Yehuda Ashlag

"Ashlag" redirects here. For other uses, seeAshlag (disambiguation).

Yehuda Ashlag
Born	1885(1885) Łódź,Congress Poland
Died	1954(1954-00-00)(aged 68–69) Jerusalem
Occupation	Rabbi

RabbiYehuda Ashlag(1885–1954) orYehuda Leib Ha-Levi Ashlag(Hebrew:רַבִּי יְהוּדָה לֵיבּ הַלֵּוִי אַשְׁלַג), also known as theBaal Ha-Sulam(Hebrew:בַּעַל הַסּוּלָם‎, "Author of The Ladder" ) in reference to hismagnum opus,was anorthodoxrabbiandkabbalistborn inŁuków,Congress Poland,Russian Empire,to a family of scholars connected to theHasidiccourts of Porisov andBelz.Rabbi Ashlag lived in theHoly Landfrom 1922 until his death in 1954 (except for two years in England). In addition to hisSulamcommentary on theZohar,his other primary work,Talmud Eser Sefirotis regarded as the central textbook for students ofKabbalah.Ashlag systematically interpreted the wisdom and promoted its wide dissemination. In line with his directives, many contemporary adherents of Ashlag's teachings strive to spreadKabbalahto the masses.

Biography

Poland

Ashlag reputedly studiedKabbalahfrom the age of seven, hiding pages from the bookEtz Chaim "The Tree of Life" by RabbiHayyim ben Joseph Vital(The foremost disciple of RabbiIsaac Luria) in theTalmudictractate he was meant to be studying.At the age of twelve, he studied the Talmud independently. By nineteen, Ashlag's knowledge of theTorahwas profound enough for the rabbis of Warsaw to confer upon him the title of rabbi.

During this period he worked as a judge in the court of the Warsaw rabbis and also gained experience as a teacher for training judges for Jewish courts. Ashlag also studied German while inWarsaw,and read original texts ofGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,Karl Marx,Friedrich Nietzsche,andArthur Schopenhauer.

While still in Poland, he met an unidentified Warsaw merchant, who revealed himself to Ashlag as a Kabbalist. Ashlag studied with this particular teacher every night for three months, he said, “until my arrogance separated us,” and the teacher disappeared. A few months later Ashlag met the teacher again, and after pleading with him, convinced him to reveal an important kabbalistic secret. The next day, the teacher died.

Israel

In 1921, at the age of 36, Ashlag made the decision to emigrate to theLand of Israel,a journey that took several months.He spent the first few years living anonymously, supporting his family through manual labor by day and writing his commentaries at night. Eventually, he was recognized through his work, and was appointed Rabbi ofGivat Shaul,Jerusalemin 1924.

Ashlag was friendly with the Kabbalist andChief RabbiofMandatory Palestine,Abraham Isaac Kook,who recognized Ashlag as a great follower ofIsaac Luria.Ashlag had high hopes of meeting great Kabbalists inJerusalemincluding theSephardifollowers of the great 18th-centuryYemenite JewishKabbalistShalom Sharabi.However, he was profoundly disappointed by his encounter with them. Their views about Kabbalah ran contrary to Ashlag's experience with the teaching as a means of profound personal transformation and spiritual illumination, by becoming a vessel for divine light.

In 1926 Ashlag left for London, and it was there that he wrote his commentary on The Arizal's (Isaac Luria) bookEtz Chaim.This work is entitledPanim Meirot wMasbirot.It took him one and a half years to complete this work. It was published in 1927, and in 1928 Ashlag returned to the Land of Israel (Mandatory Palestine).

In 1932 Ashlag and his family moved toJaffa.During this period, Ashlag also began one of his main works,Talmud Eser Sefirot,a commentary on all the writings of Isaac Luria.In this undertaking, he developed a comprehensive explanation of the sequence of the creation of all of the upper worlds (Olamot Elyonim), starting with the source of emanation (Ma'atzil) and finishing with our world (Olam HaZeh). The work is divided into six volumes, containing sixteen parts and over two thousand pages. Some today consider it as the core of the entire teaching of Kabbalah.

