Wittenberg

Not to be confused withWittenbergeorWittenburg.

For other uses, seeWittenberg (disambiguation).

Wittenberg Lutherstadt Wittenberg
Town
From top: View over Wittenberg old town, Inside the old town with aerial view to thehistoric All Saints' / Castle Church,(whereProtestant/Evangelical LutheranismReformer,Dr. Martin Luther (1483-1546), attended, heldMassand nailed his proclamation notice of "95 Theses"to the huge wooden front doors in October1517,beginning the importantReformationmovement); also Market Square with the town hall andStadtkirche Wittenberg,inside Wittenberg castle church andLutherhaus,The formerUniversity of Wittenberg,now renamedMartin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg/ Leucorea university, campus with theMelanchthonhausand the Stadthaus
Coat of arms
Location of Wittenberg within Wittenberg district
Wittenberg Wittenberg
Coordinates:51.8671°N 12.6484°E/51.8671; 12.6484
Country	Germany
State	Saxony-Anhalt
District	Wittenberg
Government
•Mayor(2022–29)	Torsten Zugehör(Ind.)
Area
• Total	240.32 km2(92.79 sq mi)
Elevation	67 m (220 ft)
Population (2022-12-31)
• Total	45,535
• Density	190/km2(490/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+01:00(CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00(CEST)
Postal codes	06886
Dialling codes	03491
Vehicle registration	WB
Website	wittenberg.de

Wittenberg,officiallyLutherstadt Wittenberg,is the fourth-largest town in the state ofSaxony-Anhalt,in theFederal Republic of Germany.It is situated on theRiver Elbe,60 kilometers (37 mi) north ofLeipzigand 90 kilometers (56 mi) south-west of the reunified German federal capital city ofBerlin,and has a population of 46,008 (2018).

Wittenberg is famous for its close connection with Dr.Martin Luther(1483-1546) and the16th centuryreligious / theological movement ofProtestantismbegun here in theReformationand the large branch ofWestern Christianitystarted here ofEvangelical Lutheranism,for which it received the honorific titleLutherstadtand has been called the "cradle of the Reformation"and "cradle ofProtestantism".Several of Wittenberg's buildings are associated with the historical / religious events, including a preserved part of theAugustinianmonasteryof the local community of the world-wideRoman CatholicOrder of St. Augustinein which Luther lived, first as a celibatemonkand later as property owner with his later wifeKatharina von Bora(c.1499-1552), and family, considered to be the world's premiermuseumdedicated to Luther and the Reformation era. Wittenberg was also the seat of the princeElector of Saxony,a dignity held by the dukes of theDuchy of Saxe-Wittenberg,making it one of the most powerful cities in the thousand years old of theHoly Roman Empire(A.D. c.800 / 962-1806) inCentral Europe.

Today Wittenberg is an industrial centre and popular tourist destination, best known for its intact historic centre and various additional memorial sites dedicated to Martin Luther and his friend and fellow theologian / reformerPhilip Melanchthon(1497-1560), major author of theEvangelical Lutheranseminal theological document of theAugsburg Confessionof1530.The buildings associated with those two figures were added to theUNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) designatedWorld Heritagelist in1996,along with other sites in nearbyEisleben,because of their religious significance and testimony to one of the most influential religious, political and social movements of world history from theMedieval / Middle Agesera in theHistory of Europe.

History

Historical affiliations

Duchy of Saxony1180–1296
Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg1296–1356
Electorate of Saxony1356–1806
Kingdom of Saxony1806–1815
Kingdom of Prussia1815–1871
German Empire1871–1918
Weimar Republic1918–1933
Nazi Germany1933–1945
Soviet occupation zone1945–1949
East Germany1949–1990
Germany1990–present

Wittenberg, 1536

University of Wittenberg in 1644

Wittenberg

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Market square withStadtkirche Wittenberg
Part of	Luther Memorials inEislebenand Wittenberg
Includes	Lutherhaus,Melanchthonhaus,Stadtkirche WittenbergandAll Saints' Church, Wittenberg
Criteria	Cultural: iv, vi
Reference	783
Inscription	1996 (20thSession)

Historical documents first mention the settlement in 1180 as a small village founded byFlemishcolonists under the rule of theHouse of Ascania.In 1260 this village became the residence of the dukes ofSaxe-Wittenberg,and in 1293 the settlement was granted itstown charteras a free-standing town.

