Loloish languages

Loloish
Loloish
Yi, Ngwi, Nisoic
Ethnicity	Yi people
Geographic; distribution	SouthernChinaandSoutheast Asia
Linguistic classification	Sino-Tibetan Lolo-Burmese Loloish; ;
Proto-language	Proto-Loloish
Subdivisions	Hanoish(Southern); Lahoish; ?Naxish; Nusoish; Kazhuoish; Lisoish(Central); Nisoish(Northern and Southeastern); ?’Ugong; (?)Lawoish; (?)Jino;
Language codes
Glottolog	lolo1267

TheLoloish languages,also known asYi(like theYi people) and occasionallyNgwi^[1]orNisoic,^[2]are a family of fifty to a hundredSino-Tibetan languagesspoken primarily inYunnan provinceof China. They are most closely related toBurmeseand its relatives. Both the Loloish andBurmishbranches are well defined, as is their superior node,Lolo-Burmese.However, subclassification is more contentious.

SIL Ethnologue(2013 edition) estimated a total number of 9 million native speakers of Loloish ( "Ngwi" ) languages, the largest group being the speakers ofNuosu (Northern Yi)at 2 million speakers (2000 PRC census).^[a]

Names

Loloishis the traditional name for the family in English. Some publications avoid the term under the misapprehension thatLolois pejorative, but it is the Chinese rendition of the autonym of theYi peopleand is pejorative only in writing when it is written with a particular Chinese character (one that uses a beast, rather than a human,radical), a practice that was prohibited by the Chinese government in the 1950s.^[3]

David Bradleyuses the termNgwi,and Lama (2012) usesNisoic.Ethnologuehas adopted 'Ngwi', butGlottologretains 'Loloish'.Paul K. Benedictcoined the termYipho,from ChineseYiand a common autonymic element (-poor -pho), but it never gained wide usage.

Internal classification

Bradley (2007)

Loloish was traditionally divided into a northern branch, withLisuand the numerousYi languagesand a southern branch, with everything else. However, per Bradley^[1]and Thurgood^[4]there is also a central branch, with languages from both northern and southern. Bradley^[5]^[6]adds a fourth, southeastern branch.

Northern Loloish:Nuosu(2 million),Nasu(1.0 million), etc.
Central Loloish:Lisu(940,000)–Lipho(250,000) (incl.Lolopo(570,000),Lalo(320,000)),Micha(50,000),Lahu(600,000),Jinuo(21,000), etc.
Southern Loloish:Akha–Hani,Phunoi–Bisu,Pholoand’Ugong(aberrant; removed in Bradley 1997)
Southeastern Loloish:Nisu,Phula,Sani,Azha,Khlula,Muji,Phowa,etc.

Ugong is divergent; Bradley (1997) places it with theBurmish languages.TheTujia languageis difficult to classify due to divergent vocabulary. Other unclassified Loloish languages areGokhy(Gɔkhý),LopiandAche.

Lama (2012)

Lama (2012) classified 36 Lolo–Burmese languages based on a computational analysis of shared phonological andlexical innovations.He finds theMondzish languagesto be a separate branch of Lolo-Burmese, which Lama considers to have split off beforeBurmishdid. The rest of the Loloish languages are as follows:

Loloish

Hanoish:Jino,Akha–Hanilanguages,Bisoidlanguages, etc. (See)

Lahoish:Lahu,Kucong

Naxish:Naxi,Namuyi

Nusoish:Nusu,Zauzou(Rouruo)

Ni ‑ Li ‑ Ka

Kazhuoish:Katso(Kazhuo),Samu(Samatao),Sanie,Sadu,^[7]Meuma^[8]

	Lisoish:Lisu,Lolopo,etc. (See)

	Nisoish:Nisoidlanguages,Axi-Puoidlanguages

The Nisoish, Lisoish, and Kazhuoish clusters are closely related, forming a clade ( "Ni-Li-Ka" ) at about the same level as the other five branches of Loloish. Lama's Naxish clade has been classified asQiangicrather than Loloish byGuillaume Jacquesand Alexis Michaud^[9](seeQiangic languages).

