Xueyantuo
Xueyantuo | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 628–723 (?-723 under Second Turkic Khaganate) | |||||||||||||
 Year 630, the Xueyantuo directly controlled areas. | |||||||||||||
| Capital | Ih Huree | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Old Turkic | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Shamanism,Tengrism | ||||||||||||
| Government | Tribalconfederation | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Middle ages | ||||||||||||
• Established | 628 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 723 (?-723 under Second Turkic Khaganate) | ||||||||||||
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| Xueyantuo | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Tiết duyên đà | ||||||||||||||
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TheXueyantuowere an ancientTiele[1]tribe andkhaganateinNortheast Asiawho were at one point vassals of theGöktürks,later aligning with theTang dynastyagainst theEastern Göktürks.
Names[edit]
Xue[edit]
XueTiết appeared earlier asXinliTân lê inSima Qian'sRecords of the Grand Historian,vol. 110 but were not referred to again until the 7th century.[2][3]Golden(2011) proposed that Tiết Xue's Old Turkic formSirderived from SanskritŚrī"fortunate, auspicious"[4]
Yantuo[edit]
The etymology ofYantuoDuyên đà is much debated. It was first identified withTarduš,one of two divisions, besidesTöliš,of the short-lived Xueyantuo Qaghanate, by Western Orientalists (likeVilhelm Thomsen) who consideredTölišandTardušto be tribal names. The ethnonym is thus reconstructable asSyr-Tardush.[5]However, Chinese scholars viewedTölišandTardušas names of political organizations or districts: for example, Cen Zhongmian viewed the Töliš-Tarduš division as east–west whereas Wang Jingru, citingNew Book of Tang,viewed Töliš-Tarduš as north–south.[6]
Sergey Klyastorny (2003:305), apud Golden (2018), proposed that Xueyantuo transcribed *Sir-Yamtar;[7]in contrast to the tribal nameSir,[Ïšβara] Yamtarappeared as a personal name of one companion ofKül Tigin,mentioned the eponymous inscription in his memory.[8]
Tongdianrecords the origin of Yantuo: "During the reign ofMurong Junin theFormer Yan,theXiongnuchanyuHelatou( hạ lạt đầu, "the leader of theAlat tribe") led his tribe of thirty-five thousand people and came to surrender. Yantuo people are probably their descendants." Based on this, Bao (2010) proposed that Yantuo people were the descendants of theAlat tribe,also known as Hala-Yundluɣ; therefore, the name Yantuo was probably derived from Yundluɣ, and Xueyantuo can be reconstructed asSir-Yundluɣ.[9]
History[edit]
Initially theXueand theYantuowere two separate tribes.Tongdianstates that: "Xueyantuo is a splinter tribe fromTiele.In the time ofFormer Yan[emperor]Murong Jun,XiongnuShanyuHelatou led his tribe, numbering 35,000, to come surrender. Yantuo are probably their descendants. With the Xue tribe [Yantuo] live intermixed. Thus the appellation Xueyantuo. The Khagan clan's surname is Yilitu. For generations they have been a strong nation. "[10]The rulers of Xueyantuo claimed to be originally namedXue( Tiết / tiết ), and that the name of the tribe was changed to Xueyantuo after the Xue defeated and merged the Yantuo into their tribe.[11][12]
After Yishibo, the Xueyantuo founded a short-livedQaghanateover the steppe underZhenzhu Khan,his sonDuomi Khanand nephewYitewushi Khan,the last of whom eventually surrendered to the Tang dynasty.