Wittenberg developed into an important trade centre during the following few centuries because of its central location. When the local branch of the Ascanians died out in 1422, control of Saxe-Wittenberg passed to theHouse of Wettin.The town became an important regional political and cultural centre at the end of the 15th century whenFrederick III "the Wise", the Elector of Saxonyfrom 1486 to 1525, made his residence in Wittenberg. Several parts of the boundaries of the town were extended soon afterwards. The second bridge over theElbe Riverwas built between 1487 and 1490 and the castle church (theSchlosskirchein German) was erected between 1496 and 1506. The Elector's palace was rebuilt at the same time.

In 1502, Elector Frederick founded theUniversity of Wittenberg,which attracted some writers such as Dr.Martin Luther(1483-1546), —a professor of theology beginning in 1508—andPhilip Melanchthon(1497-1560)—a friend and disciple along with a theologian and professor of Greek starting a decade later in 1518.

On 31 October1517,according to legend, Luther nailed his"95 Theses"against the selling ofindulgencesto the huge wooden double-doors front entrance (which longtime served as an informal bulletin board for the parish and local academic community) of theAll Saints' Church / Castle Church– an event taken as marking the beginning of theProtestantReformationand the start of a major branch ofWestern ChristianityofEvangelical Ltheranism(followed by over 70 million believers in the world today). The more radical later Protestant group of theAnabaptistmovement also had one of its earliest homes in Wittenberg, when theZwickau prophetsmoved there in late1521only to be suppressed by upset and angry Luther when he returned from temporary hiding and exile at the remote hilltopWartburg Castlein the spring of1522.There he had spent months of time, effort and research into translating the two to four thousand years old texts of ancient languages ofancient Hebrew,Ancient GreekandLatintexts and manuscripts of theOld TestamentandNew Testamentin theBibleinto then common16th centuryversion of theirGerman languageso that theChristianlay people could read theHoly Scriptures in Luther's Biblein their own tongue.

TheCapitulation of Wittenberg(1547) is the name given to the treaty by whichJohn Frederick the Magnanimouswas compelled to resign the electoral dignity and most of his territory to the Albertine branch of the nobleHouse of Wettin.

During the18th centuryin1760,during theSeven Years' War(1753/1756-1763,the military forces of theHabsburg monarchyof theAustrian Empirebombarded theKingdom of Prussia'sRoyal Prussian Army,which occupied the town.

Warfare again touched Wittenberg by theFirst French Empireof neighboringFrancefar to the west, took control in1806,during theNapoleonic Wars(1803-1815) andNapoleon Bonaparte(1769-1821), (EmperorNapoleon Icommanded the refortification of around the edges of town in1813.The following year in1814,theRoyal Prussian ArmyunderBogislav Friedrich Emanuel von Tauentzienhad returned now a half-century later, this time storming the outskirts of Wittenberg; he received the title of "von Wittenberg" as a battle reward. Following the fall and exile of Napoleon in1814and1815,and as a result of the negotiations at the ensuing majorEuropeanpeace conference at theCongress of Vienna,in the capital ofVienna, Austria,Wittenberg andSaxonywas transferred to became part of theKingdom of Prussiamostly further to the north and east, and administered within theProvince of Saxony.Wittenberg continued to be a fortress and military post of the third class during the rest of the19th centurywith the reorganisation of German defences until later dismantled two years after theFranco-Prussian Warof1870-1871.That importantCentral Europeconflict resulting in the organization and proclamation of theGerman Empirein1871,which endured under the rule of theGerman Emperorfrom theHouse of HohenzollerninBerlinuntil theFirst World War

A prisoner-of-war camp outside of town from1914to1918was built and set up. A10+1⁄2-acre (4.2 ha) camp was set up at Klein Wittenberg, 2 miles (3.2 km) from the city. Eight compounds held 13,000 men of soldiers, sailors and pilots captured from theAllied armiesof several opposing enemy nations. During thetyphus epidemicof 1914–1915, conditions were harsh. The camp medical officer, Dr. Aschenbach who supposedly did the best he could, was later awarded the Imperial German military decoration of theIron Crossfor his part in the epidemic. The award however was controversial and later questioned by the Allies, who won the conflict. The use of dogs to attack P.O.W.'s was mentioned and described in the manuscript text and criticised by theUnited States Ambassador to Germanyin1913to1917,of AmbassadorJames W. Gerard(1867-1951), in his famous published book of the era and later produced by the beginningHollywood motion pictures industryas adocumentarysilent film"My Four Years in Germany",in1918.