In the 1930s Ashlag, now in his fifties, gathered around him a group of disciples, including Rav Yehuda Tzvi Brandwein, his closest student, and studied Kabbalah every night, often from shortly after midnight until dawn. He also authored many articles and letters at this time that openly promoted the study of Kabbalah on a mass scale.Ashlag went to great lengths to publish Kabbalistic material in media suitable for disseminating the knowledge he had acquired across the entire nation. He began an independent Kabbalistic newsletter publication,HaUma"The Nation", of which only one issue survived.

Ohelof Yehuda Ashlag onHar HaMenuchot

Ashlag differs fundamentally from all Kabbalists of the past, who studied and taught Kabbalah in a concealed manner, in that he felt a great need to reveal and clarify the teaching of Kabbalah to the masses.This was because he saw that the evil inclination in people (human egoism) would rise to an altogether new height in this era of humanity, causing an altogether new era of internal suffering felt as a meaningless and confused existence.

Writing of theSulam

In 1943, Ashlag moved to Tel Aviv, and there began working on his book,HaSulam(The Ladder), a collection of commentaries onThe Zohar.During this period, he wrote for eighteen hours a day, and due to a lack of money he was not able to afford a sufficient amount of paper and ink to write more precise explanations. He later said that if it had been within his capabilities, he would have written a full commentary onThe Zoharin two-hundred volumes, but he was unable to begin the work only because of a lack of means.

He completed this work in 1953, and later added three more volumes. Rav Ashlag's closest student Rav Yehuda Tzvi Brandwein later finished the work by adding this three volumes called Tikkunei HaZohar "Maalot Hasulam". In honor of the completion of the entire work, his students organized a big feast in Meron, where Ashlag gave the speech that is today printed under the title “Maamar LeSiyum HaZohar” ( “An Article for the Completion of the Zohar,” also known as “Speech in Celebration for the Conclusion of the Zohar” ).Yehuda Ashlag died on the day ofYom Kippurin 1954. He was buried on cemeteryHar HaMenuchotlocated inGivat Shaul,Jerusalem,Israel.

Rabbi Brandwein

Rabbi Yehudah Tzvi Brandwein a direct descendant of the famous first Admor of Stretin, Rabbi Yehudah Tzvi of Stretin, was a foremost disciple of Rabbi Yehudah HaLevi Ashlag (Baal HaSulam). His vast knowledge of the Lurianic system of Kabbalah enabled him to codify and edit the entire writings of the Ari HaKadosh, Rabbi Yitzchak Luria. He continued with a similar style of translation and commentary of Rabbi Yehudah Ashlag known as Maalot HaSulam (Extension of the Ladder) on those works of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, which Rabbi Ashlag didn't complete during his lifetime, namely Hashmatot HaZohar (Various other Writings) and Tikkunei HaZohar.

Rabbi Brandwein was one of the first Jewish settlers within the Old City of Jerusalem after the Six Day War.

Rabbi Yehuda Zvi Brandwein ran a religious school in Jerusalem called Yeshiva Kol Yehudah, founded in 1922 by Rabbi Yehuda Ashlag. For a while he also served as the chief rabbi for the Histadrut - the Israeli labor union, using his position to bring many secular Israelis back to Judaism.

Books

Ashlag wrote and published two major works. The first,Talmud Eser Sefirotis a complete re-editing and commentary to the works of 16th century Kabbalist RabbiIsaac Luria.This is a comprehensive exposition of the system of the upper worlds,PartzufimandSefirot,in the scientific language of Kabbalah which was developed by Luria.

As a core Kabbalistic text, it is especially unique in its utmost precision to detail to the structural organization and processes occurring in the upper worlds. It is set out as a comprehensive textbook, complete with commentaries, a section in each chapter dedicated to further reflection upon the commentaries, definitions of terms, tables of questions and answers, an introduction clarifying how to study Kabbalah in the correct manner, and also a summarized preface of the entire text.

His other masterwork was hisSulam commentary on The Zohar,which earned him the name “Baal HaSulam”. This monumental work took him ten years to complete, written between the years 1943 and 1953. It includes a translation ofThe ZoharfromAramaictoHebrewas well as an extensive interpretation.

