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Wing Chun

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromWing chun)
For other uses, seeWing Chun (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withWeng Chun.
Wing Chun
Ip ManandBruce Leepracticing "Song li tay"(Seung Chi Sau), meaning" double sticky hands "
Also known asVing Tsun, Wing Tsun, Wing Tsung, Yong Chun, Weng Chun, Wyng Tjun, Ving Tjun, Wing Tzun, Wing Tschun
FocusStriking,grappling,trapping
Country of originFoshan,China
CreatorShaolin Monastery,Red Boat Opera Company.[1][2][page needed]
For further information, seeBranches of Wing Chun
Famous practitioners(seenotable practitioners)
ParenthoodShaolin Kung Fu/Nanquan[2][page needed]
Descendant artsJeet Kune Do,[3]German Jujutsu[a][4]
Wing Chun
Traditional ChineseVịnh xuân
Simplified ChineseVịnh xuân
Literal meaning"singing spring"[5][6]
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYǒngchūn
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingWing6 ceon1

Wing Chun(Cantonese) or Yongchun (Mandarin) (Chinese:Vịnh xuânorVịnh xuân,lit. "singing spring" )[7]is a concept-based martial art, a form ofSouthern Chinese kung fu,and a close-quarters system ofself-defense.It is a martial arts style characterized by its focus on close-quarters hand-to-hand combat, rapid-fire punches, and straightforward efficiency. It has a philosophy that emphasizes capturing and sticking to an opponent's centerline. This is accomplished using simultaneous attack and defense, tactile sensitivity, and using an opponent's force against them.

Wing Chun has various spellings in the West, but "Wing Chun" is the most common.[8][full citation needed][9][additional citation(s) needed]The origins of Wing Chun are uncertain, but it is generally attributed to the development of Southern Chinese martial arts. There are at least eight distinct lineages, of which theIp ManandYuen Kay-shanlineages are the most prolific.

The martial art was brought to Hong Kong and then the rest of the world by Ip Man, withBruce Leebeing his most famous student. The Ving Tsun Athletic Association, founded in 1967 by Ip Man and his students, helped spread Wing Chun globally. Traditionally taught within a family system, modern Wing Chun lessons have taken on a more academic and commercial character.

Wing Chun gained popularity in the 2010s due to theIp Manfilm seriesstarringDonnie Yenand has been featured in video games likeTekken 7.Notable practitioners include Bruce Lee, Donnie Yen, Samuel Kwok, and Carlos Deleon.

Etymology

[edit]

In Chinese, this martial art is referred to asVịnh Xuân Quyền(simplified script) orVịnh Xuân Quyền(traditional script). Though it is written in an almost identical way in traditional and simplified, it is not pronounced and transcribed in the same way according to the regions and their dialects:Yǒngchūn quáninMandarin pinyin,Wing-Chun keeninCantoneseWade-Giles.It is made up of 2 terms:Quyền(quan/kuen) which means "fist, bo xing" and the termVịnh xuân(wing-chun, in Cantonese) meaning "singing spring". The full name is thus translated as "singing spring bo xing".[5][6]

In its short designation, the martial art is simply designated by these two sinograms:

  • the sinogramVịnhyǒng/wing: "to sing, to sing..."
  • the sinogramXuânchūn/chun: "spring, vitality..."

This martial art is sometimes referred to byVĩnh xuân,characters different fromVịnh xuân,but pronounced and transcribed in the same way: They are literally translated as "eternal spring", the characterVĩnhmeaning "eternal, endless". These characters also designate the Yongchun region near the city of Quanzhou (Fu gian ).

If the use ofVịnh xuânseems privileged today for Wing Chun styles,Vĩnh xuânstill appears in the name of other Southern Chinese martial arts (withVĩnh xuânoften transcribedWeng Chun); for examplejee shim weng chunandYǒng Chūn Bái Hè Quán(Vĩnh xuân bạch hạc quyền).[10][additional citation(s) needed]

Romanization

[edit]

In the West, the name of this martial art has been transcribed variably due to the use of different or personal Chinese language romanization methods, and differences in pronunciation between Chinese languages (but Cantonese was often preferred) or according to Western languages. In addition, some Wing Chun masters voluntarily created their own terms, in order to dissociate their personal teaching from traditional teachings. For example,Yip Man's Ving Tsun orLeung Ting's Wing Tsun.

