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Xinhua News Agency

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"Xinhua" redirects here. For other uses, seeXinhua (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withChina News Service.

Xinhua News Agency
Native name
Tân hoa thông tấn xã
FormerlyRed China News Agency (1931–1937)
Company typeStatenews agency
Industry
FoundedNovember 1931;92 years ago(1931-11),inRuijin,Jiangxi,Chinese Soviet Republic
FounderChinese Communist Party
Headquarters
Global:Beijing,China
Overseas: 1540Broadway
Times Square
New York,NY10036
U.S.[1]
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
  • Fu Hua(President andParty Secretary)
  • Lu Yansong(Editor-in-chef and deputy Party Secretary)
OwnerPeople's Republic of China
(state-ownedinstitution)
Number of employees
10,000+[2]
ParentState Council of the People's Republic of China
SubsidiariesReference News
China Xinhua News Network Corporation
CNC World
Websiteenglish.news.cnEdit this at Wikidata xinhuanet
Xinhua News Agency
Simplified ChineseTân hoa thông tấn xã
Traditional ChineseTân hoa thông tấn xã
Literal meaningNew China News Agency
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXīnhuá Tōngxùnshè
Wade–GilesHsin-hwa Tung-hsün-shê
IPAɕínxwǎ
Abbreviated name
Simplified ChineseTân Hoa Xã
Traditional ChineseTân Hoa Xã
Literal meaningNew China Agency
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXīnhuá Shè
Wade–GilesHsin-hwa Shê

Xinhua News Agency(English pronunciation:/ˌʃɪnˈhwɑː/),[3]orNew China News Agency,is the officialstate news agencyof thePeople's Republic of China.It is aState Council's ministry-level institution, and was founded in 1931. It is the largest media organ in China.

Xinhua is a publisher, as well as a news agency; it publishes in multiple languages and is a channel for the distribution of information related to the Chinese government and the rulingChinese Communist Party(CCP). Its headquarters in Beijing are located close to the central government's headquarters atZhongnanhai.

Xinhua tailors its pro-Chinese government message to the nuances of each international audience.[4][5]The organization has faced criticism for spreadingpropagandaanddisinformationand for criticizing people, groups, or movements critical of the Chinese government and its policies.[6][7][8]

History

[edit]
Building of Red China News Agency in 1937.
Xinhua News Agency's overseas flagshipdigital billboardwas inaugurated onTimes Square,at the heart ofManhattanin 2010.
Politics of China
Leadership
Leadership generations
Succession of power
National leaders
Orders of precedence
Related systems
Communist Party
History
National People's Congress(14th)
State representative
Executive organ
Military organ
Supervisory organ
Judicial organs
United front
Historical parties:
Propaganda
Cross-Strait relations
Foreign relations
Related topics
flagChina portal

The predecessor to Xinhua was the Red China News Agency (Màu đỏ Trung Hoa thông tấn xã;Hóng sắc Zhōnghuá Tōngxùnshè), founded in November 1931 as the ChineseSoviet ZoneofRuijin,Jiangxi province. It mostly republished news from its rivalCentral News Agency(CNA) for party and army officials. The agency got its name of Xinhua in November 1935, at the end of theLong March,in which theChinese Red Armyretreated fromJiangxitoShaanxi.By the outbreak of theSecond Sino-Japanese Warin 1937, Xinhua'sReference Newstranslated CNA news from theKuomintang,and also international news from agencies likeTASSandHavas.Xinhua first started usingletterpress printingin 1940.[9]

During thePacific Warthe agency developed overseas broadcasting capabilities and established its first overseas branches.[10]It began broadcasting to foreign countries in English from 1944. In 1949, Xinhua followed a subscription model instead of its previous limited distribution model.[9]In the direct aftermath of theChinese Civil War,the agency represented the People's Republic of China in countries and territorieswith which it had no diplomatic representation,such asBritish Hong Kong.[10]In 1956, Xinhua began reporting on anti-Marxist and other opinions critical of the CCP. In 1957, Xinhua switched from a journal format to a newspaper format.[9]

The agency was described by media scholars as the "eyes and tongue" of the CCP, observing what is important for the masses and passing on the information.[11]A former Xinhua director, Zheng Tao, noted that the agency was a bridge between the CCP, the government, and the people, communicating both the demands of the people and CCP policies.[12]