Another publication is the notebook of Yehuda Ashlag's son and disciple,Baruch Ashlag.His notebook, entitledShamati(I Heard]), contains over two hundred articles which were copied down from lessons and talks with his father. Baruch Ashlag kept this notebook with him in secret, until he was on his deathbed, in 1991. It was later published in Hebrew and has been translated into many different languages. The articles inShamatiform a unique kabbalistic work in their emotional depth of capturing the inner processes that a Kabbalist goes through on the path of spiritual attainment.

Works of Interest

• Matan Torah(Gift of the Torah)
• Perush HaSulam(Commentary of the Ladder on the Zohar)
• Talmud Eser haSefirot(Study of the Ten Luminous Emanations)
• Panim Meirot u'Masbirot(Welcoming and Illuminating Revelations)
• Ha’Akadama Le Talmud Eser haSefirot(Introduction to the Ten Luminous Emanations)
• Ha’Akadama Le Sefer HaZohar(Introduction to the Zohar)
• Mavo le Sefer HaZohar(Entrance to the Zohar)
• Pticha le Hokhmat haKabbalah(Opening to the Wisdom of Kabbalah)
• Sefer haIlan(Book of the TreeorBook of Illustrations)
• Pticha le Perush haSulam(Opening to the Sulam Commentary)
• Ha’Akadama Le Sefer Panim Meirot u’Masbirot(Introduction to Panim Meirot u’Masbirot [Welcoming and Illuminating Revelations])
• Pticha Kolelet leSefer Panim Meirot u’Masbirot(Opening to Panim Meirot u’Masbirot [Welcoming and Illuminating Revelations])

Teachings

Ashlag's commentary offered a systematic interpretation of the legacy of Isaac Luria. This was the first since the 18th century when theBaal Shem Tov,Moshe Chaim Luzzatto,theVilna Gaonand Shalom Sharabi offered their interpretation of Luria's teaching. Ashlag's system focused on the transformation of humanconsciousnessfrom the "desire to receive" to the "desire to give," i.e., from egocentricity to altruism. This path of transformation is described in Lurianic Kabbalah.

Ashlag stated that the purpose of studying Kabbalah is equal to the purpose of why human beings were created, and that through its study, a person is capable of revealing the entirety of processes and structures that have taken place in the creation of the universe.

"Equivalence of form" with this source means having the same attributes or qualities as it, and Ashlag defines the qualities of this source as being altruistic, namely the desire to give, or in Ashlag's words, the "will to bestow" (Ratzon LeHashpia).

Through intensive study of Kabbalah, a person's desire to give to others is developed in relation to this goal. Ashlag believed that the coming of theMessiahmeant that humans would attain this quality which would allow them to give up their selfishness and devote themselves to loving each other for the sake of life's purpose, as stated in the commandment "love thy neighbor as thyself."

Ashlag had strong political opinions, believing in a religious version ofanarcho-communism,based on principles of Kabbalah. Though hisanti-capitalistandanti-imperialistideas show someMarxistinfluence, he strongly opposedcommunisminstituted by force and believed in "developing a community based on love between its members and a society founded on economic justice."He supported theKibbutzmovement and preached to establish a network of self-ruledinternationalistcommunes, who would eventually “annul the brute-force regime completely, for ‘every man did that which was right in his own eyes.’”, because “there is nothing more humiliating and degrading for a person than being under the brute-force government”.

TheOr HaGanuzcommunity of Northern Israel is based on the principles of Yehudah Ashlag, and is led by Rabbi Mordechai Sheinberger, a prominent contemporary teacher of Ashlag's kabbalistic system.

Ashlag's sons

• Baruch Ashlag(1906–1991)
• Shlomo Benyamin Ashlag
• Yaʿaqov (Jacob) Ashlag

See also

• Ashlag (Hasidic dynasty)

External links

• Ashlag.org - grandson of YehudaArchived2006-02-26 at theWayback Machine
• Jonatan Meir,"The Beginnings of Kabbalah in America: The Unpublished Manuscripts of R. Levi Isaac Krakovsky",Aries: Journal for the Study of Western Esotericism 13, 2 (2013), pp. 237–268
• Baal HaSulam Melodies(playlist) published by Kabbalah La'am Music onSoundCloud