Yin and yang
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 Ataijituof a particular style that is often named a "yin and yang symbol", the black area representing yin, with the opposite white side representing yang. The dots are representative of one within the other. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | Âm dương | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | Âm dương | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese Alpha bet | âm dương | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chữ Hán | Âm dương | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hangul | 음양 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanja | Âm dương | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Mongolian name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mongolian Cyrillic | арга билэг / арга билиг | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠡᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠡᠭ ᠠᠷᠭᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Kanji | Âm dương | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hiragana |
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| Taoism |
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Major cultural forms
Main philosophical traditions: Ritual traditions: Devotional traditions:
 Confucian churchesand sects: |
Yin and yang(English:/jɪn/,/jæŋ/), alsoyinyang[1][2]oryin-yang,[3][2]is a concept that originated inChinese philosophy,describing an opposite but interconnected, self-perpetuating cycle. Yin and yang can be thought of as complementary and at the same time opposing forces that interact to form a dynamic system in which the whole is greater than the assembled parts and the parts are important for cohesion of the whole.[4]
InChinese cosmology,the universe creates itself out of a primary chaos of material energy, organized into the cycles of yin and yang form and matter. 'Yin' is retractive, passive and contractive while 'yang' is repelling, active and expansive; in principle, this dichotomy in some form, is seen in all things in nature—patterns of change and difference, such as biological and seasonal cycles, evolution of the landscape over days, weeks, and eons (with the original meaning of the words being the north-facing shade and the south-facing brightness of a hill), gender (female and male), as well as the formation of the character of individuals and the grand arc of sociopolitical history in disorder and order.[5]
Taijiis a Chinese cosmological term for the "Supreme Ultimate" state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential, the oneness before duality, from which yin and yang originate. It can be contrasted with the olderwuji(Vô cực;'without pole'). In the cosmology pertaining to yin and yang, the material energy which this universe was created from is known asqi.It is believed that the organization of qi in this cosmology of yin and yang has formed many things.[6]Included among these forms are humans. Many naturaldualities(such aslight and dark,fire and water, expanding and contracting) are thought of as physical manifestations of the duality symbolized by yin and yang. This duality, as aunity of opposites,lies at the origins of many branches of classicalChinese science,technologyand philosophy, as well as being a primary guideline oftraditional Chinese medicine,[7]and a central principle of different forms ofChinese martial artsand exercise, such asbaguazhang,tai chi,daoyinandqigong,as well as appearing in the pages of theI Ching.
The notion of duality can be found in many areas, such asCommunities of Practice.The term "dualistic-monism" ordialectical monismhas been coined in an attempt to express this fruitfulparadoxof simultaneous unity and duality. According to this philosophy, everything has both yin and yang aspects (for instance, shadow cannot exist without light). Either of the two major aspects may manifest more strongly in a particular object, depending on the criterion of the observation. The yin and yang symbol (ortaijitu) shows a balance between two opposites with a portion of the opposite element in each section.[citation needed]
InTaoistmetaphysics, distinctions between good and bad, along with otherdichotomousmoral judgments, are perceptual, not real; so, the duality of yin and yang is an indivisible whole. In the ethics ofConfucianismon the other hand, most notably in the philosophy ofDong Zhongshu(c.2nd century BC), a moral dimension is attached to the idea of yin and yang.[8]TheAhom philosophyofdualityof the individual selfhanandpuis quite similar to yin and yang of Taoism.[9]The tradition was originated inYunnan,Chinaand followed by someAhom,descendants ofDai ethnic Minority.[10]
Linguistic aspects
[edit]TheChinesetermsÂm;yīn;'dark side' andDương;yáng;'light side' have a rich history in the language, theiretymologiesand evolution analyzable through lenses oforthography,phonology,andmeanings.[citation needed]
Characters
[edit]
TheChinese charactersÂmandDươngare both considered to bephono-semantic compounds,with semantic componentPhụ'mound', 'hill',a graphical variant ofPhụ—with the phonetic componentsNay;jīn(and the added semantic componentVân;yún;'cloud') andDương;yáng.In the latter,Dương;yáng;'bright' featuresNgày;'the Sun' +Kỳ+Sam;'sunbeam'.[citation needed]
Pronunciations and etymologies
[edit]TheStandard Chinesepronunciation ofÂmis usually the level firsttoneasyīnwith the meaning 'shady', 'cloudy', or sometimes with the falling fourth tone asyìnwith the distinct meaning 'to shelter', 'shade'.Dương;'sunny' is always pronounced with the rising second tone asyáng.[citation needed]
Sinologists and historical linguists have reconstructedMiddle Chinesepronunciations from data in the (7th century CE)Qieyunrhyme dictionaryand laterrhyme tables,which was subsequently used to reconstructOld Chinese phonologyfrom rhymes in the (11th–7th centuries BCE)Shijingand phonological components of Chinese characters.Reconstructions of Old Chinesehave illuminated the etymology of modern Chinese words.[citation needed]
Compare these Middle Chinese and Old Chinese[a]reconstructions ofÂm;yīnandDương;yáng:
- ˑiəm<*ˑiəmandiang<*diang(Bernhard Karlgren)[11]
- ʔjəmand*raŋ(Li Fang-Kuei)[12]
- ʔ(r)jumand*ljang(William H. Baxter)[13]
- ʔjəm<*ʔəmandjiaŋ<*laŋ(Axel Schuessler)[14]
- im<*qrumandyang<*laŋ(William H. BaxterandLaurent Sagart)[15]
Schuessler gives probableSino-Tibetanetymologies for both Chinese words.