Unlike many other historic German cities duringWorld War II,Wittenberg's town centre was spared destruction during the conflict. TheAlliesagreed not to bomb Wittenberg, though fighting took place in the town, with bullet pock-marks visible on the statues of Luther and Melanchthon in the market square – or so the popular version of the town's history goes. In actual fact the Luther statue was not even present in the town square during much of the war but in storage at Luther Brunnen, a roadhouse a few kilometres north of the town.

Wittenberg's reputation as a town protected from Allied bombing is largely accurate. However, just outside Wittenberg the government had built theArado Flugzeugwerke(the Arado Aircraft Factory), which produced components of airplanes for theLuftwaffe.This war factory was worked byJews,Russians, Poles,political prisonersand even a few Americans—all prisoners engaging inforced labour,including POW's who were supposed to be exempt from this sort of labor. American and British planes bombed the factory near the end of the war, and in destroying it killed over one thousand of the prisoners and POW's placed by the Germans in this war plant. The 1995 publication of"...und morgen war Krieg!"by Renate Gruber-Lieblich attempts to document this tragic bombing outside Wittenberg.

In 1945, Wittenberg issued 19 of its own postage stamps, each depicting Hitler but with a large black round overprint covering his face. At the end of the war,Soviet forcesoccupied Wittenberg; it became part ofEast Germanyin 1949. During the East German period, it formed part ofHalle District.By means of thepeaceful revolutionin 1989, the communist régime dissolved and the town has been governed democratically since 1990.

Wittenberg is currently characterized by renovation and new construction work, an economic recovery and tourism development as a "place of pilgrimage for the Reformation". With the Luther Decade starting in 2008, the city began preparing for the 500th anniversary of the Reformation, which took place in 2017. Numerous buildings have been restored, the infrastructure has been partially renewed and numerous new attractions have been created in the city (e.g. the newLutherstadt Wittenberg Hauptbahnhof,Arsenal shopping centre, Luthergarden or the Panometer).

In 2014 Lutherstadt Wittenberg was awarded the honorary titleEuropean City of the Reformationby theCommunity of Protestant Churches in Europe.

Historical population

The figures are given for the metropolitan district at the point in time. Up to 1791 the figures are generally estimated, later figures are from census or local authorities.

Historical population 1800 to 2015

Historical population

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1500 2,000 — 1532 4,500 +2.57% 1791 4,860 +0.03% 1792 4,703 −3.23% 1793 4,662 −0.87% 1794 4,617 −0.97% 1814 4,727 +0.12% 1826 6,725 +2.98% 1834 8,107 +2.36% 1846 10,283 +2.00% 1875 12,479 +0.67% 1880 13,448 +1.51% 1885 13,836 +0.57%

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1890 14,443 +0.86% 1895 16,479 +2.67% 1900 18,345 +2.17% 1905 20,331 +2.08% 1910 22,419 +1.97% 1925 24,160 +0.50% 1939 35,130 +2.71% 1946 41,304 +2.34% 1950 49,852 +4.81% 1964 46,828 −0.45% 1971 47,323 +0.15% 1981 53,874 +1.30% 1989 51,754 −0.50%

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1990 49,682 −4.00% 1992 55,096 +5.31% 1995 53,207 −1.16% 2000 49,643 −1.38% 2005 47,805 −0.75% 2006 46,776 −2.15% 2007 45,615 −2.48% 2008 47,695 +4.56% 2009 50,113 +5.07% 2010 49,496 −1.23% 2011 49,076 −0.85% 2012 46,930 −4.37% 2013 46,729 −0.43%

Source: 2012 census.

Divisions

The town Wittenberg consists of Wittenberg proper and the followingOrtschaftenor municipal divisions:

• Abtsdorf
• Apollensdorf
• Boßdorf
• Griebo
• Kropstädt
• Mochau
• Nudersdorf
• Pratau
• Reinsdorf
• Schmilkendorf
• Seegrehna
• Straach

Climate

Wittenberg has a typicaloceanic climate(Köppen:Cfb;Trewartha:Dobk) with cool winters and warm summers. The average temperature in Wittenberg ranges from 1 °C (34 °F) in winter to 19 °C (66 °F) in summer, with the average temperature from May to September being above 10 °C (50 °F). Winter begins in early October and spring begins in mid-April of the following year. There are 14.1 days of daytime high temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) each year, and about 18 days of daytime maximum temperatures below freezing each winter.