The consequence is the ability to determine a lineage, a student-teacher family tree, just by spelling.

— Wayne Belonoha[11][full citation needed]

Finally, this martial art is pronounced quite identically in the West but is written with many spellings: Ving Tsun, Wing Tsun, Wing Tsung, Yong Chun, Weng Chun, Wyng Tjun, Ving Tjun, Wing Tzun, Wing Tschun. Wing Chun is the most common form, used to apply to all lineages of this martial art.[12][full citation needed][9][additional citation(s) needed]

Context

[edit]

Context of the name Wing Chun varies between variousbranches of Wing Chun.Common legend is that the name is derived fromYim Wing-chun,the mythical progenator of the martial art, who was a student of the legendary AbbessNg Mui.[13][14][15]

According to the Hung Suen / Hung Gu Biu lineage, the Ng Mui / Yim Wing Chun legend was conceived to protect the identity of Cheung Ng, a Shaolin monk who survived the Manchurian massacres and took refuge at Red Boat Opera. The "Yim Wing Chun" name was chosen for specific reasons, as Yim could be understood as the word for "Secret" or "Protected", and "Wing Chun" refers to Siu Lam Wing Chun Tong (the Always Spring Hall). With "Yim Wing Chun" being a secret code for "the secret art of Siu Lam Wing Chun Hall."[16]

In thePan Namlineage, the "Wing" in Wing Chun comes from Chan Wing-wah, one of the founders ofHongmen.[17]According to the Pao Fa Lien lineage, the name Wing Chun is a shortened form of the revolutionary motto, "Wing yun chi jee; Mo mong Hon Juk; Dai dei wu chun." A secret code that allowed the anti-Qing revolutionaries to recognize each other. Eventually, the codeword was shortened to Wing Chun (Always Spring.)[18]

Origins

[edit]
For Wing Chun branches, their history and features, seeBranches of Wing Chun.

The definitive origin of Wing Chun remains unknown and is attributed to the development ofSouthern Chinese martial arts.[19]Complications in the history and documentation of Wing Chun are attributed to the art being passed from teacher to student orally, rather than in writing. Another reason is the secrecy of its development, due to its connections to Anti-Qing rebellious movements.[20]

There are at least eight different distinct lineages of Wing Chun, each having its own history of origin. Additionally, there are competing genealogies within the same branch or about the same individual teacher. The eight distinct lineages of Wing Chun which have been identified are:

Regardless of the origins espoused by various Wing Chun branches and lineages, there is much third-party controversy andspeculativetheorizing regarding the true origins of Wing Chun. In the West, Wing Chun's history has become a mix of fact and fiction due to the impacts of early secrecy and modern marketing.[1]

Wing Chun at present

[edit]

Of the eight Wing Chun lineages,[32]theIp ManandYuen Kay-shanlineages are the most prolific branches of Wing Chun worldwide.[33][34][35]The other lineages are pretty much unknown outside of China, except for thePan Namline, which survives in the USA[36][37]and theJee Shim/Weng Chunline with a strong presence inGermany.[38][39] TheYuen Chai Wanform of Wing Chun[b]has a notable presence inVietnam,with this lineage having earned the moniker of "Vietnamese Wing Chun".[40][41][42][43][44]

In 1949Ip Man,considered the most important grandmaster of modern Wing Chun, brought the style from China toHong Kongand eventually to the rest of the world.[21][45][46][47]Yip Man's most famous student wasBruce Lee,who had studied under Yip Man before he moved to the United States.[c][49]Lee is also credited for popularizing Wing Chun internationally,[50][51]although he would later develop his own martial arts philosophies (namelyJeet Kune Do) that contain many Wing Chun influences.[3][52]Some masters changed the way of teaching only 1 loyal student because it was a tradition that came because of Qing dynasty's influence and destruction of Southern Shaolin, in order to preserve the style, ancient masters taught only 1 loyal student.