ALawoish(Lawu) branch has also been recently proposed.^[10]

Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages does support the inclusion ofNaxish(Naic) within Lolo-Burmese, but recognizes Lahoish and Nusoish as coherent language groups that form independent branches of Loloish.^[11]

Lesser-known languages

Notes

^[hle] 15,000; [jiy] 1,000; [jiu] 10,000; [lkc] 46,870; [lhu] 530,350; [lhi] 196,200; [ywt] 213,000; [yik] 30,000; [yit] 38,000; [ywl] 38,000; [llh] 120; [yne] 2,000; [lwu] 50; [ylm] 29,000; [lpo] 250,000; [lis] 942,700; [ycl] 380,000; [ysp] 190,000; [ymh] 23,000; [yiq] 30,000; [nuf] 12,670; [ysn] 100,000; [yta] 13,600; [ytl] 950; [zal] 2,100; [yna] 25,000; [yiu] 20,000; [yyz] 50; [ych] 3,300; [ygp] 100,000; [kaf] 4,000; [ylo] 15,000; [ywu] 150,000; [yig] 500,000; [iii] 2,000,000; [ysd] 400; [smh] 20,000; [ysy] 8,000; [ywq] 250,000; [yif] 35,000; [aub] 3,500; [yix] 100,000; [aza] 53,000; [yiz] 54,000; [ybk] 10,000; [ykt] 5,000; [ykl] 21,000; [ykn] 5,000; [yku] 1,000; [lgh] 300; [nty] 1,100; [ymi] 2,000; [ymx] 9,000; [ymq] 1,500; [ymc] 26,000; [ymz] 10,000; [yso] 36,000; [nos] 75,000; [yiv] 160,000; [nsf] 24,000; [nsd] 210,000; [nsv] 15,000; [ypa] 12,000; [ypg] 13,000; [ypo] 500; [yip] 30,000; [ypn] 10,000; [yhl] 36,000; [ypb] 17,000; [phh] 10,000; [ypm] 8,000; [ypp] 3,000; [yph] 1,300; [ypz] 6,000; [ysg] 2,000; [ytp] 200; [yzk] 13,000; [qeu] 12,400; [ahk] 563,960; [bzi] 240; [byo] 120,000; [ycp] 2,000; [cnc] 2,030; [enu] 30,000; [hni] 758,620; [how] 140,000; [ktp] 185,000; [lwm] 1,600; [lov]? (not included); [mpz] 900; [ymd] 2,000; [phq] 350; [pho] 35,600; [pyy] 700; [sgk] 1,500; [slt] 2,480; [lbg] 9,550; [ugo] 80; Total: 9,078,770

References

^^a ^bBradley 1997.
^Lama 2012.
^Benedict, Paul K. (1987)."Autonyms: ought or ought not"(PDF).Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area.10:188..
^Thurgood 2003,p. 8.
^Bradley 2002.
^Bradley 2007.
^Fang Lifen [ phương lợi phân ]. 2013.A genetic study on the Sadu language of Bai people in Yuxi[ ngọc khê bạch tộc rải đều lời nói hệ thuộc nghiên cứu ]. M.A. dissertation. Beijing: Minzu University.
^Hsiu, Andrew (August 7–10, 2013).New Endangered Tibeto-Burman Languages of Southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and Others.46th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 46). Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, US.doi:10.5281/zenodo.1127796.S2CID 135404293.
^Jacques, Guillaume & Michaud, Alexis (2011)."Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages"(PDF).Diachronica.28(4): 468–498.doi:10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac.S2CID 54013956.
^Hsiu, Andrew (2017),The Lawu languages: footprints along the Red River valley corridor
^Satterthwaite-Phillips 2011.

Bradley, David (1997). "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification".Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics(PDF).Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2017-10-11.
Bradley, David (2002). "The subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman". In Beckwith, Christopher & Blezer, Henk (eds.).Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages.International Association for Tibetan Studies Proceedings 9 (2000) and Brill Tibetan Studies Library 2. Leiden: Brill. pp. 73–112.
Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.).Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages.London & New York: Routledge. pp. 349–424.
Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012).Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages(PDF)(Ph.D). University of Texas at Arlington.
Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian (2011).Phylogenetic inference of the Tibeto-Burman languages or On the usefulness of lexicostatistics (and "Megalo" -comparison) for the subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman(Ph.D. dissertation). Stanford University.
Thurgood, Graham(2003), "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.),Sino-Tibetan Languages,London: Routledge, pp. 3–21,ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.
Driem, George van (2001).Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.Leiden: Brill.