The Wittenberg weather station has recorded the following extreme values:

• Highest Temperature 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) on 9 August 1992.
• Warmest Minimum 22.6 °C (72.7 °F) on 7 August 2015.
• Coldest Maximum −17.4 °C (0.7 °F) on 1 February 1956.
• Lowest Temperature −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) on 2 February 1956.
• Highest Daily Precipitation 97.4 mm (3.83 in) on 27 July 2016.
• Wettest Month 177.2 mm (6.98 in) in July 1954.
• Wettest Year 786.0 mm (30.94 in) in 2007.
• Driest Year 308.0 mm (12.13 in) in 2018.
• Earliest Snowfall: 30 October 1940.
• Latest Snowfall: 29 April 1985.
• Longest annual sunshine: 2,117.7 hours in 2018.
• Shortest annual sunshine: 1,388.1 hours in 1977.

Climate data for Wittenberg (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1937-present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	15.7 (60.3)	19.1 (66.4)	25.0 (77.0)	32.0 (89.6)	33.3 (91.9)	38.0 (100.4)	37.8 (100.0)	38.5 (101.3)	33.9 (93.0)	28.0 (82.4)	21.2 (70.2)	17.8 (64.0)	38.5 (101.3)
Mean maximum °C (°F)	10.9 (51.6)	12.7 (54.9)	17.9 (64.2)	24.2 (75.6)	28.7 (83.7)	31.9 (89.4)	33.4 (92.1)	33.1 (91.6)	27.5 (81.5)	21.8 (71.2)	15.1 (59.2)	11.6 (52.9)	35.2 (95.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	3.5 (38.3)	5.0 (41.0)	9.3 (48.7)	15.2 (59.4)	19.8 (67.6)	23.1 (73.6)	25.4 (77.7)	25.1 (77.2)	20.1 (68.2)	14.1 (57.4)	7.9 (46.2)	4.3 (39.7)	14.4 (57.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	0.8 (33.4)	1.7 (35.1)	4.9 (40.8)	9.8 (49.6)	14.3 (57.7)	17.5 (63.5)	19.6 (67.3)	19.2 (66.6)	14.7 (58.5)	9.7 (49.5)	4.9 (40.8)	1.8 (35.2)	9.9 (49.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−1.7 (28.9)	−1.4 (29.5)	1.0 (33.8)	4.5 (40.1)	8.6 (47.5)	11.9 (53.4)	14.1 (57.4)	13.8 (56.8)	10.0 (50.0)	5.9 (42.6)	2.1 (35.8)	−0.7 (30.7)	5.7 (42.3)
Mean minimum °C (°F)	−11.7 (10.9)	−9.0 (15.8)	−4.9 (23.2)	−2.1 (28.2)	2.2 (36.0)	6.3 (43.3)	8.9 (48.0)	8.2 (46.8)	4.5 (40.1)	−0.6 (30.9)	−4.3 (24.3)	−8.4 (16.9)	−13.6 (7.5)
Record low °C (°F)	−23.1 (−9.6)	−24.6 (−12.3)	−17.9 (−0.2)	−6.7 (19.9)	−2.6 (27.3)	0.9 (33.6)	5.4 (41.7)	3.8 (38.8)	0.1 (32.2)	−5.8 (21.6)	−15.5 (4.1)	−22.2 (−8.0)	−24.6 (−12.3)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches)	50.1 (1.97)	33.8 (1.33)	40.3 (1.59)	29.8 (1.17)	48.2 (1.90)	55.1 (2.17)	69.2 (2.72)	56.0 (2.20)	48.0 (1.89)	40.7 (1.60)	45.0 (1.77)	46.4 (1.83)	565.3 (22.26)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches)	7.1 (2.8)	6.7 (2.6)	3.2 (1.3)	0.5 (0.2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.6 (0.6)	5.9 (2.3)	12.9 (5.1)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm)	16.9	13.9	14.8	11.0	12.5	12.1	13.8	12.7	11.5	14.1	15.0	16.7	164.8
Average snowy days	9.3	7.7	2.6	0.3	0	0	0	0	0	0	1.3	5.8	27
Averagerelative humidity(%)	85.8	81.3	75.9	66.8	66.5	66.6	66.7	67.2	74.9	82.1	87.8	87.6	75.8
Mean monthlysunshine hours	58.1	78.6	123.8	187.5	222.7	223.2	228.4	218.5	164.5	116.3	58.7	47.0	1,718.7
Source 1:World Meteorological Organization
Source 2: DWD Open Data

Sights and culture

Lutherstadt Wittenberg has a wide range of cultural sites. Most are located within the historic old town along theWittenberg Culture Mile.

