Yatonmilk
Yatonmilk | |
---|---|
Reign | c. 515 BC– c. 486 BC |
Predecessor | Bodashtart |
Successor | Anysos |
Burial | Unidentified |
Phoenician language | 𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤌𐤋𐤊 |
Dynasty | Eshmunazar Idynasty |
Religion | Canaanite polytheism |
Yatonmilk(Phoenician:𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤌𐤋𐤊,YTNMLK, Romanized also asYatanmilk,Yaton Milk,Yatan-Milk) was aPhoenicianKing of Sidon(c.515–486 BC), and avassalto theAchaemenidking of kingsDarius I.[2][3]
Etymology
[edit]TheRomanizedformYatonmilkcomes from thePhoenician𐤉𐤕𐤍𐤌𐤋𐤊(YTNMLK), meaning "the king gives" from 𐤉𐤕𐤍 (Yaton,"to give" ) and 𐤌𐤋𐤊 (Milk,"king" ).[4][5]Semitist and biblical scholar Marvin Pope posited that the epithetmlkmay be an abbreviation of the name of the Phoenician godMelkart(melk-qart) which means "king of the city".[6]
Epigraphic sources
[edit]Yatonmilk's name was attested on many building stone-incised dedications dubbed theBodashtart inscriptionsthat were found at theTemple of Eshmunin the hinterland of the city ofSidonin Lebanon. Despite being mentioned in the inscriptions, nothing is known about his reign due to the lack of further material orepigraphicevidence.[7][8]
Bodashtart, Yatonmilk's father who is dubbed the 'builder king', carried out an extensive expansion and restoration project of the Temple of Eshmun; he left more than thirty dedicatory inscriptions at the temple site.[9]The first phase of the works involved adding a second podium at the base of the temple.[9]During this construction phase inscriptions were carved on the added podium's foundation stones around 530 BC, these inscriptions, known asKAI15, do not mention Yatonmilk.[10][11]A second set of inscriptions (KAI 16) were placed on restoration ashlar stones; these stones mention Yatonmilk and emphasize his legitimacy as heir, associate him with the reign of his father,[a][10][11]and assign a share of credit to Yatonmilk for the construction project.[12]One example of the Bodashtart's inscriptions reads: "The king Bodashtart and his legitimate heir Yatonmilk, king of the Sidonians, grandson of kingEshmunazar,king of the Sidonians, built this temple to his godEshmun,the Sacred Prince ".[13]Another translation reads: "King Bodashtort, and his pious son (or legitimate successor), Yatonmilk, king of the Sidonians, descendants (bn bn)of King Eshmunazor, king of the Sidonians, this house he built to his god, to Eshmun, lord/god of the sanctuary. "[14]
Some scholars misidentified Yatonmilk as the father of Bodashtart;[15]this was successfully contested by later epigraphists.[13][16][17]
Genealogy
[edit]Yatonmilk was a descendant of Eshmunazar I's dynasty. Eshmunazar's heir was his sonTabnit,who fathered Eshmunazar II from his sisterAmoashtart.Tabnit died before the birth of Eshmunazar II, and Amoashtart ruled in the interlude until the birth of her son, then wasco-regentuntil he reached adulthood. Bodashtart was the nephew of Tabnit and Amoashtart and acceded to the throne after the death of Eshmunazar II at the young age of fourteen.[9][18][19]Yatonmilk is the son of Bodashtart.[20][17][13]
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See also
[edit]- King of Sidon– A list of the ancient rulers of the city of Sidon
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Conteneau 1924,p. 16.
- ^Leveque, Francis (2010-05-29)."Sidon au Ier millénaire av. J.-C".marine-antique.net(in French). Archived fromthe originalon 2020-07-30.Retrieved2020-07-30.
- ^Elayi 2006,p. 31.
- ^Amadasi Guzzo 2015,p. 338.
- ^Benz 1972,p. 329.
- ^Pope 1955,p. 25–27.
- ^Elayi 2018,p. 234.
- ^Kelly 1987,p. 52.
- ^abcdElayi 2006,p. 5.
- ^abElayi 2006,p. 7.
- ^abXella & López 2005,p. 119.
- ^Halpern 2016,p. 19.
- ^abcXella & López 2005,p. 121.
- ^Halpern 2016,p. 20.
- ^Bordreuil & Gubel 1990,p. 496.
- ^Elayi 2006,p. 5,7.
- ^abBonnet 1995,p. 216.
- ^Lipiński 1995,pp. 135–451.
- ^Gibson 1982,p. 105.
- ^Elayi 2006,pp. 5, 7.
Bibliography
[edit]- Amadasi Guzzo, Maria Giulia(2015)."A. Les inscriptions phéniciennes".MOM Éditions.67(1): 335–345.
- Benz, Frank L. (1972).Personal Names in the Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions.Gregorian Biblical BookShop.
- Bonnet, Corinne (1995)."Phénicien šrn = Akkadien šurinnu – A propos de l'inscription de Bodashtart CIS I 4*".Orientalia(in French).64.Gregorian Biblical BookShop: 216.
- Bordreuil, P.; Gubel, E. (1990)."Bulletin d'Antiquités Archéologiques du Levant Inédites ou Méconnues".Syria.67(2): 483–520.ISSN0039-7946.JSTOR4198843.
- Conteneau, Gaston (1924)."Deuxième mission archéologique à Sidon (1920)".Syria(in French).5(5–1): 9–23.doi:10.3406/syria.1924.3094.Retrieved2009-08-31.
- Elayi, Josette(2006)."An updated chronology of the reigns of phoenician kings during the Persian period (539-333 BCE)"(PDF).Digitorient.Collège de France – UMR7912: Proche-Orient—Caucase: langues, archéologie, cultures.
- Elayi, Josette (2018-05-15).The History of Phoenicia.ISD LLC. p. 234.ISBN978-1-937040-82-6.
- Gibson, John C. L. (1982).Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions.Vol. 3. Oxford:Clarendon Press.ISBN9780198131991.
- Halpern, Baruch (2016)."Annotations to royal Phoenician inscriptions from Persian Sidon, Zincirli (Kilamuwa), Karatepe (Azitawadda) and Pyrgi – הארות על כתובות פיניקיות מצידון (מן התקופה הפרסית), מזינג'ירלי (כלמו), מקאראטפה (אזתוד) ומפירגי".Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה.לב:18*–27*.ISSN0071-108X.JSTOR26732492.
- Kelly, Thomas (1987)."Herodotus and the Chronology of the Kings of Sidon".Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research(268): 39–56.doi:10.2307/1356993.ISSN0003-097X.JSTOR1356993.S2CID163208310.
- Lipiński, Edward(1995).Dieux et déesses de l'univers phénicien et punique[Gods and goddesses of the Phoenician and Punic universe] (in French). Leuven: Peeters Publishers.ISBN9789068316902.
- Pope, Marvin H. (1955).El in the Ugaritic texts.Brill Archive.
- Xella, Paolo; López, José-Ángel Zamora (2005)."L'inscription phénicienne de Bodashtart in situ à Bustān eš-Šēḫ (Sidon) et son apport à l'histoire du sanctuaire".Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins.121(2): 119–129.ISSN0012-1169.JSTOR27931768.
- Zamora, Jose Angel(2007)."The inscription from the first year of King Bodashtart of Sidon's reign: CIS I,4".Pontificium Institutum Biblicum.Retrieved2011-01-30.