In 605, Xueyantuo were attacked by the Western TürkicChuluo Khagan.Consequently, they abandoned the Western Turks and established their own Khaganate under a leadership ofQibi tribe'sYağmurčin Bağa-Qağan,retaining the control and income from the Turfan segment of the Silk Road. Later, Xueyantuo leader Yshbara was installed as a lesser Kagan Yetir (yeti er "seven tribes" ). In 610,Shekui(r. 610–617) ascended to the Western Turkic throne, both rulers renounced their Kagan ranks and rejoined the Western Türkic Khaganate. The next Western Türkic Tong-Yabgu-Kagan (r. 617–630) annexed all seven tribes of the Xueyantuo-headed Tiele confederation, which also includedUighur,Bayïrku,Ădiz,Tongra, Bugu andBarsiltribes. In 627 Xueyantuo leader led his tribes into the territory of the Eastern Türkic Khaganate, defeated the main force of the Khaganate led by the son of the reigningIllig Qaghan,Yukuk Shad,and settled in the valley of riverTolain the Northern Mongolia. After the victory, Uighur leader Yaoluoge Pusa assumed a titlehuo xielifa(Chinese:Sống hiệt lợi phát*kat-elteber[13]or *war-hilitber[14]) and split from the confederation, and in 629 the Xueyantuo Yinan-erkin declared himselfInčü Bilge-Khaganof a new Xueyantuo Khaganate.
This Xueyantuo Khaganate was quickly recognized by the Tang Empire, as a counterweight against its enemy Eastern Türkic Khaganate.[15]"Raising Yi'nan on Kagan throne was done under pressure from the Tang court interested in stripping El-kagan of the rights to the supreme power in the huge region, and also in final dismemberment of the Türkic state, a source of many conflicts on their northern borders."[16]Xueyantuo provided military service by assisting the Tang Empire against theTatarsin the 630s. The Xueyantuo's vast khaganate spanned from theAltai Mountainsto theGobi desert.
Emperor Taizong's campaign against Eastern Tujue[edit]
On March 27, 630, the Xueyantuo allied with the Tang to defeat the Eastern Qaghanate in theYin Mountains.Illig Qaghanescaped, but was handed over to the Tang by his subordinate qaghan on May 2.[17][18]
After Eastern Göktürk Illig Qaghan Ashina Duobi was defeated by Tang in 630, the Xueyantuo effectively took over control of the Eastern Göktürks' former territory, at times submissive to the Tang and at timeswarring with the Tangand the subsequent khan of the Eastern Göktürks that Tang supported, theQilibi KhanAshina Simo.
In 632 the Xueyantuo repulsed an army of Si Yabgu Qaghan from the Western Qaghanate, then subjugated theQarluqat theUlungurandIrtysh River,and then the Yenisei Kyrgyz tribes. In 634 one of their rivals, Dubu Qaghan (Ashina Shier), son ofChuluo Khan,who ruled much of the eastern half of the Western Qaghanate, was eliminated before escaping to the Tang dynasty.[19]
After that they maintained a friendly relationship with the Tang until 639, when a raid on the Tang capital was planned by the Gökturks underAshina Jiesheshuai( a sử kia liên hợp suất ), who had been disparaged by the Tang emperor. He allied with his nephew Ashina Heluohu ( a sử kia hạ la cốt ), choosing him as the leader of the raid on May 19. They were unsuccessful and over 40 rebels were executed. Heluohu was spared and expelled to the far south.[20][21]
After this incident, an arraignment was made on August 13. A deportation of all Goktürks north of Ordos was carried out, in an attempt to restore the puppet Eastern Qaghanate as a barrier against the Xueyanto, in an attempt to distract them from the territorial competition in the west.
Among the Göktürk nobles, Ashina Simo was selected as the qaghan (Qilibi Khan) with his capital at the border. The plot failed, as he was unable to gather his people, many of his tribesmen having escaped to the south by 644 after a series of unsuccessful incursions by the Xueyantuo supported by the Tang dynasty. Defeats by the advancing Tang troops had made their tribal allies lose confidence in them. The crisis deepened the next year when a coup d'état took place within the clan.
Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo[edit]
On August 1, 646, the Xueyantuo were defeated by theUyghur(Huihe, Hồi Hột ) and the Tang. The Xueyantuo'sDuomi Khan,Bazhuo, was killed by the Uyghur. A Tang army led by the generalLi Daozong,the Prince of Jiangxia, crushed the Xueyantuo forces. The last Xueyantuo khan, theYitewushi KhanDuomozhi, surrendered.[22]Their remnants were destroyed two years later, on September 15.[23][24]The Sir re-appeared later as[Al]tï Sir"Six Sir Tribes", subjects of theLatter TurkrulerBilge Khagan;[25][26]Klyashtorny controversially proposed that Sir were precursors toKipchaks.[27]
Xueyantuo's relationship with the laterShatuoTurks is contested. The epitaph of Shatuo leaderLi Keyongstates that his clan's progenitor was "Yidu, Lord of the Xueyantuo country, an unrivaled general" ( ích độ, Tiết duyên đà quốc quân, vô địch tướng quân ). However, Chinese chroniclers also traced the Shatuo's origins to aTielechief named *Bayar( rút cũngBaye)[28]~ *Bayïrku( rút cũng cổBayegu)[29]orWestern TurkicChuyueChỗ nguyệt (often identified withChigils).[30][31][32]
| History of the Turkic peoplespre–14th century |
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| History of Mongolia |
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Khans of Xueyantuo[edit]
- Yishibo( Ất thất bát ), the Yiedie Khan ( cũng hí Khả Hãn ) (?–628?)
- Yi'nan( di nam ), the Zhenzhupiqie Khan ( ngọc trai bì già Khả Hãn ) or, in short, Zhenzhu Khan ( ngọc trai Khả Hãn ) (628–645)
- Bazhuo( rút chước ), the Jialijulishixueshaduomi Khan ( hiệt lợi đều lực thất Tiết sa nhiều di Khả Hãn ) or, in short, Duomi Khan ( nhiều di Khả Hãn ) (645–646)
- Duomozhi( đốt ma chi ), the Yitewushi Khan ( y đặc chớ thất Khả Hãn ) (646)
Under Second Turkic Khaganate[edit]
Surname of Khans[edit]
The surname of Xueyantuo's khans is uncertain, although modern Chinese historianBo Yanglists their surname as "Yishi" in his edition (also known as theBo Yang Edition) of theZizhi Tong gian,but without citing a source.[35]It is possible that Bo was influenced by theTongdian,which refers to the Xueyantuo surname asYilituNhất lợi phun,YiliduoMột lợi đốt as inCefu Yuangui,YilidieNhất lợi hí as inNew Book of Tang.Li Keyong's epitaph also records his alleged Xueyantuo ancestor's name asYiduÍch độ.
According to Cen Zhongmian, the aforementioned names are related to a variant ofelteris.[36]Duan Lianqin asserted that the name Yishibo (Yiedie Khan) can also be read interchangeably as Yedie ( cũng hí ).[37]TheZizhi Tong gian,in the original, referred to one ethnic Xueyantuo general named Duomo, possibly the Yitewushi Khan (after he became a Tang general) by the family name ofXue[38]—although theTang Huiyaoindicated that it was not the same person, as it indicated that the Yitewushi Khan died during Emperor Taizong's reign.[11]
Surnames of Xueyantuo[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
- ^Wei Zhenget al.Book of Sui,vol. 84(in Chinese)
- ^Pulleyblank, "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China", pp. vii, 21–26.
- ^Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 370.
- ^Golden, Peter (2011).Central Asia in World History.Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 37–38.ISBN978-0199793174.
- ^Theobald, Ulrich. (2013)"Xueyantuo Tiết duyên đà, Syr Tarduš"forChinaKnowledge.de – An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
- ^Cheng Fangyi."The Research on the Identification Between Tiele ( thiết lặc ) and the Oghuric Tribes".Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi:83–84.