Lutherhaus, Wittenberg

Cranachhof, one of many courtyards in Wittenberg

Wittenberg is home to numerous historical sites, as well as portraits and other paintings byLucas Cranach the ElderandYounger.On the doors ofAll Saints' Church, theSchlosskirche( "castle church", built in 1496–1506)Martin Lutheris said to have nailed his95 thesesin 1517. It was seriously damaged by fire in 1760 during a bombardment by the French during theSeven Years' War,was practically rebuilt, and was later (1885–1892) restored. The wooden doors, burnt in 1760, were replaced in 1858 by bronze doors, bearing theLatintext of the theses. Inside the church are the tombs ofMartin Luther,Philipp Melanchthon,Johannes Bugenhagen,Paul Eberand of the electorsFrederick the Wise(byPeter Vischer the Younger,1527) andJohn the Constant(byHans Vischer), and portraits of the reformers by Lucas Cranach the Younger, who is also buried in the church.

St. Mary's Church, the parish church in which Luther often preached, was built in the 14th century, but has been much altered since Luther's time. It contains a painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder, representing theLast Supper(with the faces of Luther and other reformers), Baptism and Confession, also a font byHermann Vischer the Elder(1457). In addition, there are numerous historic paintings in the church.

The ancient electoral palace is another of the buildings that suffered severely in 1760; it now contains archives.

Martin Luther's home, theLutherhaus,where he studied and lived both before and after the Reformation, is now a museum containing many artifacts from his life. Melanchthon's house and the house of Lucas Cranach the Elder, mayor of Wittenberg, can also be found here. Statues of Luther (by Schadow), Melanchthon and Bugenhagen embellish the town. The spot outside the Elster Gate where Luther publicly burned thepapal bullin 1520 is marked by an oak tree.

The originalWittenberg Universityquadrangle also lies in the city centre.

Buildings

Churches

Schlosskirche

One of the town's main attractions is the Schlosskirche (Castle Church), most notably associated with the publication ofMartin Luther's95 Theses,a bold attack on the Roman Catholic Church's practice of indulgences. The castle church was remodelled between 1883 and 1892. According to the intentions of the builders, the world-historical significance of the castle church was to be expressed. In the spirit of thehistoricismperiod, the statement was related to the precursors and bearers of the Reformation, thus creating a Reformation memorial. On the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the posting of the theses in 2017, the church was extensively renovated.

Stadtkirche Wittenberg

St. Mary's Town Church and Parish Church is the mother church of the Reformation. The first Protestant service was held in it in 1521 byJustus Jonas the ElderandAndreas Bodensteinof Karlstadt. As Martin Luther's preaching church, it was theReformationofficial church of the general superintendents of the SaxonKurkreis.After theCongress of Viennait became the official residence of the Wittenberg superintendents. The artistic decoration is well preserved and includes works byLucas Cranach the ElderandLucas Cranach the Younger.Epitaphs on the interior and exterior walls refer to the work of many important personalities. The cemetery chapel of the Holy Corpse stands to the south of the town church and once belonged to the walled cemetery area of the church.

Unbefleckte EmpfängnisCatholic Church

The church on Mauerstraße wasconsecratedin 1872 by BishopKonrad Martin.It was renovated in 1999/2000.

Christ Church

Christ Church was built as another church in 1907/1908 in the suburb of Kleinwittenberg in historicist forms.

Other buildings

Lutherhaus

Augusteum and Luther House

The representative showcase building Augusteum was once an extension of the University of Wittenberg "Leucorea". In the inner courtyard of the Augusteum is the former home ofMartin Luther.Today, the building houses the Reformation History Museum with its collections of pictures, writings and contemporary exhibits from theReformationera. During the renovation of the Luther House, its medieval charm was partially lost.

Melanchthon House

The architectural style of the Melanchthon House in Collegienstraße, which expresses the self-confident modernity of theRenaissance,is an architectural sight. In this house lived and died thereformerPhilipp Melanchthon lived and died in this house. It houses an exhibition. In 2013, the house received an extension according to plans by the architects Dietsch & Weber fromHallemade of grey brick.

UniversityLeucoreaWittenberg

Founded in 1502, the University of Leucorea in Collegienstraße was and is not only a teaching institution. For example, the famous personalities of theReformationMartin LutherandPhilipp Melanchthonspent time here. Over the history of the university, which is rich in tradition, developments took place that had an impact not only onGermanybut also on large parts of the world.

Hamlethaus

The Hamlethaus in Collegienstraße blends into the ensemble of the town.