The Ving Tsun Athletic Association

[edit]

The Ving Tsun Athletic Association was founded in 1967 by Cantonese master Ip Man and seven of his senior students so they could teach Wing Chun together and Ip Man would not take on all the work himself.[53]The first public demonstration of the Wing Chun fighting system, according to Ip Man, took place in Hong Kong at an official exhibition fight in the winter of 1969 at what was then the Baptist College (now theHong Kong Baptist University).Leung Ting,a student of Ip Man, invited his master and some well-known representatives of the martial arts scene of the time to the college and conducted the exhibition fights in front of a specialist audience. The Association helped Wing Chun to spread to the rest of the world.[54][55]

Organizational structure in modern Europe

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There is no uniform umbrella organization in Europe under which Wing Chun practitioners are grouped, but rather numerous, sometimes competing and divided associations, schools, and individual teachers. Most associations do not appear in the legal form of associations that have voluntarily merged to form an association, but as commercial organizations in which associated schools are integrated, which are authorized and certified by the association. Some of the associations are organized in a franchise system.

In some associations, based on the family system that was used in the past, obedience and obligations towards the master and his teacher are emphasized, although these are rarely directly related to their training students.

Characteristics

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General

[edit]

Wing Chun puts emphasis on economic movement and encourages its practitioners to "feel" through their opponents' defenses and to utilize the incoming attacks with deflection, rapid punches, and finger pokes. Slapping and defensive maneuvers are used to distract the opponent to make them shift their defenses away from their centerline.[15]

Wing Chun favors a relatively high, narrow stance with the elbows close to the body. Within the stance, arms are generally positioned across the vital points of the centerline with hands in a vertical "wu sau" ( "protecting hand" position).[56]This puts the practitioner in a position to make readily placed blocks and fast-moving blows to vital striking points down the center of the body, i.e. the neck, chest, belly, and groin. Shifting or turning within a stance is done on the heels, balls, or middle (K1 or Kidney point 1) of the foot, depending on the lineage. Some Wing Chun styles discourage the use of high kicks because this risks counter-attacks to the groin. The practice of "settling" one's opponent to brace them more effectively against the ground helps one deliver as much force as possible.[57][58]

Relaxation

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Softness(via relaxation) and performance of techniques in a relaxed manner, and by training the physical, mental, breathing, energy, and force in a relaxed manner to develop Chi "soft wholesome force",[59]is fundamental to Wing Chun.[15]On "softness" in Wing Chun, Ip Man said during an interview:

Wing Chun is in some sense a "soft" school of martial arts. However, if one equates that word as weak or without strength, then they are dead wrong. Chi Sau in Wing Chun is to maintain one's flexibility and softness, all the while keeping in the strength to fight back, much like the flexible nature of bamboo ".[60]

Teaching structure in the past

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In ancient China, Wing Chun, like all other martial arts or craft guilds, was traditionally passed on in a familiar way, from master to student. The master, who had personal responsibility for the entire training of the student (apprentice), was addressed asSifu(master). The lessons often took place in the master's house, where a personal bond would develop between the master and his family and the student (apprentice), with certain mutual obligations. The first public martial arts schools were established in Hong Kong. Since then, Wing Chun's lessons have taken on a more modern, academic, and commercial character.

In some schools, however, the family system was still maintained. Lo Man-Kam, a nephew of Ip Man, still teaches his students in his home in Taipei. Suitable selected long-term students are still accepted into the inner circle of the Wing Chun family by the Sifu in the traditional way, through a master-student tea ceremony. This ceremony underlines the deep personal bond that has developed between master and student through the long training period.

Forms

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Most common forms

[edit]
Butterfly Swords

The most common system of forms in Wing Chun consists of three empty hand forms, two weapon forms: the Dragon pole and Butterfly swords, and a wooden dummy form.[61]

Empty hand

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See also:Glossary of Wing Chun terms
Siu nim tau
[edit]

The first and most important form in Wing Chun,siu nim tau(simplified Chinese:Tiểu ý niệm;traditional Chinese:Tiểu ý niệm;pinyin:xiǎo niàn tou;Jyutping:siu2 nim6 tau4;lit.'little idea for beginning'[63]), is practiced throughout the practitioner's lifetime.[64]It is the foundation or "seed" of the art, on which all succeeding forms and techniques are based.[65]Fundamental rules of balance and body structure are developed here. Using a car analogy; for some branches this would provide the chassis[66]and for others, this is the engine.[67]It serves as the basic Alpha bet of the system. Some branches view the symmetrical stance as the fundamental fighting stance, while others see it as a training stance used in developing technique.[68]

