Yami language
| Yami | |
|---|---|
| ciciring no Tao | |
| Native to | Taiwan |
| Ethnicity | Tao |
Native speakers | about 4000 (2012)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tao |
| Glottolog | yami1254 |
| ELP | Tao |
| Linguasphere | 31-CAA-a |
 Yami language is classified as Vulnerable by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
  Yami Orchid Island inTaiwan  Yami Yami (Southeast Asia) | |
| Coordinates:22°03′N121°32′E/ 22.050°N 121.533°E | |
Yami language(Chinese:Nhã mỹ ngữ), also known asTao language(Chinese:Đạt ngộ ngữ), is aMalayo-PolynesianandPhilippinelanguage spoken by theTao peopleofOrchid Island,46 kilometers southeast ofTaiwan.It is a member of theIvatandialect continuum.
Yami is known asciriciring no Tao'human speech' by its native speakers. Native speakers prefer the 'Tao' name.[1]
Classification
[edit]
Yami is the only native language ofTaiwanese indigenous peoplesthat is not a member of theFormosangrouping of Austronesian; it is one of theBatanic languagesalso found inBatanesprovince ofnorthern Philippines,and as such is part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian.
Phonology
[edit]Yami has 20 consonants and 4 vowels:[2]
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ||
| Mid | ə | o | |
| Open | a |
- /o/can be heard as[ʊ]after labial stop consonants.
Iraralay Yami, spoken on the north coast, distinguishes between geminative consonants (e.g.,opa'thigh' vs.oppa'hen' form one suchminimal pair).[3]
Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Retroflex | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | ʔ | ||
| voiced | b | d͡ʒ | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
| Fricative | v | ʂ | ʁ | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | ɻ | w | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
- /kʁ/can also be heard as sounds[qɦ]when between vowel/a/intervocalically.
- Sounds/nlʂ/can be heard as sounds[ɲɮʃ]before/i/.
Grammar
[edit]Pronouns
[edit]The following set of pronouns is found in the Yami language.[4]
| Nominative | Genitive | Locative | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| free | bound | free | bound | ||
| 1st person singular | yaken | ko | niaken | ko | jiaken |
| 2nd person singular | imo | ka | nimo | mo | jimo |
| 3rd person singular | iya | ya | nia | na | jia |
| 1st person plural inclusive | yaten | ta,tamo,takamo | niaten | ta | jiaten |
| 1st person plural exclusive | yamen | namen | niamen | namen | jiamen |
| 2nd person plural | inio | kamo,kanio | ninio | nio | jinio |
| 3rd person plural | sira | sia | nira | da | jira |
Verbs
[edit]The following list are verbal inflections found in Yami.[5]
- Dynamic intransitive
- -om-/om-(subjunctive:N-)
- mi-
- ma-
- maN-
- maka-
- maci-/masi-/macika-/macipa-
- Stative
- ma-(subjunctive:a-)
- ka-... -an(subjunctive:ka-... -i)
- Dynamic
- pi-
- pa-
- paN-(subjunctive:maN-)
- paka-(subjunctive:maka-)
- paci-(subjunctive:maci-)
- Transitive
- -en(subjunctive:-a)
- -an(subjunctive:-i)
- i-(subjunctive:-an)
- Stative functioning as transitive
- ma-(subjunctive:a-... -a)
- ka-... -an(subjunctive:a-... -a)
Affixes
[edit]The following is a list of affixes found in Yami.[6]
- icia-'fellows such and such who share the same features or fate'
- ikeyka-'even more so'
- ika-'feel such and such because...'
- ika-'ordinal number'
- ipi-'multiple number'
- ji a-'negation or emphatic'
- ka-'company, as... as, abstract noun'
- ka-'and then, just now, only'
- ka-'stative verb prefix reappearing in forming transitive verbs'
- ka-(reduplicated root) 'very'
- ka-(reduplicated root) 'animals named after certain features'
- ka-... -an'common noun'
- ma-... -en'love to do such and such'
- mapaka-'pretend to be such and such'
- mapi-'do such and such as an occupation'
- mi-/mala-'kinship relationships in a group of two or three'
- mika-/mapika-/ipika-'all, gradually, one by one'
- mala-'taste or look like...'
