrom the original on May 7, 2019.RetrievedMay 6,2019.We were right to invade Iraq in 2003 to remove Saddam Hussein...
  9. ^"True North"(PDF).Susan B. Anthony List. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on June 16, 2013.RetrievedMarch 19,2013.
  10. ^"Political commentator William Kristol talks Donald Trump on American Forum".Archivedfrom the original on November 10, 2021.RetrievedApril 9,2017.
  11. ^Goldberg, Jonah (May 20, 2003)."The Neoconservative Invention".National Review.Archivedfrom the original on December 19, 2020.RetrievedJuly 7,2009.
  12. ^"William Kristol CV"(PDF).November 20, 2022.Archived(PDF)from the original on November 20, 2022.RetrievedNovember 20,2022.
  13. ^"Lectures at the Jefferson Educational Society".Archivedfrom the original on November 19, 2022.RetrievedNovember 19,2022.
  14. ^"Gang of Five".Archivedfrom the original on November 10, 2021.RetrievedOctober 11,2021.
  15. ^Kaplan, Lawrence F.;Kristol, William (2003).The War Over Iraq: America's Mission and Saddam's Tyranny.Encounter Books.ISBN978-1893554696.
  16. ^Strobel, William (February 8, 2008)."What would President McCain's foreign policy be?".mcclatchydc.McClatchy Washington Bureau. Archived fromthe originalon February 10, 2008.RetrievedFebruary 10,2008.
  17. ^Kurtz, Howard(December 23, 1999)."Bill Kristol Dumped in 'This Week' Makeover".The Washington Post.p. C01.Archivedfrom the original on March 5, 2016.RetrievedNovember 8,2016.
  18. ^Koblin, John (December 18, 2007)."Kristol, Krauthammer Are Out of Time".The New York Observer.Archivedfrom the original on July 15, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 16,2008.
  19. ^Hoyt, Clark(January 13, 2008)."He May Be Unwelcome, but We'll Survive".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on September 10, 2021.RetrievedNovember 8,2016.
  20. ^Kristol, William (December 28, 2007)."The Times Adds an Op-Ed Columnist".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on May 6, 2021.RetrievedDecember 31,2007.
  21. ^Byers, Dylan(November 1, 2013)."Why Bill Kristol left Fox News".Politico.Archived fromthe originalon November 10, 2013.
  22. ^"'This Week' Welcome: Kristol and Navarro ".ABC News.February 2, 2014.Archivedfrom the original on November 10, 2021.RetrievedFebruary 3,2014.
  23. ^abcd"About Conversations with Bill Kristol".Conversations with Bill Kristol.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  24. ^"Conversations with Bill Kristol".Hertog Foundation.RetrievedOctober 12,2023.
  25. ^"Bill Kristol - Jack Miller Center".Jack Miller Center -.March 7, 2019.RetrievedOctober 12,2023.
  26. ^"Discussing China, Russia, and geopolitics: Friedberg on 'Conversations with Bill Kristol'".American Enterprise Institute - AEI.RetrievedOctober 12,2023.
  27. ^"The Foundation For Constitutional Government".RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  28. ^Schwartz, Jason (December 14, 2018)."The Weekly Standard, conservative outlet that criticized Trump, to shut down".POLITICO.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  29. ^Bulwark, The."About - The Bulwark".plus.thebulwark.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  30. ^ab"Summaries".Conversations with Bill Kristol.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  31. ^"About the Program on Constitutional Government".pcg.gov.harvard.edu.RetrievedOctober 3,2023.
  32. ^"Overthrow Hussein, U.S. group advises".CNN.February 20, 1998.Archivedfrom the original on November 10, 2021.RetrievedMarch 23,2015.
  33. ^Hoff, Joan (2007).A Faustian Foreign Policy from Woodrow Wilson to George W. Bush.Cambridge University Press.ISBN978-1139468596.Archivedfrom the original on January 19, 2023.RetrievedSeptember 18,2017.
  34. ^"Open Letter to the President".Center for Security Policy.February 24, 1998.Archivedfrom the original on April 7, 2014.RetrievedMarch 23,2015.
  35. ^Kristol, William; Kagan, Robert (January 30, 1998)."Opinion | Bombing Iraq Isn't Enough".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on September 7, 2017.RetrievedJanuary 2,2023.
  36. ^ab"frontline: the war behind closed doors: interviews: william kristol".PBS.Archivedfrom the original on April 13, 2003.RetrievedSeptember 13,2010.
  37. ^"The Rachel Maddow Show' for Monday, January 7th, 2013".The Rachel Maddow Show.NBC News.January 7, 2013.Archivedfrom the original on February 2, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 30,2014.
  38. ^The Defense Secretary We HaveArchivedSeptember 15, 2021, at theWayback Machine,William Kristol, December 15, 2004
  39. ^Kristol, William; Lowry, Rich (September 12, 2006)."Reinforce Baghdad".The Washington Post.Archivedfrom the original on March 30, 2021.RetrievedSeptember 18,2017.
  40. ^Popularity Isn't EverythingArchivedApril 14, 2021, at theWayback Machine,William Kristol,The New York Times,December 22, 2008
  41. ^Kristol, William (July 16, 2006)."Why Bush should go to Tel Aviv – and confront Iran".Financial Times.RetrievedApril 6,2023.