Bugenhagenhaus

The Bugenhagen House next to the town church is the oldest Protestant vicarage in the world and is one of the most significant memorials to the Reformation. Until 1997, it was the residence and place of work of the Wittenberg superintendents without interruption since the Reformation.Johannes Bugenhagenwas the first pastor to live here until his death in 1558. Between 2004 and 2007, the building was thoroughly renovated and now serves as a spiritual community and meeting centre.

Stadthaus

The Stadthaus is a modern building complex on Arsenalplatz that includes several historic buildings. Their origins date back to the 13th century. The town house contains significant remains of the medieval building fabric of the formermonastery churchof theFranciscans,which in turn was used as the burial place of theAscanians.As early as 1536, the building was converted into a granary byConrad Theißand heavily remodelled by adding several levels. The medieval windows were closed and pouring openings were installed. During theSeven Years' War,the building was severely damaged and rebuilt with a lower building height. Several building activities in the following period have greatly changed the appearance of the building. At the end of the 19th century, for example, one storey was added and large window openings were broken in on the south side. Between 1945 and 1992, Arsenal Square with the town house was occupied by theRed Armyand therefore inaccessible. On the site of the former Franciscan monastery, the city's Central Visitors' Reception was opened in 2014/2015. It includes the event centre Stadthaus, theHistorical City Information,the Council Archive and the Tourist and City Information Centre.

Altes RathausandMarktplatz

In the centre of the old town is the generously proportioned market square, where a harmonious ensemble of town houses has grown up over the centuries. On it are the Renaissance town hall, the monuments toMartin Luther(designed bySchadow) and Philipp Melanchthon (byDrake), as well as theMarktbrunnen.Since the town administration has been located in the former Tauentzien barracks in Lutherstraße beginning in 2000 (New Town Hall), the town hall on the market square has been called the Old Town Hall and has since served more representative purposes.

Cranach-Höfe

The Cranach Courts attest to the work ofLucas Cranach the Elder,Lucas Cranach the Younger,Hans Cranach,Augustin Cranach,andLucas Cranach IIIin Wittenberg. The building at Markt 4 and the pharmacy with the courtyard at Schlossstraße 1 show points of contact with Lucas Cranach and his descendants.

Lucas Cranach the Elder set up his own print shop in the once-famous printing town of Wittenberg. Among other things, the95 Theses,the first part of the Luther Bible,Luther'sTable Talks, and numerous woodcuts were printed here. After the reconstruction of the Cranach courtyards, a historic print shop was re-established in Schlossstrasse, where texts (e.g. Luther's table speeches) and illustrations (in linocut) are now produced as privately printed matter using the letterpress process. The historical Gutenberg press in theCranachhofat Markt 4 demonstrates how printing was done in the Middle Ages.

Wittenberg Castle

Wittenberg Castle is the former residence of theSaxon Electors.After being destroyed in 1760 and 1814, it was used as a barracks as part of the defensive fortifications. Since theFirst World War,the castle has served civilian purposes.

Museums

• Cranach-Höfe,Markt 4 (changing exhibitions)
• Altes Rathaus(changing exhibitions)
• Christian Art Foundation Wittenbergwith a permanent exhibition and changing special exhibitions inWittenberg Castle(access via visitor centre)
• Haus der Geschichte(20th century housing culture and in particular that of the former GDR), Schlossstraße 6
• Museum of Municipal Collections in the Zeughaus(city history;Julius Riemercollection: natural history, ethnology), Arsenalplatz
• Science Center futurea, Markt 25
• Historical City Information and burial place of theAscaniansin the monastery church, Arsenalplatz

Other sights

• Luthereicheat the southern end of Lutherstraße, whereMartin Lutherburned theBull of Banishmentof the Pope in 1520, thus completing his separation from the Roman Catholic Church.
• Röhrwasser, historical water supply system.In the 16th century, the steady growth of the population of the town of Wittenberg made a supply of fresh and clear water increasingly necessary. The existing wells and streams were no longer sufficient, as they were increasingly polluted with rubbish. The tubewater changed all that. With the tube water connection, fresh spring water was available to the citizens day and night, summer and winter. It was not until 1883 that the tubewater lost its importance due to the central water supply. Today, the Wittenberg tube water system with its 20 or so existing wells is the only functioning tube water supply system from the Middle Ages north of theAlpsand thus a technical monument. Since 2002, parts of the streams flowing through the town have been opened up.
• Ratsarchiv Wittenberg,Juristentrasse 16.
• Kirchliches Forschungsheim,Friedrichstrasse 1a.
• Luthergarten,park with 270 trees from all over the world near the castle on Kurfürstenring (formerly Hallesche Straße).
• Panoramic circular imageLuther 1517byYadegar Asisi,Wilhelm-Weber-Straße near theLutherhaus
• Tierpark Wittenberg (Zoological Garden), Juristenstraße.
• Alaris Butterfly Park, Rothemarkstraße.
• K-Building (Kommandantengebäude), to house the planned study collection of the municipal collections, with attached lecture and conference centre, Juristenstrasse 14