- mipa-'getting more and more...'
- mipipa-'even more...'
- mapi-/mapa-/pa-... -en/ipa-'causative verb affixes'
- ni-'perfective'
- ni-... na'superlative'
- noka-'past'
- noma-'future (remote)'
- sicia- 'present'
- sima-'future (proximal)'
- tey-'direction'
- tey-'very, too'
- tey-(reduplicated root) 'amount allocated to each unit
Vocabulary
[edit] | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification.(September 2024) |
Cognates with Philippine languages
[edit]| English | Yami | Tagalog/Ilokano/Visayan,etc. |
|---|---|---|
| Person | tao | tao(Tagalog),tawo(Cebuano Vis., Bicol) |
| Mother | ina | ina(Tagalog)[7] |
| Father | ama | ama(Tagalog),ama(Ilokano)[8] |
| Head | oo | ulo(Tagalog),ulu(Cebuano),olo(Ilokano)[9] |
| Yes | nohon | oho(Pandan Bikol, Bikol Sentral) |
| Friend | kagagan | kaibigan(Tagalog) |
| who | sino | sino,sin-o(Hiligaynon Vis.),hin-o(Waray Vis.) |
| they | sira | sila(Tagalog),sira/hira(Waray Vis.) |
| their | nira | nila(Tagalog) |
| offspring | anak | anak(Cebuano Vis.),anak(Hiligaynon Vis.),anak(Ilokano),anak(Tagalog) |
| I (pronoun) | ko | ko,-ko(Ilokano) |
| you | ka | ka,-ka(Ilokano) |
| day | araw | araw,aldaw(Ilokano),adlaw(Cebuano Vis.) |
| eat | kanen | kain,kanen(Ilokano), kaon (all Visayan) |
| drink | inomen | inumin,inomen(Ilokano) |
| speech | ciriciring | chirichirin (Itbayaten Ivatan),siling(Hiligaynon Vis., 'say'),siring(Waray Vis., 'say') |
| and | aka | saka(Bikol Sentral, Calabanga variant) (historically "saka asin" ) |
| ouch | Ananay | Aray,Agay(Cebuano Vis.),Annay(Ilokano) |
| home | vahay | bahay,balay(Ilokano, Cebuano Vis.) |
| piglet | viik | biik(Tagalog) |
| goat | kadling | kambing,kanding(Cebuano Vis.),kalding(Ilokano) |
| stone | vato | bato(Tagalog, all Visayan, etc.) |
| town | ili | ili(Ilokano) |
| one | ása | isa(Tagalog, Hiligaynon Vis.),maysa(Ilokano),usa(Cebuano Vis.) |
| two | dóa(raroa) | dalawa(Tagalog),duha(Cebuano),dua(Ilokano) |
| three | tílo | tatlo,tulo/tuto(Cebuano Vis.),tallo(Ilokano) |
| four | ápat | apat(Tagalog, Hiligaynon Vis.),upat(Cebuano Vis.),uppat(Ilokano) |
| five | líma | lima(Cebuano Vis.),lima(Hiligaynon Vis.),lima(Ilokano),lima(Tagalog)[10] |
| six | ánem | anim(Tagalog),innem(Ilokano),unom(Cebuano Vis.),anum(Hiligaynon Vis.) |
| seven | píto | pito(Tagalog/Ilokano/Visayan) |
| eight | wáo | walo(Tagalog/Ilokano/Visayan) |
| nine | síam | siyam,siam(Ilokano) |
| ten | póo | sampu(Tagalog),sangapulo(Ilokano),napulo(all Visayan) |
Japanese loanwords
[edit]| English | Yami | Japanese |
|---|---|---|
| Airplane | sikoki | hikouki(Phi hành cơ) |
| Alcohol | saki | sake(Rượu) |
| Battleship | gengkang | gunkan(Quân hạm) |
| Bible | seysio | seisho(Thánh thư) |
| Christ | Kizisto | kirisuto(キリスト) |
| Doctor | koysang | o-isha-san?(お y giả さん) |
| Flashlight | dingki | denki(Điện khí) |
| Holy Spirit | seyzi | seirei(Thánh linh) |
| Key | kagi | kagi(Kiện) |
| Medicine | kosozi | kusuri(Dược) |
| Monkey | sazo | saru(Vượn) |
| Motorcycle | otobay | ōtobai(オートバイ;'auto bike') |
| Police | kisat | keisatsu(Cảnh sát) |
