Yao folk religion

Yao folk religionis theethnic religionof theYao people,a non-Sinitic ethnic group who reside in theGuangxi,Hunanand surrounding provinces ofChina.Their religion has been profoundly intermingled withTaoismsince the 13th century, so much that it is frequently defined asYao Taoism(Dân tộc Dao Đạo giáoYáozú Dàojiào).In the 1980s it was found that the Yao clearly identified with the Chinese-language Taoist theological literature, seen as a prestigious statute of culture (Văn hóawénhuà).

Yao folk religion was described by a Chinese scholar of the half of the 20th century as an example of deep "Taoisation" (Đạo giáo hóaDàojiàohuà). Yao core theology and cosmology is Taoist; they worship the deities of canonical Taoism (above all theThree Pure Ones) as the principal deities, while lesser gods are those who pertain to their own indigenous pre-Taoisation religion.

The reason of this tight identification of Yao religion and identity with Taoism is that in Yao society every male adult is initiated as a Taoist, and Yao Taoism is therefore a communal religion; this is in sharp contrast to Chinese Taoism, which is an order of priests disembedded from the commonChinese folk religion.A shared sense of Yao identity is based additionally on tracing their descent from the mythical ancestorPanhu.

Social aspects

Yao Taoism has been seen as representing a conservative form of religious practice, exhibiting parallels with the communitarian Taoism that flourished with the earliest Taoist movements in China proper and the collective fasts of medieval China. Although the Yao are speakers of non-SiniticMienic languages,their Taoist liturgical tradition is inChinese languageandwriting.

The strong identity of Yao society as a Taoist Church, and their high literacy, are seen as the factors of Southeast Asian Yaos' proud resistance to Christian missionary penetration of their communities in the 1960s and 1970s.

Priesthood

Yao Taoist robes preserved at Yunnan Nationalities Museum.

In Yao religion all adult males are initiated to some degree into the Taoist clergy.Thetsow say ongare high priests who perform rites for the higher gods of the pantheon ( "above the sky" ) and officiate funerals. The Yao folk religion otherwise retains a class of lesser priests orshamans,thesip mien,who perform rituals for the lesser gods ( "under the sky" ).

There are four levels of initiation into the Yao Taoist church, they are called:"hanging the lamps" (kwa-tang), "ordination of the master" (tou-sai), after which ordinates are given a sigil and a certificate to perform a variety of rites, and the two additional levels of "adding duties" (chia-tse) and "enfeoffing liturgies" (pwang-ko).

TheSai nzung souis the book of ceremonies for inviting themienv zoux ziouv,good spirits who protect the location. Themienv morhare instead angry spirits who cause sickness and tragedy.

House altar

Themienv baaihis the Yao household altar of the gods, in a place easily visible from the main door. Its aim is welcoming the spirits (mienv). Themienv kuvis a tablet with the names of the ancestors of the family placed upon the altar; another custom is the use of pictures of the ancestors instead of the tablets.

Rituals and psychology

After the death of a person, the priests perform thezoux caeqv,a ceremony to deliver the person's body from sin. Then the priest perform a water ritual, thezoux sin,for purifying the person's dead body from evil spirits. Subsequently, the priest performs thedoh dangh caeqv jaiv,a ceremony to purify the soul of the dead person from the influence of evil spirits.

Thezoux sin-seixis an ending ritual to give the spirit a peaceful after-life. Other practices involvespirit moneyand sacrifice.

See also

• Chinese folk religion
• Chinese ritual mastery traditions
• Laotian folk religion
• Miao folk religion

References

Sources

• Edward L. Davis.Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture.Routledge, 2005.ISBN0415241294
• Eli Alberts.A History of Daoism and the Yao People of South China.Cambria Press, 2006.ISBN1934043141
• Litzinger, Ralph A.Other Chinas: The Yao and the Politics of National Belonging.Duke University Press, 2000.ISBN0822325497