- ^Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks". inThe Medieval History Journal,21(2). 21 (2). p. 309
- ^Kül Tigin InscriptionsatTürik Bitig
- ^Bao, Wensheng (2010)."Name and Origin of Xueyantuo Tribe".Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Philosophy and Social Sciences)(in Chinese).42(4): 132–136.[permanent dead link]
- ^Du You.Tongdian.Vol. 199."Tiết duyên đà, thiết lặc chi đừng bộ cũng, trước yến Mộ Dung tuấn khi, Hung nô Thiền Vu hạ lạt đầu suất bộ tam vạn 5000 tới hàng, duyên đà cái sau đó. Cùng Tiết bộ tạp cư, nhân hào Tiết duyên đà. Khả Hãn họ nhất lợi phun thị, thay cường tộc"
- ^abTang Huiyao,vol. 96ArchivedOctober 11, 2007, at theWayback Machine
- ^Jiu Tangshu,vol. 199 Lower Part
- ^Zuev (2004). 1-15
- ^Atwood, Christopher P.,"Some Early Inner Asian Terms Related to the Imperial Family and the Comitatus"(2013).Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations.14. p. 54 of 49–86, note 27
- ^Zuev Yu.A. "Xueyantuo Khaganate and Kimeks. ([A Contribution] to Turkic ethnogeography of Central Asia in the middle of 7th century)" inShygys,Oriental Studies Institute, Almaty (2004), pp. 1-14, 1-15
- ^Zuev (2004), p. 1-19
- ^Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", pp. 362, 388–389, 430.
- ^Bo Yang, "Zizhi Tong gian", pp. 11,651–11,654 (Vol. 46).
- ^Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", pp. 414–415.
- ^Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", pp. 438–439.
- ^Bo Yang, "Zizhi Tong gian", p. 11,784–11,785 (Vol. 46).
- ^Bo Yang, Outlines of the History of the Chinese ( người Trung Quốc sử cương ), vol. 2, p. 512.
- ^Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", pp. 416–430, 463.
- ^Bo Yang, "Zizhi Tong gian", pp. 11,786–11,788 (Vol. 46) 11,945, 11,990 (Vol. 47).
- ^Bilge Khagan inscription,line 1 atTürik Bitig
- ^Ergin, Muharrem (1980).Orhun Abideleri(in Turkish). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları. pp. 33, 52
- ^Klyashtorny, Sergey (2005). "The Polovcian Problems (II): Qipčaqs, Comans, and Polovcians".Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae.58 (3). p. 243 of 243–248
- ^Xue Juzheng.Jiu Wudaishi,vol. 25
- ^Cited in Ouyang XiuXin Wudaishi,vol. 4
- ^Ouyang Xiu.Xin Wudaishi,vol. 4
- ^Atwood, Christopher P. (2010)."The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatup Dynastic Myth".Miscellanea Asiatica(16): 600–604.
- ^Barenghi, Maddalena (2019)."Representations of Descent: Origin and Migration Stories of the Ninth- and Tenth-century Turkic Shatuo"(PDF).Asia Major.3d.32(1): 62–63.
- ^Ercilasun, (1985), p. 59
- ^Hatice Şirin, (2016),Bombogor Inscription: Tombstone of a Turkic Qunčuy ( "Princess" ),p. 6
- ^See, e.g.,Bo Yang Editionof theZizhi Tong gian,vol. 45, p. 11,633 (referring to the Zhenzhupiqie Khan as Yishi Yi'nan).
- ^Duan 1988b, pp. 371–372.
- ^Duan 1988a, p. 22.
- ^SeeZizhi Tong gian,vol. 204.
Sources[edit]
- Bo Yang.Modern Chinese Edition of Zizhi Tong gian (Vol. 45).Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co. LtdISBN957-32-0868-7.
- Duan Lianqin (1988a).Xueyantuo During the Period of Sui and Tang.Xi'an: Sanqin Press.ISBN7-80546-024-8.
- Duan Lianqin (1988b).Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele.Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press.ISBN7-208-00110-3.
- New Book of Tang,vol. 217, part 3[1].
- Zizhi Tong gian,vols.192,193,194,195,196,197,198,199.
- Zuev Yu.A. "Xueyantuo Khaganate and Kimeks. ([A Contribution] to Turkic ethnogeography of Central Asia in the middle of 7th century)" inShygys,Oriental Studies Institute, Almaty (2004), No 1 pp 11–21, No 2 pp 3–26 (in Russian)
- Zuev Yu.A.,Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms(Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuyao" of 8-10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, I960, (In Russian)