In 2018, theUnited States Department of Justicedirected Xinhua's U.S. branch to register as aforeign agentunder theForeign Agents Registration Act.[13][14][15]In 2020, theUnited States Department of Statedesignated Xinhua and other state-owned media outlets as aforeign mission.[16][17]Xinhua registered in the U.S. as a foreign agent in May 2021.[18]

In June 2022, Fu Hua, the formerCCP Committee SecretaryofBeijing Daily,was appointed president of Xinhua.[19]In September 2022, Fu stated, "Xinhua will never depart from the party line, not even for a minute, nor stray from the path laid down byGeneral SecretaryXi Jinping".[20]

Reach

[edit]

By 2021, Xinhua had 181 bureaus globally, publishing news in multiple languages.[21]Xinhua is also responsible for handling, and in some cases, censoring reports from foreign media destined for release in China.[22]In 2010, Xinhua acquired prime commercial real estate onTimes SquareinManhattanand started an English-language satellite news network.[23]Xinhua has paid other media outlets such asThe New York Times,The Washington Post,andThe Wall Street Journalto carry itsadvertorialinserts, branded as "China Watch" or "China Focus".[24]

Internal media

[edit]
Main articles:Internal media of the Chinese Communist PartyandNeican

TheCCP's internal media system,in which certain journals (neican) are published exclusively for government and party officials, provides information and analysis which are not available to the public.[25]Xinhua produces reports for these internal journals that contain information that the CCP considers too sensitive for public consumption and can pertain to subjects for security and intelligence purposes.[26]

Xinhua reporters file certain internal reports to CCP leadership from secure rooms in some Chinese embassies.[27]Informed observers note that journalists generally like to write for the internal publications because they can write less polemical and more comprehensive stories without making the omissions of unwelcome details commonly made in the media directed to the general public. The internal reports, written from a large number of countries, typically consist of in-depth analyses of international situations and domestic attitudes towards regional issues and perceptions of China.[28]

The Chinese government's internal media publication system follows a strict hierarchical pattern designed to facilitate party control. A publication calledReference News—which includes translated articles from abroad as well as news and commentary by Xinhua reporters—is delivered by Xinhua personnel, rather than by the national mail system, to officials at the working level and above. A three-to-ten-page report called Internal Reference (Neibu Cankao) is distributed to officials at the ministerial level and higher. One example was the first reports on theSARSoutbreak by Xinhua which only government officials were allowed to see.[29]The most classified Xinhua internal reports are issued to the top dozen or so party and government officials.[30]

Headquarters and regional offices

[edit]
Bureau inDar es Salaam,Tanzania.

Xinhua headquarters is located in Beijing, strategically located near Zhongnanhai, which houses the headquarters of the CCP, the General Secretary, and the State Council. Xinhua established its first overseas affiliate in 1947 in London, withSamuel Chinqueas publisher. It distributes its news from the publication's overseas headquarters inNew York City,in conjunction with distributing coverage from theUnited Nationsbureau, as well as its other hubs in Asia, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa.[31]

As of 2024, Xinhua has over 170 overseas bureaus.[32]

Hong Kong

[edit]

Xinhua's branch in Hong Kong was not just a press office, but served as thede factoembassyof the PRC in the territory when it was under British administration. It was named a news agency under the special historic conditions before the 1997handover,because the People's Republic did not recognize British sovereignty over the colony, and could not set up a consulate on what it considered to be its soil.[33][34]: 64 In the early 1980s, the deputy secretary of Xinhua, Wong Man-fong, negotiated with Hong Kong-basedtriadson behalf of the Chinese government to ensure their peace after the handover of Hong Kong.[35]

Despite its unofficial status, the directors of the Xinhua Hong Kong Branch included high-ranking former diplomats such asZhou Nan,former Ambassador to the United Nations and Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, who later negotiated theSino-British Joint Declarationon the future of Hong Kong.[36]His predecessor,Xu Jiatun,was also vice-chairman of theHong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee,before fleeing to the United States in response to the1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre,where he went into exile.[34][37]