Coat of arms

Wittenberg's oldestcoat of arms

Wittenberg's civiccoat of armsconveys with its various heraldic elements something of the town's history. On 27 June 1293, Wittenberg was grantedtown rightsby Duke Albert II. There then arose a mediaeval town whose highest governing body was its council. This council, known to have existed as early as 1317, was given the job of administering the town in its care through law and legislation, and of handling the town's revenue. For documentation, the administration used its own seal. One version of what is believed to be the town's oldest town seal, which the council used, and which dated from the first half of the 14th century, set the pattern with its elements for various civic coats of arms down to the present day.

The coat of arms symbolizes, with its crenelated wall and the towers within and each side, a town that was already strongly fortified by 1409. The two shields in the centre form the coat of arms of the Electorate of Saxony with the Saxon arms on the right, whose gold and black stripes recall the Ascanian rulers' house colours with the Rautenkranzorcrancelin(literally "ruewreath "; see theSaxonyarticle for more) across them symbolizing the town's founder Duke Albrecht II since 1262, when it appeared in his arms. The shield on the left is the Wittenberg district's arms. In 1356, EmperorCharles IVbestowed upon the Duke of Saxony-Wittenberg the honour of Elector. Wittenberg became an Electoral residence. The shield with its crossed swords stands for the office of "Arch-Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire" inextricably joined by the Electorate, brought to Wittenberg byRudolf I.Both coats of arms continued to be used by theWettinsafter the Ascanians died out. The flowing water at the foot of the shield symbolizes Wittenberg's location on the River Elbe. The fish is asalmon,which as once abundant in the Elbe. Thefishermen,like all professions in town, got their own order in 1422, and the fish found its way onto their coat of arms.

Economy and infrastructure

The town is an important centre ofchemical industrywith theSKW Stickstoffwerke Piesteritz GmbH.The whole area of the industrial park covers more than 220 hectares with more than 1,500 workers. Wittenberg is also the headquarters of the eco-friendlyweb search engineEcosia.Tourism plays a major role. Wittenberg is one of the top destinations in Saxony-Anhalt.

Lutherstadt Wittenberg stationis the main railway station. It connects Wittenberg hourly withBerlinto the north andLeipzigandHalle (Saale)to the south. The station was rebuilt to be more environmentally friendly and re-opened in December 2016.

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  The newLutherstadt Wittenberg stationin 2017
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  The Elbe bridge is part of theBundesstraße 2 federal highway
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  The 'SKW Piesteritz' industrial area
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  TheElbeconnects Wittenberg withHamburgandMagdeburg

Theatre, culture and education

Leucorea

Wittenberg has a long tradition of cultural events. The Central German State Theatre (Mitteldeutsches Landestheater) reached great importance inGDRtimes. Since 1996, the town has staged open-air theatre shows based on the Lutheran history still alive in many historical places of the ancient town. As highlights, in 2001 and 2005,Fernando Scarpabecame theartistic directorof the"Bühne Wittenberg"(Stage Wittenberg), a project for theatre, art and culture in the whole of Germany which attracts many visitors to the town and whose success is known European-wide. On 2002 and 2003Stefano Vagnini,Italian composer and organist created the music forThesysandLuther Stories.Prince Hamletis said to have studied in Wittenberg and it was the supposed home ofDr. Faustus.

Wittenberg is the seat of theLeucoreawhich is part of theMartin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg,the largest university in Saxony-Anhalt.

Personalities from the 19th to the 21st century

Not only the men of the Reformation eraMartin Luther,Philipp MelanchthonandLucas Cranachleft their mark on Wittenberg. Much more than in its role as the capital ofKursachsenand as the residential town ofSaxony-Wittenberg,the city was shaped by what was probably the most important university in Central Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It was the place of work for many personalities, who at the same time exerted influence on the city. Today, the names and dates of many personalities are recorded on memorial plaques on the houses in the old town.