Although many of the movements are similar, siu nim tau varies significantly between the different branches of Wing Chun. InIp Man's Wing Chun, the first section of the form is done by training the basic power for the hand techniques by tensing and rela xing the arms.[69]InMoy Yat's Wing Chun, the first section of the form is done without muscle tension and slowly in a meditative, calm, and being "in the moment" way.[64]In 1972, weeks before he died, Ip Man demonstrated Siu Nim Tau (also known as Siu Lim Tau) on film, showing how the form is to be performed.[70]

Chum kiu
[edit]

The second form,chum kiusimplified Chinese:Tìm kiều;traditional Chinese:Tìm kiều;pinyin:xún qiáo;Jyutping:cham4 kiu4;lit.'seeking the bridge', focuses on coordinated movement of body mass and entry techniques to "bridge the gap" between practitioner and opponent, and move in to disrupt their structure and balance.[71][72]Close-range attacks using the elbows and knees are also developed here. It also teaches methods of recovering position and centerline when in a compromised position where Siu Nim Tau structure has been lost. For some branches, bodyweight in striking is a central theme, either from pivoting (rotational) or stepping (translational). Likewise, for some branches, this form provides the engine to the car. For branches that use the "sinking bridge" interpretation, the form has more emphasis on "uprooting", adding multi-dimensional movement and spiraling to the already developed engine.

Biu jee
[edit]

The third and last form,biu jeeChinese:Tiêu chỉ;pinyin:biāo zhǐ;Jyutping:biu1 ji2;lit.'darting fingers', is composed of extreme short-range and extreme long-range techniques, low kicks and sweeps, and "emergency techniques" to counter-attack when structure and centerline have been seriously compromised, such as when the practitioner is seriously injured.[73],As well as the pivoting and stepping developed in Chum Kiu, a third degree of freedom, involves more upper body, and stretching is developed for more power. Such movements include close-range elbow strikes and finger thrusts to the throat. For some branches, this is the turbo-charger of the car; for others, it can be seen as a "pit stop" kit that should never come into play, recovering your "engine" when it has been lost. Still, other branches view this form as imparting deadly "killing" and maiming techniques that should never be used without good reason. A common Wing Chun saying is, "Biu jee doesn't go out the door". Some interpret this to mean the form should be kept secret; others interpret it as meaning it should never be used if you can help it.

Wooden dummy

[edit]

Mu ren zhuang(simplified Chinese:Mộc nhân cọc;traditional Chinese:Mộc nhân cọc;pinyin:mù rén zhuāng;Jyutping:muk6 yan4 jong1;lit.'wooden dummy') is performed on a wooden dummy, which serves as a training tool to teach the student the use of Wing Chun Kuen's 108 movements against a live opponent.[15]There are many versions of this form which come from a variety of Wing Chun Kung Fu lineages.[citation needed]

Other forms

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San Sik (Chinese:Tán thức;Cantonese Yale: Sáan Sīk; pinyin: Sǎn Shì; 'Separate forms'), along with the other three forms, is the basis of all Wing Chun techniques. They are compact in structure, and can be loosely grouped into three broad categories: (1) Focus on building body structure through basic punching, standing, turning, and stepping drills; (2) Fundamental arm cycles and changes, firmly ingraining the cardinal tools for interception and adaptation; (3) Sensitivity training and combination techniques.[74]

Weapons

[edit]

TheYuen Kay Shan/Sum Nungbranch also historically trained to throw darts (Biu).[75]

[edit]

Sammo Hungdirected two films about Wing Chun practitionerLeung Jan:Warriors Two(1978), in which Leung is played Sammo Hung himself, andThe Prodigal Son(1981), in which Leung is played byYuen Biao.

Donnie Yenplayed the role of Wing Chun Grandmaster Ip Man in the 2008 movieIp Man,and in its sequelsIp Man 2,Ip Man 3,andIp Man 4.[76][77]The Ip Man series of movies is credited for reviving interest in the martial art in the 2010s and the Ip Man trilogy received critical acclaim in the box office. Ip Man wasBruce Lee's master, which made the trilogy so popular. Lee was largely responsible for launching the "kung fucraze "of the 1970s.[78][79][80][81][82][83]

For the 2008 American action thriller filmBangkok Dangerous,actorNicolas Cagetrained in Wing Chun extensively. A particular scene in the film shows Cage’s skills whilst drilling moves with another Wing Chun practitioner (played by Thai actorShahkrit Yamnam).[84]

In December 2019, a new Wing Chun fighter named Leroy Smith was introduced to thefighting gameTekken 7roster asdownloadable content.[85][86][87]When creating characters to represent real-world martial arts, thedeveloperswanted to introduce a new fighter utilizing Wing Chun. The developers consulted a student of Ip Man's nephew, who providedmotion capturefor the character.[88]

Notable practitioners

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For practitioners of Wing Chun, seeCategory:Wing Chun practitioners.