| School | gako | gakkō(Trường học) |
| School bag | kabang | kaban(Bạc) |
| Teacher | sinsi | sensei(Tiên sinh) |
| Ticket | kipo | kippu(Thiết phù) |
| Truck | tozako | torakku(トラック;'truck') |
Chinese loanwords
[edit]| English | Yami | Mandarin Chinese |
|---|---|---|
| Wine | potaw cio | pútáojiǔ(Rượu nho) |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^abRau & Dong 2006,p. 79
- ^Rau & Dong 2006,pp. 79–80
- ^Rau & Dong 2006,p. 81
- ^Rau & Dong 2006,p. 123
- ^Rau & Dong 2006,p. 135
- ^Rau & Dong 2006,p. 135–136
- ^"ACD - Austronesian Comparative Dictionary - Cognate Sets - I".
- ^"amax father".ACD.Retrieved30 December2022.
- ^"quluh head".ACD.Retrieved30 December2022.
- ^"lima five".ACD.Retrieved30 December2022.
Sources
[edit]- Rau, D. Victoria; Dong, Maa-Neu (2006).Đạt ngộ ngữ: Tài liệu ngôn ngữ, tham khảo ngữ pháp, cập từ ngữ / Yami Texts with Reference Grammar and Dictionary(PDF)(in Chinese and English). Taipei: Academia Sinica.
- Rau, D. Victoria gì đức hoa; Dong, Maa-Neu đổng mã nữ; Chang, Ann Hui-Huan trương huệ hoàn (2012).Dáwù yǔ cídiǎn / Yami (Tao) DictionaryĐạt ngộ từ ngữ điển / Yami (Tao) Dictionary(in Chinese and English). Taibei shi: Guoli taiwan daxue chuban zhongxin.ISBN978-986-03-2519-5.
- Rau, Der-Hwa gì đức hoa; Dong, Maa-Neu đổng mã nữ (2018).Dáwù yǔ yǔfǎ gàilùnĐạt ngộ ngữ ngữ pháp khái luận[Introduction to Tao Grammar] (in Chinese). Xinbei shi: Yuanzhu minzu weiyuanhui.ISBN978-986-05-5695-7– via alilin.apc.gov.tw.
Further reading
[edit]- Lai, Li-Fang; Gooden, Shelome (2016).Acoustic Cues to Prosodic Boundaries in Yami: A First Look.Proceedings of Speech Prosody 8, May 31 – June 3, Boston, USA.doi:10.21437/SpeechProsody.2016-128.
- Lai, Li-Fang; Gooden, Shelome (2015).What Does the Question Sound Like: Exploring Wh- and Yes/No Interrogative Prosody in Yami.ICPhS.
- Lai, Li-Fang; Gooden, Shelome (2018).Tonal Hybridization in Yami-Mandarin Contact.Proceedings of the 6th Tonal Aspects of Languages. ISCA.doi:10.21437/TAL.2018-7.
External links
[edit]
- Yami wordlists at the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database:language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=254,language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=335Archived2015-01-13 at theWayback Machine
- Yami Language Documentation Project website– hosted by Providence University, Taiwan
- Online Yami language course– hosted by Providence University, Taiwan
- Yami Dictionary Project websiteArchived2021-02-26 at theWayback Machine– hosted by Providence University, Taiwan
- Yuán zhù mínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn nguyên trụ dân tộc ngôn ngữ tuyến thượng từ điển(in Chinese)– Yami search page at the "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation
- Yami teaching and leaning materials published by the Council of Indigenous Peoples of TaiwanArchived2021-11-04 at theWayback Machine
- Yami translation of President Tsai Ing-wen's 2016 apology to indigenous people– published on the website of the presidential office