It was authorized by thespecial administrative regiongovernment to continue to represent the central government after 1997, and it was renamed "TheLiaison Officeof theCentral People's Governmentin the Hong Kong SAR "on 18 January 2000, retaining branch chiefJiang Enzhuas inaugural director.[38]

Cairo

[edit]

Xinhua opened its Middle East Regional Bureau inCairo, Egyptin 1985.[39]

Cooperation with other media outlets

[edit]

In 2015, Xinhua and other Chinese state media outlets signed cooperation and content-sharing agreements with Russian state media outlets.[40][41]

In November 2018, Xinhua News Agency and theAssociated Press(AP) of the United States signed a memorandum of understanding to expand cooperation. Some lawmakers in the US congress asked the AP to release the text of its memorandum of understanding with Xinhua. In response, AP spokeswoman Lauren Easton toldTheWashington Postthat AP's agreement with Xinhua is to allow it to operate inside China and has no bearing on AP's independence, and that Xinhua has no access to AP's sensitive information and no influence over AP's editorial decisions.[42]

In December 2022, journalistJoshua Kurlantzicksaid that Xinhua has had more success than other Chinese state media outlets such asChina Global Television NetworkandChina Radio Internationalin acting as a part of China's media offensive, with Xinhua having signed content sharing agreements with many news agencies around the world.[21]He noted that "unlike with, say, a television station that a viewer has to actively turn on, and probably knows the channel, most print or online readers do not check the bylines of news articles—making it easier for Xinhua copy to slip through to readers."[21]He also noted: "In developing countries, Xinhua is increasingly stepping into the void left by other news wires like the Associated Press, because Xinhua content is free or cheap", and warned about Xinhua content being used by local news outlets in countries such asThailand,saying: "Readers don't really notice where it comes from. That's going to skew the views of the general reading public, and that's quite dangerous."[43]

Partnerships

[edit]

In 2018, Xinhua, in partnership withTencent's subsidiarySogou,launched its firstartificial intelligence-generated news anchor.[44][45][46]

Reception

[edit]

Overview

[edit]

Political bias, censorship, and disinformation

[edit]

In 2005,Reporters Without Borderscalled Xinhua "The World's Biggest Propaganda Machine", pointing out that Xinhua's president held the rank of a minister in the government. The report stated that the news agency was "at the heart of censorship and disinformation put in place" by the government.[5][47]

In a 2007 interview withThe Times of India,then Xinhua presidentTian Congmingaffirmed the problem of "historical setbacks and popular perceptions" with respect to Xinhua's credibility.[48]Newsweekcriticized Xinhua as "being best known for its blind spots" regarding controversial news in China, although the article acknowledges that "Xinhua's spin diminishes when the news doesn't involve China".[49]

During the2002–2004 SARS outbreak,Xinhua was slow to release reports of the incident to the public. However, its reporting in the aftermath of the2008 Sichuan earthquakewas seen as more transparent and credible as Xinhua journalists operated more freely.[50][51]After theBeijing Television Cultural Center fire,the vice president of the CCP'sChina International Publishing Groupstated that quantity of media exposure would not necessarily help perceptions of China. Rather, he said, media should focus on emphasizingChinese culture"to convey the message that China is a friend, not an enemy".[52]

Xinhua has criticized perceived foreign media bias and inaccurate reporting, citing an incident during the2008 Tibetan unrestwhen media outlets used scenes ofNepalese policearresting Tibetan protesters as evidence of Chinese state brutality[53]with commentary fromCNN'sJack Caffertycalling China's leaders "goons and thugs". CNN later apologized for the comments.[54]

Historical events

[edit]

1968 industrial espionage allegations

[edit]

During theMay 68events in France, Xinhua and PRC embassy press office staff were reported to exploit civil unrest to undertakeindustrial espionageat French factories.[34]

1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre

[edit]

Xinhua staff struggled to find the "right line" to use in covering the1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.Although more cautious thanPeople's Dailyin its treatment of sensitive topics during that period – such as how to commemorate reformist CCP leaderHu Yaobang's April 1989 death and then ongoing demonstrations in Beijing and elsewhere – Xinhua gave some favorable coverage to demonstrators and intellectuals supportive of the movement. Conflict between journalists and top editors over the censorship of stories about the Tiananmen Square crackdown lasted for several days after the military's dispersal of demonstrators on 4 June, with some journalists going on strike and demonstrating inside the agency's Beijing headquarters. Government oversight of the media increased after the protests – top editors at the agency's bureaus in Hong Kong andMacauwere replaced with appointees who werepro-Beijing.[55]