See also

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Chu, Robert; Ritchie, Rene; Wu, Y. (2015).The Definitive Guide to Wing Chun's History and Tradition.Tuttle Publishing.ISBN978-1-4629-1753-2.
  • Leung, Ting (2000).Roots and Branches of Wing Tsun, Second edition (January 1, 2000).Leung Ting Co,Hong Kong.ISBN962-7284-23-8.
  • Benjamin N. Judkins & Jon Nielson (2015).The Creation of Wing Chun: A Social History of the Southern Chinese Martial Arts.SUNY Press.ISBN978-1-4384-5695-9.

Notes

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  1. ^Wing Chun techniques were added to the German Jujutsu curriculum in 2000. Prior to that, German Jujutsu did not contain Wing Chun techniques.
  2. ^Chu, Ritchie and Wu consider this a derivative of his brother's, Yuen Kay-shan's Wing Chun. With Leung Ting also seeing this as a niche system.
  3. ^Lee was mainly taught Wing Chun byWong Shun-leung,a senior student of Ip Man.[48]
[edit]
  • Media related toWing Chunat Wikimedia Commons

References

[edit]
  1. ^abChu, Ritchie & Wu 2015,pp. 1–2
  2. ^abBenjamin N. Judkins & Jon Nielson 2015
  3. ^abChris Crudelli (2008).The Way of the Warrior.Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 316.ISBN978-1-4053-3750-2.
  4. ^Braun, Christian (2004). Ju-Jutsu – Effektives Training. Das Prüfungsprogramm vom Gelb- und Orangegurt. Aachen, Germany: Meyer & Meyer Verlag.ISBN3-89899-011-7.
  5. ^abSemyon, Neskorodev (2016).Mantis fist in Wing Chun.p. 4.The origin... One of them states, that this style was created by five masters of Southern Shaolin, who made this work in the Hall of Praising Spring. Other legend says, that the style was elaborated bythe women Wing Chun(Singing Spring), the daughter of novice of Southern Shaolin[self-published source]
  6. ^abWomack, Mari (2003).Sport as Symbol: Images of the Athlete in Art, Literature and Song.McFarland & Company. p. 93.ISBN978-0-7864-1579-3.village girl namedYim Wing Chun,which means to sing spring
  7. ^See Etymology
  8. ^« As the art grows in popularity, many different Romanizations for the Chinese character "Wing Chun" continue to be created, often as a result of the local dialect and pronunciation. This results in the ability to determine a lineage, student/teacher family tree, or origin, by the spelling alone. The most common spelling is "wing chun", which applies generally to all families. » - Wayne Belonoha, The Wing Chun Compendium, p.20
  9. ^ab"Why traditional martial arts lose to hand-to-hand combat – US military hand-to-hand combat trainer who teaches Wing Chun sees it this way".sina.cn.(in Chinese). November 23, 2020. Archived fromthe originalon May 14, 2021.Retrieved14 May2021.
  10. ^Use ofVĩnh xuânby several branches, includingPan Namhimself, attested byLeung TinginRoots and Branches of Wing Tsunand by the authors ofComplete Wing Chun.See alsohttp://weng-chunandhttp:// yongchunbaihechuen
  11. ^The Wing Chun compendium
  12. ^« As the art grows in popularity, many different romanizations for the Chinese character "wing chun" continue to be created, often as a result of the local dialect and pronunciation. This results in the ability to determine a lineage, student/teacher family tree, or origin, by the spelling alone. The most common spelling is "wing chun", which applies generally to all families. » - Wayne Belonoha, The Wing Chun compendium, p.20
  13. ^Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 4–27
  14. ^Ritchie, R. (c.2007):What's in a name?Retrieved on 9 May 2010.
  15. ^abcdChris Crudelli (2008).The Way of the Warrior.Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 122.ISBN978-1-4053-3750-2.
