Witotoan languages

Witotoan
Witotoan
Huitotoan
Geographic; distribution	northwestern Amazon
Linguistic classification	independent family orBora–Witoto Witotoan;
Glottolog	huit1251

Witotoan(alsoHuitotoanorUitotoan,occasionally known as Huitoto–Ocaina to distinguish it fromBora–Witoto) is a smalllanguage familyof southeasternColombia(Amazonas Department) and the neighbouring region of Peru.

Genetic relations

Aschmann (1993) proposed that theBoranand Witotoan language families were related, in aBora–Witotostock. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection.

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with thePijao,Yaruro,Arawak,Bora-Muinane,Choko,andTukanolanguage families due to contact. Some of this contact had occurred due to the expansion of Witotoan speakers down thePutumayo River.^[1]

Family division

Witotoan
- Ocaina(also rendered Okaina)
- Witoto Proper
  - Nïpode(also known as Nüpode, Nipode Huitoto, Nipode Witoto, Witoto Muinane, Muinane Huitoto, Muiname)
  - Mïnïca–Murai
    - Mïnïca(also known as Witoto Meneca, Meneca, Meneka, Noaiko-Muína, Southern Witoto, Minica Huitoto, Minica)
    - Murui(also known as Witoto Murui, Murai, Búe, Murai Huitoto, Bue, Huitoto, Central Witoto proper, Komïne)
- Nonuya(also known as Nyonuhu, Nonuña, Achote, Achiote)Loreto, Peru

The classification above is based on Campbell (1997), who follows Richard Aschmann's 1993 classification andreconstructionof proto-Witotoan.

Nonuya is nearly extinct, but attempts are being made at revival.

The following extinct languages are unclassified within Witotoan:

Andoquero(also known as Andokero, Miranya-Karapana-Tapuyo, Miraña, Carapana)Amazonas, Colombia(†)
Coeruna(also known as Koeruna)Amazonas, Brazil(†)
Koihoma(also known as Coto, Koto, Orejón, Coixoma)Loreto, Peru(†)
Hairúya(†)^[2]

Kaufman (2007) addsAndoque.

Synonymy note:

The nameMuinamehas been used to refer to theMuinane language(Bora Muinane)of the Boran family and also to theNipode language (Witoto Muinane)of the Huitotoan family.
The namesKoto,Coto,andOrejónhave been used to refer to theKoihoma language (Coixoma)and also to the unrelatedOrejón language(also known asKotoorCoto) of theTucanoanlanguage family.

Mason (1950)

Internal classification of the Witotoan languages byMason(1950):^[3]

Witotoan
- Witoto
  - Kaime (Caimo)
  - Xúra
  - Séueni
  - Jayruya
  - Mekka: Yaboyano
  - Menekka
  - Búe
  - Ifikuene-Caimito (?)
- Miranyan, Boran
  - Miranya-Carapana-Tapuyo
  - Nonuya (Achiote)
  - Ocaina-Muenane
  - Ocaina (Ducaiya); Fitita (?)
  - Muenane
- Southeastern
  - Orejón
  - Coeruna (?)
- Andoke (?)
  - North: Araracuara
  - South
- Resigero (?)

Vocabulary

Loukotka(1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Witotoan language varieties.^[4]

gloss	Northern Uitoto	Central Uitoto	Southern Uitoto	Caimito	Hairúya	Orejone/Koihoma	Ocaina	Nonuya	Andoquero	Coeruna	Muinane
one	dane	daxe	dákede	dáhe			tiamaːma	daːʔamü	tsätsaːma
two	mena	nemaxe	ménade	ménahe			mamatiáma	münaːʔamhüy	inaːma
three	daxéámani	maní	daheámani	dáheámani			taüuefuóro		tsahiːnwá
head	i-fogo	i-foke	ö-foge	ex-fóge		huha	opórin	o-phühõehe	gö-hókö	ko-pia
eye	uizi	uise	óise	uise		oi	oxuöd	o-wtsʔá	ge-usö	koya-asá
tooth	i-sido	i-sidoʔo	i-sído	ix-síde	a-tídyo		atítyo	o-tihido	ge-sühi	ku-irí	ítie
man	nokae	ima	öima	komuinä	yiza	komä	oːe		thimáe	üaimé
water	hainoy	xinuy	hainoé	hánenoi		änoe	ñióxi	nohowi	nóhwi	nüho
fire	boʔodöno	raike	raike	réke		räkö	táro		thítseho	äitha
maize	becha	pechato	pedzyato	pechato	kobé		kobéto
jaguar	kiko	xiko	hökö	hirásitä	hituidé	hüko	hoʔoko		ökó	öighó
house	xofoe	fofo	hofo	hofo	hofo	huaho	póho	woːhoː	hó	náisa	hopo

References

^Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016).Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas(Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
^Loukotka, Čestmír. 1949. Sur Quelques Langues Inconnues de l'Amerique du Sud.Lingua PosnaniensisI: 53-82.
^Mason, John Alden(1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.).Handbook of South American Indians.Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office:Smithsonian Institution,Bureau of American EthnologyBulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
^Loukotka, Čestmír(1968).Classification of South American Indian languages.Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

Bibliography

Aschmann, Richard P. (1993).Proto Witotoan.Publications in linguistics (No. 114). Arlington, TX: SIL & the University of Texas at Arlington.
Campbell, Lyle. (1997).American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America.New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
Echeverri, Juan Alvaro & Frank Seifart. (2016).Proto-Witotoan: A re-evaluation of the distant genealogical relationship between the Boran and Witotoan linguistic families.
Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.),Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages(pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press.ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.),Atlas of the world's languages(pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.

External links

Proel:
- Sub-familia Witoto

[Jolkesky-2016-1] Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016).Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas(Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.

[Inconnues-2] Loukotka, Čestmír. 1949. Sur Quelques Langues Inconnues de l'Amerique du Sud.Lingua PosnaniensisI: 53-82.

[Mason-1950-3] Mason, John Alden(1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.).Handbook of South American Indians.Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office:Smithsonian Institution,Bureau of American EthnologyBulletin 143. pp. 157–317.

[Loukotka-4] Loukotka, Čestmír(1968).Classification of South American Indian languages.Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

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