[3] [hle] 15,000; [jiy] 1,000; [jiu] 10,000; [lkc] 46,870; [lhu] 530,350; [lhi] 196,200; [ywt] 213,000; [yik] 30,000; [yit] 38,000; [ywl] 38,000; [llh] 120; [yne] 2,000; [lwu] 50; [ylm] 29,000; [lpo] 250,000; [lis] 942,700; [ycl] 380,000; [ysp] 190,000; [ymh] 23,000; [yiq] 30,000; [nuf] 12,670; [ysn] 100,000; [yta] 13,600; [ytl] 950; [zal] 2,100; [yna] 25,000; [yiu] 20,000; [yyz] 50; [ych] 3,300; [ygp] 100,000; [kaf] 4,000; [ylo] 15,000; [ywu] 150,000; [yig] 500,000; [iii] 2,000,000; [ysd] 400; [smh] 20,000; [ysy] 8,000; [ywq] 250,000; [yif] 35,000; [aub] 3,500; [yix] 100,000; [aza] 53,000; [yiz] 54,000; [ybk] 10,000; [ykt] 5,000; [ykl] 21,000; [ykn] 5,000; [yku] 1,000; [lgh] 300; [nty] 1,100; [ymi] 2,000; [ymx] 9,000; [ymq] 1,500; [ymc] 26,000; [ymz] 10,000; [yso] 36,000; [nos] 75,000; [yiv] 160,000; [nsf] 24,000; [nsd] 210,000; [nsv] 15,000; [ypa] 12,000; [ypg] 13,000; [ypo] 500; [yip] 30,000; [ypn] 10,000; [yhl] 36,000; [ypb] 17,000; [phh] 10,000; [ypm] 8,000; [ypp] 3,000; [yph] 1,300; [ypz] 6,000; [ysg] 2,000; [ytp] 200; [yzk] 13,000; [qeu] 12,400; [ahk] 563,960; [bzi] 240; [byo] 120,000; [ycp] 2,000; [cnc] 2,030; [enu] 30,000; [hni] 758,620; [how] 140,000; [ktp] 185,000; [lwm] 1,600; [lov]? (not included); [mpz] 900; [ymd] 2,000; [phq] 350; [pho] 35,600; [pyy] 700; [sgk] 1,500; [slt] 2,480; [lbg] 9,550; [ugo] 80; Total: 9,078,770

[FOOTNOTEBradley1997-1] Bradley 1997.

[FOOTNOTELama2012-2] Lama 2012.

[4] Benedict, Paul K. (1987)."Autonyms: ought or ought not"(PDF).Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area.10:188..

[FOOTNOTEThurgood20038-5] Thurgood 2003,p. 8.

[FOOTNOTEBradley2002-6] Bradley 2002.

[FOOTNOTEBradley2007-7] Bradley 2007.

[8] Fang Lifen [ phương lợi phân ]. 2013.A genetic study on the Sadu language of Bai people in Yuxi[ ngọc khê bạch tộc rải đều lời nói hệ thuộc nghiên cứu ]. M.A. dissertation. Beijing: Minzu University.

[Hsiu2013-9] Hsiu, Andrew (August 7–10, 2013).New Endangered Tibeto-Burman Languages of Southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and Others.46th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 46). Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, US.doi:10.5281/zenodo.1127796.S2CID 135404293.

[Jacques-10] Jacques, Guillaume & Michaud, Alexis (2011)."Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages"(PDF).Diachronica.28(4): 468–498.doi:10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac.S2CID 54013956.

[Hsiu2017-11] Hsiu, Andrew (2017),The Lawu languages: footprints along the Red River valley corridor

[FOOTNOTESatterthwaite-Phillips2011-12] Satterthwaite-Phillips 2011.

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