yin<*ʔəmcompares withBurmeseʔumC'overcast', 'cloudy',Adimuk-jum'shade', andLepchaso'yǔm'shade'; it is probably cognate with Chineseàn<*ʔə̂mʔẢm;'dim'', ' 'gloomy'' andqīn<*khəmKhâm;'blanket'.
yang<*laŋcompares with Lepchaa-lóŋ'reflecting light', BurmeselaŋB'be bright' andə-laŋB'light'; and is perhaps cognate with Chinesechāng<*k-hlaŋXương;'prosperous'', ' 'bright' (comparearealwords likeTaiplaŋA1'bright' & Proto-Viet-MuonghlaŋB). To this word-family,Unger(Hao-ku, 1986:34) also includesBỉnh;bǐng<*pl(j)aŋʔ'bright'; however Schuessler reconstructsBỉnh;bǐng's Old Chinese pronunciation as*braŋʔand includes it in anAustroasiaticword family, besidesLượng;liàng<*raŋhSảng;shuǎng<*sraŋʔ'twilight of dawn';míng<*mraŋMinh'bright', 'become light', 'enlighten'; owing to "the different OC initial consonant which seems to have no recognizable OC morphological function".[16]
Meanings
[edit]Yinandyangare semantically complex words.
John DeFrancis'sABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionarygives the following translation equivalents.[17]
YinÂmorÂm—Noun:① [philosophy] female/passive/negative principle in nature, ② Surname;Bound morpheme:① the moon, ② shaded orientation, ③ covert; concealed; hidden, ④ vagina, ⑤ penis, ⑥ of the netherworld, ⑦ negative, ⑧ north side of a hill, ⑨ south bank of a river, ⑩ reverse side of a stele, ⑪ in intaglio;Stative verb:① overcast, ② sinister; treacherous
YangDươngorDương—Bound morpheme:① [Chinese philosophy] male/active/positive principle in nature, ② the sun, ③ male genitals, ④ in relief, ⑤ open; overt, ⑥ belonging to this world, ⑦ [linguistics] masculine, ⑧ south side of a hill, ⑨ north bank of a river
ThecompoundyinyangÂm dươngmeans "yin and yang; opposites; ancient Chinese astronomy; occult arts; astrologer; geomancer; etc."
ThesinologistRolf Steinetymologically translates ChineseyinÂm"shady side (of a mountain)" andyangDương"sunny side (of a mountain)" with the uncommon English geographic termsubac"shady side of a mountain" andadret"sunny side of a mountain" (which are ofFrench origin).[18]
Toponymy
[edit] |
Many Chinese place names ortoponymscontain the wordyang"sunny side" and a few containyin"shady side". InChina,as elsewhere in theNorthern Hemisphere,sunlight comes predominantly from the south, and thus the south face of a mountain or the north bank of a river will receive more direct sunlight than the opposite side.
Yangrefers to the "south side of a hill" inHengyangHành Dương,which is south ofMount HengHành SơninHunanprovince, and to the "north bank of a river" inLuoyangLạc Dương,which is located north of theLuo RiverLạc hàinHenan.
Similarly,yinrefers to "north side of a hill" inHuayinHoa âm,which is north ofMount HuaHoa SơninShaanxiprovince.
InJapan,the characters are used in westernHonshuto delineate the north-sideSan'in regionSơn âmfrom the south-sideSan'yō regionSơn dương,separated by theChūgoku MountainsTrung Quốc vùng núi.
Loanwords
[edit]Englishyin,yang,andyin-yangare familiarloanwordsofChinese origin.
TheOxford English Dictionarydefines:
yin(jɪn) AlsoYin,Yn.[Chineseyīnshade, feminine; the moon.]
a.In Chinese philosophy, the feminine or negative principle (characterized by dark, wetness, cold, passivity, disintegration, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Alsoattrib.or asadj., andtransf.Cf.yang.
b.Comb., asyin-yang,the combination or fusion of the two cosmic forces; freq. attrib., esp. asyin-yang symbol,a circle divided by an S-shaped line into a dark and a light segment, representing respectivelyyinandyang,each containing a 'seed' of the other.
yang(jæŋ) AlsoYang.[Chineseyángyang, sun, positive, male genitals.]
a.In Chinese philosophy, the masculine or positive principle (characterized by light, warmth, dryness, activity, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Alsoattrib.or asadj.Cf.yin.
b.Comb.:yang-yin=yin-yangs.v.yin b.