2012 Mark Bourrie resignation and espionage allegations

[edit]

In 2012, Xinhua'sOttawacorrespondentMark Bourrieresigned after Ottawa bureau chief Zhang Dacheng allegedly requested him to report on theDalai Lamafor Xinhua'sinternal media,which Bourrie felt amounted to gathering intelligence for China.[56][57][58]Zhang denied the allegation, telling theCanadian Pressthat Xinhua's policy is to "cover public events by public means" and his bureau's job is to cover news events and file the stories to Xinhua's editing rooms, who would then decide which stories would be published.[59]Bourrie, who had a press pass providing him access to the Parliament of Canada, had previously tried to consult theCanadian Security Intelligence Service(CSIS) in 2009 on the matter of writing for Xinhua, but was ignored by CSIS.[60]

Portrayal of Indians during the 2017 Doklam standoff

[edit]
See also:Stereotypes of South Asians

During the2017 China–India border standoff,Xinhua's English-languagenew mediaprogramThe Sparkreleased asatiricalvideo named the "Seven Sins ofIndia"on 16 August 2017, in which presenter Di'er Wang spoke of Indians having" thick skin "and" pretending to sleep "on the matter of the border dispute. Wang stated that India was physically threateningBhutan,and compared India to a "robber who breaks into a house and does not leave". An actor in the video portraying "India" with aturban,beardand accent sparked allegations ofracismandanti-Indian sentiment.[61]The video was criticized on Twitter and by Indian and Western media.[62][63]

2018 Devumi allegations

[edit]

In January 2018,The New York Timespublished an investigative report on social media promotions, alleging that the US-based companyDevumiwas providing "Twitter followers and retweets to celebrities, businesses and anyone who wants to appear more popular or exert influence online." The article alleged an unnamed Xinhua editor bought "hundreds of thousands of followers and retweets on Twitter".[64]

2019 Hong Kong protests

[edit]
Further information:Reactions to the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests

In 2019, Xinhua was criticized for perceived bias in its portrayal of the2019–20 Hong Kong protestsas violent and illegitimate, which led Twitter to ban it and other state-sponsored media outlets from ad purchases.[8][65]

COVID-19 pandemic

[edit]
Further information:COVID-19 misinformation by China

In 2020, Xinhua was one of several Chinese state media agencies reported to have been disseminating propaganda, targeted advertisements and social media posts, and news that showed the Chinese government in a better light.[66][7][67][68]

In 2022, journalist Joshua Kurlantzick noted that Xinhua's coverage of the pandemic, while being "sometimes factual and on the face of it little different in style from other newswires, often downplayed the threat of the virus within China and to other countries", and that it frequently highlighted the efforts of doctors and citizens in combating the virus, while ignoring the ways China had initially covered up the signs of an outbreak and Chinese citizens' growing anger at the government's response.[69]

Uyghurs

[edit]
Further information:Persecution of Uyghurs in China § Denial of abuses

In 2012, Xinhua launched aUyghur languagewebsite.[70]In 2021, Xinhua published a "fact check"following the publication of aBBC Newsreport on the situation in Xin gian g which, according toThe Diplomat,"included an attempt to directly refute the testimony of one witness quoted in the BBC report. (Notably, Xinhua's fact check did not address the bulk of the testimony from other survivors.)"[71]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

[edit]
Further information:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of UkraineandChina and the Russian invasion of Ukraine

During theRussian invasion of Ukraine,Xinhua and other Chinese state media outlets paid for digital ads onFacebooksupporting pro-Kremlin disinformation and propaganda, including dissemination of theUkraine bioweapons conspiracy theory,afterMeta Platformsbanned Russian state media advertisement buys.[72][73][74][75]

2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan

[edit]

During the2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan,Xinhua published an altered image of a TaiwaneseChi Yang-class frigatenear the coast ofHualien Countyappearing to be aPeople's Liberation Army Navyvessel. The TaiwaneseMinistry of National Defenselabelled the image as disinformation.[76][77][78]

See also

[edit]

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