  42. ^Mayer, Jane(October 27, 2008)."The Insiders: How John McCain came to pick Sarah Palin".The New Yorker.Archivedfrom the original on December 24, 2008.RetrievedJune 21,2009.
  43. ^Horton, Scott (October 15, 2008)."Salon Radio: Scott Horton"(Transcript and link to Audio). Interviewed byGlenn Greenwald.Archived fromthe originalon January 13, 2009.RetrievedJune 21,2009.
  44. ^Reed, Elspeth (Aug 20, 2013).Bill Kristol Doesn't Want Any More Credit for Sarah Palin's CareerArchivedApril 13, 2021, at theWayback Machine.The Atlantic Monthly.
  45. ^Chotiner, Isaac (December 22, 2017).Was Palin the Harbinger of Trump?ArchivedOctober 22, 2018, at theWayback MachineSlate.
  46. ^Kristol, William (July 24, 2006)."It's Our War, Bush should go to Jerusalem--and the U.S. should confront Iran".The Weekly Standard.Archivedfrom the original on April 14, 2021.RetrievedDecember 14,2006.
  47. ^"Mullen's Myth of Geostrategic Equivalence".The Weekly Standard. April 19, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on September 17, 2015.RetrievedSeptember 13,2010.
  48. ^"Whack WikiLeaks".The Weekly Standard.November 30, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on October 15, 2015.RetrievedDecember 8,2010.
  49. ^Kristol, William (March 28, 2011)."The Party of Freedom".The Weekly Standard.Archivedfrom the original on September 8, 2015.RetrievedMarch 29,2011.
  50. ^Chait, Jonathan(March 21, 2011)."Bill Kristol And Neocon Newspeak".New Republic.Archivedfrom the original on March 24, 2011.RetrievedMarch 29,2011.
  51. ^Kristol, William (April 4, 2011)."Give War a Chance".The Weekly Standard.Archivedfrom the original on September 10, 2015.RetrievedMarch 31,2011.
  52. ^Kristol, William (March 30, 2011)."Barack H. Reagan".The Weekly Standard.Archivedfrom the original on September 6, 2015.RetrievedMarch 31,2011.
  53. ^Kristol, William (April 11, 2011)."The Arabs' Spring – and Ours".TheWeekly Standard.Archivedfrom the original on September 18, 2015.RetrievedApril 3,2011.
  54. ^Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (February 2, 2018)."Bill Kristol Wanders the Wilderness of Trump World".The New Yorker.Archivedfrom the original on May 7, 2021.RetrievedMay 4,2018.
  55. ^"Are Democrats Hypocrites for Criticizing Trump's Troop Withdrawals?".Slate.December 21, 2018.Archivedfrom the original on November 1, 2019.RetrievedJanuary 14,2019.
  56. ^Mary Papenfuss (December 21, 2019),"Witnesses 'Must Testify' At Impeachment Trial, Declares GOP Group. 'Call Your Senators.'",HuffPost,archivedfrom the original on November 28, 2020,retrievedMarch 1,2020
  57. ^Krawczyk, Kathryn (March 2, 2020)."Bill Kristol Declares Joe Biden 'The Simple Answer' for Beating Trump".The Week.Archivedfrom the original on October 4, 2020.RetrievedAugust 23,2020.
  58. ^"About Us".Archivedfrom the original on February 2, 2021.RetrievedAugust 29,2020.
  59. ^""Just filled out my early absentee ballot in VA for Joe Biden & Kamala Harris, Mark Warner, and Jennifer Wexton. No regrets at all about this."".Twitter.October 15, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on September 24, 2021.RetrievedApril 6,2021.
  60. ^Gabby Deutch (September 13, 2021),"Bill Kristol's evolution",JewishInsider,archivedfrom the original on October 29, 2021,retrievedOctober 19,2021
  61. ^Kaminsky, Gabe (January 22, 2024)."Nikki Haley receives New Hampshire boost from Bill Kristol's liberal dark money-funded group".Washington Examiner.RetrievedJanuary 27,2024.
  62. ^"Gang of Five".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on November 10, 2021.RetrievedJanuary 30,2014.
  63. ^Clifton, Eli (January 25, 2018)."Tom Cotton Appointed" Never Trump "Bill Kristol's Son Legislative Director".lobelog.Archivedfrom the original on September 11, 2021.RetrievedJuly 14,2018.
  64. ^Delia Pais and Joseph KristolArchivedSeptember 11, 2021, at theWayback MachineFebruary 16, 2014, New York Times
  65. ^"Mike Murphy on the Trump Administration, the Midterms, and 2020".Conversations with Bill Kristol.The Foundation for Constitutional Government, Inc. February 2018.Archivedfrom the original on February 12, 2018.RetrievedFebruary 11,2018.

Sources

[edit]
  • Johnson, Haynes and Broder, David.The System: the American way of politics at the breaking point.Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1996.
  • Current Biography Yearbook,1997.
  • Nina Easton,Gang of Five,Simon & Schuster, 2002.
[edit]
Political offices
Preceded by Chief of Staff to the Vice President
1989–1993 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Kristol&oldid=1242740837"