  16. ^Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 83–89
  17. ^Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015, pp. 69–77
  18. ^Chu 2015, pg.78
  19. ^Benjamin N. Judkins & Jon Nielson (2015).The Creation of Wing Chun: A Social History of the Southern Chinese Martial Arts.SUNY Press.ISBN978-1-4384-5695-9.
  20. ^Chu 2015, pg. 1-2, 106-108
  21. ^abChu, Ritchie & Wu 2015,pp. 4–27
  22. ^Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015,pp. 28–44
  23. ^Leung Ting, pg.238
  24. ^Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015,pp. 45–52
  25. ^Leung Ting, page 289 & 290
  26. ^Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015,pp. 53–68
  27. ^Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015,pp. 69–77
  28. ^Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015,pp. 78–82
  29. ^Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015,pp. 83–89
  30. ^Chu, Ritchie & Wu 2015,pp. 90–99
  31. ^Leung, Ting (2000). Roots and Branches of Wing Tsun, Second edition (January 1, 2000). Leung Ting Co,Hong Kong. ISBN 9627284238, pg. 53, 90-99
  32. ^seeOrigins
  33. ^Leung Ting, Roots and Branches of Wing Tsun, ISBN 9627284239
  34. ^David Peterson (2001).Look Beyond the Pointing Finger: The Combat Philosophy of Wong Shun Leung.Melbourne Chinese Martial Arts Club.ISBN0-9579570-0-9.
  35. ^Jan P. Hintelmann (2005).Westliche Sinnfindung durch östliche Kampfkunst?(in German). IKO – Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation.ISBN978-3-88939-774-4.
  36. ^Peyton, James (3 March 2016)."Pocket area Wing Chun school preserves rare martial arts tradition"(PDF).Pocket News(Print). Valley Community Newspapers.Retrieved12 December2020.
  37. ^Plum Staff (8 December 2009)."The Open Gate to the Garden of Chinese Martial Arts".plumpub.Plum Publications.Retrieved12 December2020.
  38. ^Andreas Hoffmann, Nadine Poerschke: Weng Chun Kung Fu. Budo International Publ. Co., Madrid 2011, ISBN 978-3-86836-183-4.
  39. ^Chu 2015, page 94
  40. ^Ritchie, Rene (31 March 2000).Yuen Kay-San Wing Chun Kuen(Paperback ed.). Action Pursuit Group. p. 142.ISBN1-892515-03-2.
  41. ^"Sư tổ võ Vịnh Xuân Việt Nam là" đại ca "Diệp Vấn".24H.No. Online. Công ty Cổ phần Quảng cáo Trực tuyến 24H. 4 February 2016.Retrieved2 January2021.
  42. ^Nam, Khanh."Những truyền kỳ về sư tổ phái Vịnh Xuân Việt Nam".Kien Thuc.No. Online.Retrieved2 January2021.
  43. ^"Vietnamese Wing Chun Master Nguyen Te Cong".Dan Saigon.No. Online. Dansaigon. 24 March 2019.Retrieved2 January2021.
  44. ^Mã, Tiểu (6 October 2016)."Bậc thầy võ Việt làm Diệp Vấn, Lý Tiểu Long phải phục".SOHA The Thao.No. Online. SOHA.Retrieved2 January2021.
  45. ^Rawcliffe, Shaun (2012).Wing Chun Kung Fu: The Wooden Dummy.Crowood.ISBN978-1-84797-507-2.Wing Chun Kung Fu has a long history but it has only been taught openly since the 1950s when Grandmaster Yip Man revealed the secrets of the art and began to teach large numbers of students in Hong Kong.
  46. ^"Ip Man Tong virtual tour",foshanmuseum,November 2011, archived fromthe originalon November 28, 2011
  47. ^"An Interview with Grandmaster Yip Man".kwokwingchun.January 22, 2014. Archived fromthe originalon October 29, 2019.Retrieved2019-01-25.
  48. ^"Who taught Bruce Lee kung fu? He was born to be a fighter, but the martial arts superstar also trained with the best".South China Morning Post.25 July 2018.RetrievedFebruary 14,2023.Although Lee studied wing chun at Ip's school, he was mainly taught by Wong Shun-Leung, as Ip himself only taught advanced students, not beginners. Lee quickly became devoted to Wing Chun and practised diligently.