1801–1850

• Johann Friedrich von Brandt(* 1802 in Jüterbog; † 1879 in Merreküll), medical doctor and naturalist
• Friedrich Drake(* 1805 in Pyrmont; † 1882 in Berlin), sculptor
• Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl(* 1806 in Großvargula; † 1876 in Leipzig), philologist.
• Johann Hinrich Wichern(* 1808 in Hamburg; † 1881 in Hamburg), theologian
• Johann Gottfried Galle(* 1812 in Pabsthaus; † 1910 in Potsdam), astronomer
• Werner von Siemens(* 1816 in Lenthe; † 1892 Berlin), industrialist, founder of electrical engineering
• Karl Wilhelm Nitzsch(* 1818 in Zerbst; † 1880 in Berlin), historian
• Adalbert Falk(* 1827 in Metschkau; † 1900 in Hamm), Prussian minister of culture, honorary citizen of Wittenberg

1851–1900

• Karl Lamprecht(* 1856 in Jessen; † 1915 in Leipzig), historian
• Nathan Söderblom(* 1866 in Trönö; † 1931 in Uppsala), theologian, Nobel Peace Prize laureate, honorary citizen of Wittenberg
• Otto Kleinschmidt(* 1870 in Geinsheim 1870; † 1954 in Wittenberg), natural scientist.
• Otto Dibelius(* 1880 in Berlin; † 1967 in West Berlin), theologian
• Julius Riemer(* 1880 in Berlin; 1958 in Wittenberg), museum founder
• Else Hertzer(*1884 in Wittenberg; † 1978 in West Berlin), expressionist painter
• Otto Rasch(* 1891 in Friedrichsruh; † 1948 in Nuremberg), Lord Mayor 1934–36, as commander of Einsatzgruppe C responsible, among other things, for the massacre ofBabyn Yar
• Hermann Oberth(* 1894 in Hermannstadt; † 1989 in Nuremberg), nuclear physicist

1901–1945

• Erwin Wickert(* 1915 in Bralitz; † 2008 in Remagen), diplomat and writer
• Konrad Wolf(* 1925 in Hechingen; † 1982 in Berlin), director
• Ezard Haußmann(* 1935 in Potsdam; † 2010 in Potsdam), actor
• Wolfgang Böhmer(* 1936 in Dürrhennersdorf), medical doctor, former Minister President of Saxony-Anhalt
• Friedrich Schorlemmer(* 1944 in Wittenberge), theologian.

After 1945

• Reiner Haseloff(* 1954 in Bülzig), politician (CDU), Minister-President of Saxony-Anhalt since 2011.
• Frank Wartenberg(* 1955 in Prenzlau), track and field athlete
• Christiane Wartenberg(* 1956 in Prenzlau), track and field athlete
• Peter Fitzek(* 1965 in Halle an der Saale), activist of the Reich citizenship movement, founder of the fantasy state Kingdom of Germany
• Fernando Scarpa(* 1968 in Milan), Italian film director
• Nils Seethaler(* 1981 in Berlin), provenance researcher and museum initiator

Twin towns – sister cities

See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Wittenberg istwinnedwith:

• Göttingen,Germany (1988)
• Bretten,Germany (1990)
• Springfield,United States (1995)
• Békéscsaba,Hungary (1999)
• Haderslev,Denmark (2004)
• Beveren,Belgium (2019)
• Mediaș,Romania (2019)
• Mogilev,Belarus (2019)

Gallery

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  Wittenberg old town
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  View toAll Saints' Church
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  Replica of theNinety-five Thesesin the All Saints' Church
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  Stadtkirche
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  Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)
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  TheAugusteum and Lutherhaus
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  Town hall
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  Hundertwasserschule, School byFriedensreich Hundertwasser
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  Werksiedlung Wittenberg
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  The Arsenal shopping centre, opened 2012
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  Font by Hermann Vischer the Elder, St Mary's Church, Wittenberg
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  Philipp Melanchthonin the market square
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  Market square, with ancient town hall, statue ofMartin LutherandStadtkirche
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  Hamlethaus at Wittenberg old town
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  Maarten Luther Statue
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  Town hall
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  Facade images, town hall
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  Futurea Science Center museum at market
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  Kropstädt Castle
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  Nudersdorf Castle

Further reading

• John M. Jeep, ed. (2001). "Wittenberg".Medieval Germany: an Encyclopedia.Garland Publishing.ISBN0-8240-7644-3.

External links

• Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg UNESCO Official Website
• Municipal websiteArchived16 March 2012 at theWayback Machine
• Wittenberg Photo Gallery
• Theatre of Wittenberg(in German)
• Info on the camp typhus epidemic in World War One
• Luther and the Chemicals Industry,a 2013 documentary in English byDeutsche Wellecovering the history of the city