  49. ^Complete Wing Chun: The Definitive Guide to Wing Chun's History and Traditions, Robert Chu, Rene Ritchie, Y. Wu, page 9, Tuttle Publishing; 1st edition (20 June 1998). ISBN 0-8048-3141-6, ISBN 978-0-8048-3141-3.
  50. ^Ing, Ken (2010).Wing Chun Warrior: The True Tales of Wing Chun Kung Fu Master Duncan Leung, Bruce Lee's Fighting Companion.Blacksmith Books. p. 21.ISBN9789881774224.Finally, Li Xiaolong ( Lý Tiểu Long ), known to the world as Bruce Lee, made Wing Chun famous in the 1960s and 1970s through his movies.
  51. ^Thomas, Bruce (1994).Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit.Frog Books. p. 308.ISBN978-1-883319-25-0.[William Cheung] joined the school and brought along the pupil who was to become wing chun's most famous exponent, Bruce Lee
  52. ^Rafiq, Fiaz (2020).Bruce Lee: The Life of a Legend.Foreword byDiana Lee Inosanto.Birlinn.ISBN978-1-78885-330-9.
  53. ^"Vịnh xuân thể dục sẽ - Ving Tsun Athletic Association".vingtsun.org.hk(in Chinese and English). 2019-11-27.
  54. ^"Vịnh xuân thể dục sẽ phát triển tóm tắt - Kurzer Überblick zur Entwicklung des Ving Tsun Athletic Association".vingtsun.org.hk(in Chinese). 2019-11-27.
  55. ^"The Development of Ving Tsun Kung Fu in Hong Kong (1961–1970) – Hong Kong vịnh xuân thể dục sẽ phát triển (1961–1970)".vingtsun.org.hk(in Chinese and English). 2019-11-27.
  56. ^"How to Wu Sau Correctly – Technique is Everything | Sifu Och Wing Chun".Sifu Och Wing Chun.2016-09-07.Retrieved2017-03-08.
  57. ^"Rediscovering the Roots of Wing Chun".Kung Fu Magazine.Retrieved2010-02-06.
  58. ^McKnight, David; Kwok Chow, Sifu Chung."Integrative Wing Chun".Kung Fu Magazine.Archived fromthe originalon 2013-03-14.Retrieved2010-02-06.
  59. ^Roselando, Jim (2011-01-28)."One Wing Chun Kung Fu Family – W1NG: Coaching From The Ancestors".Archived fromthe originalon 2011-01-28.Retrieved2019-01-19.
  60. ^"An Interview With Grandmaster Yip Man from 1972".My Way of Wing Chun.2013-07-11.Retrieved2018-02-10.
  61. ^"Wing Chun Forms".
  62. ^CHU, Shong Tin; CHAN, Eddie (May 2011).The Book of Wing Chun.TheHong KongSocial Sciences Press. p. 54.ISBN978-0-8234-1474-1.Retrieved13 July2019.
  63. ^"Nim Lik ( niệm lực )" is literally translated as "Idea Power" in CHU's 2011 book[62]
  64. ^ab"SIU NIM TAO: The first form of Wing Chun".2022-11-10.Retrieved2022-11-10.
  65. ^Michel Boulet."The Simple Basics of a Complex Art".the Wing Chun Archive.Retrieved2013-02-10.
  66. ^Jim Fung (2009-02-23)."Wing Chun Stance".International wing Chun academy.Wingchun.au. Archived fromthe originalon 2014-03-19.Retrieved2013-02-10.
  67. ^"The Hidden Power of Siu Nim Tau by Tsui Sheung Tin".2017-05-22. Archived fromthe originalon 2017-05-22.Retrieved2018-11-23.
  68. ^Sifu Cogar."An Overview of Wing Chun".richhealthandwellness.Archived fromthe originalon 2010-02-03.Retrieved2007-05-04.
  69. ^Knight, Dan (March 13, 2014)."Sil Lim Tao the first form".kwokwingchun.Retrieved2019-01-23.
  70. ^"Ip Man performs Wing Chun Forms".
  71. ^"The Forms of Wing Chun Kuen Kung Fu | Reading Academy Wing Chun & Kali".Teamwingchun.co.uk. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-05-01.Retrieved2013-02-10.
  72. ^"Ving Tsun Martial Arts Studio – Training".Tstvingtsun.bc.ca. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-06-28.Retrieved2013-02-10.
  73. ^"City Wing Chun – Training Notes".Archived fromthe originalon April 15, 2009.
  74. ^Hill, Robert (2010). "Ch5-Wing Chun".World of Martial Arts!.Lulu.ISBN978-0-557-01663-1.[self-published source]
  75. ^Javier, Zaballos (9 November 2021). "Uno de los mejores tres maestros de kung fu en la historia de China fue Latino".EL Español.No. National print edition. El Español.
  76. ^"2008 Chinese Box Office records".Box Office Mojo.Retrieved2013-02-10.
  77. ^"IP Man 4 Teaser Trailer Pits Donnie Yen Against Scott Adkins".Movies.Retrieved2019-03-20.
  78. ^Desser, David (2002)."The Kung Fu Craze: Hong Kong Cinema's First American Reception".In Fu, Poshek; Desser, David (eds.).The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity.Cambridge University Press.pp. 19–43.ISBN978-0-521-77602-8.Archivedfrom the original on June 8, 2020.RetrievedJune 10,2020.
  79. ^"Bureaucracy may be wing chun kung fu master's biggest foe".South China Morning Post. September 11, 2014.RetrievedSeptember 23,2022.Action star Donnie Yen helped reawaken interest in wing chun with his film Ip Man.
  80. ^Mike, Miller (2016-12-12)."Why Rogue One Star Donnie Yen Performed All of His Amazing Fight Scenes 'Blind'".PEOPLE.Retrieved2017-11-26.
  81. ^Zhang, Rui (December 1, 2016)."Donnie Yen leaves hand and foot prints in Hollywood- China.org.cn".china.org.cn.Retrieved2017-11-26.
  82. ^Chân tử đan đối 《 diệp hỏi 》 phòng bán vé vô tin tưởng chơi Vịnh Xuân Quyền kiếm danh tiếng | võng võng internetArchived28 March 2012 at theWayback Machine
  83. ^"《 diệp hỏi tiền truyện 》 lần đầu chiếu diệp chuẩn sửa miệng tán chân tử đan học vịnh xuân thực mau Ip Chun says Yen learns Wing Chun Fast | nhân dân võng People's news".People's Daily.Retrieved17 December2011.
  84. ^Heath, Adam; Hudson, David (2012).Mixed Martial Arts' Most Wanted – The Top 10 book of Crazy Combat, Great Grappling, and Sick Submissions.Potomac Books Inc. p. 141.ISBN978-1-59797-549-0.
  85. ^Yin-Poole, Wesley (August 5, 2019)."Tekken 7 gets a brand new character called Leroy Smith".Eurogamer.RetrievedMarch 3,2023.Bandai Namco has announced season three of Tekken 7 – and it adds a brand new character. Leroy Smith is described as a "seasoned master of martial arts" who, 50 years ago, lost his family and home in New York as part of a gang conflict. He's back – and he's bringing his Wing Chun with him.
  86. ^Walker, Ian (December 12, 2019)."New Tekken 7 Character's Dog Sidekick Is Good And Pure".Kotaku.RetrievedMarch 3,2023.After previously being revealed at Evo back in August, Tekken 7 newcomer Leroy Smith is finally playable via an update released earlier in the week. This elderly Wing Chun master proved popular in the fighting game community before release thanks to his unique mixture of American and Chinese fashion...
  87. ^Herranen, Jaakko (August 5, 2019)."Tekken 7:n kolmas kausi tuo muassaan täysin uuden hahmon – tällainen on Leroy Smith"[The third season of Tekken 7 brings, among other things, a completely new character – this is what Leroy Smith is like].Tilt.fi(in Finnish).RetrievedMarch 3,2023.Täysin uutena tuttavuutena rautanyrkkikarkeloihin liittyy kokenut kamppailulajien taitaja Leroy Smith. 50 vuotta sitten perheensä menettänyt veteraani hallitsee legendaarisen Wing Chun -taistelulajin. Smith liittyy hahmorepertuaariin ennen vuoden loppua.
    Translation:Experienced martial arts expert Leroy Smith joins the iron fists as a completely new acquaintance. A veteran who lost his family 50 years ago commands the legendary martial art of Wing Chun. Smith will join the cast before the end of the year.
  88. ^"TEKKEN 7 – Dev Diary: Leroy Smith & Fahkumram".YouTube.January 27, 2020.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-11.Retrieved2020-01-29.
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