For the earliest recorded "yin and yang" usages, theOEDcites 1671 foryinandyang,[19]1850 foryin-yang,[20]and 1959 foryang-yin.[21]
In English,yang-yin(likeying-yang) occasionally occurs as a mistake or typographical error for the Chinese loanwordyin-yang— yet they are not equivalents. Chinese does have someyangyincollocations,such asDương bạc(lit. "foreign silver" ) "silver coin/dollar", but not even the most comprehensive dictionaries (e.g., theHanyu Da Cidian) enteryangyin*Dương âm.Whileyangandyincan occur together in context,[22]yangyinis not synonymous withyinyang.The linguistic term "irreversible binomial"refers to a collocation of two words A–B that cannot be idiomatically reversed as B–A, for example, Englishcat and mouse(not *mouse and cat) andfriend or foe(not *foe or friend).[23]
Similarly, the usual pattern among Chinese binomial compounds is for positive A and negative B, where the A word is dominant or privileged over B. For example,tiandiThiên địa"heaven and earth" andnannüNam nữ"men and women".Yinyangmeaning "dark and light; female and male; moon and sun", is an exception. Scholars have proposed various explanations for whyyinyangviolates this pattern, including "linguistic convenience" (it is easier to sayyinyangthanyangyin), the idea that "proto-Chinese society was matriarchal", or perhaps, sinceyinyangfirst became prominent during the late Warring States period, this term was "purposely directed at challenging persistent cultural assumptions".[23]
History
[edit]Joseph Needhamdiscusses yin and yang together withFive Elementsas part of theSchool of Naturalists.He says that it would be proper to begin with yin and yang before Five Elements because the former: "lay, as it were, at a deeper level in Nature, and were the most ultimate principles of which the ancient Chinese could conceive. But it so happens that we know a good deal more about the historical origin of the Five-Element theory than about that of the yin and the yang, and it will therefore be more convenient to deal with it first."[24]
He then discussesZou Yan(Trâu diễn;305–240 BC) who is most associated with these theories. Although yin and yang are not mentioned in any of the surviving documents of Zou Yan, his school was known as the Yin Yang Jia (Yin and Yang School). Needham concludes "There can be very little doubt that the philosophical use of the terms began about the beginning of the 4th century, and that the passages in older texts which mention this use are interpolations made later than that time."[24]
Nature
[edit]Yin and yang are a concept that originated in ancientChinese philosophythat describes how opposite or contrary forces may create each other by their comparison and are to be seen as actually complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they may give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another.[25][26]
InDaoistphilosophy, dark and light, yin and yang, arrive in theTao Te Chingat chapter 42.[27]It becomes sensible from an initialquiescenceor emptiness (wuji,sometimes symbolized by an empty circle), and continues moving untilquiescenceis reached again. For instance, dropping a stone in a calm pool of water will simultaneously raise waves and lower troughs between them, and this alternation of high and low points in the water will radiate outward until the movement dissipates and the pool is calm once more.[citation needed]
Yin and yang thus are always opposite and equal qualities and create and control each other. Whenever one quality reaches its peak, it will naturally begin to transform into the opposite quality: for example, grain that reaches its full height in summer (fully yang) will produce seeds and die back in winter (fully yin) in an endless cycle.[citation needed]
It is impossible to talk about yin or yang without some reference to the opposite, traditionally it is said that Yin and Yang are known by the comparison of each other, since yin and yang are bound together as parts of amutual whole(for example, there cannot be the bottom of the foot without the top). A way to illustrate this idea is[citation needed]to postulate the notion of a race with only women or only men; this race would disappear in a single generation. Yet, women and men together create new generations that allow the race they mutually create (and mutually come from) to survive. The interaction of the two (Heaven and Earth) gives birth to human and therefore the ten thousand things.[28]
Yin and yang transform each other: like an undertow in the ocean, every advance is complemented by a retreat, and every rise transforms into a fall. Thus, a seed will sprout from the earth and grow upwards towards the sky—an intrinsically yang movement. Then, when it reaches its full potential height, it will fall. The growth of the top seeks light, while roots grow in darkness.[citation needed]
The cycles of the seasons and of plants that progresses or entropies depending on the season. In summer it seeks to procure healthier leaves, whittling (entropy) of the plant is in autumn, the degrown plants (destruction) is in winter, growth (creating) of the plant or tree during spring. Where it's gaining or progressing, fully progressed occurs during summer, summer seeks stability as it seeks to keep (progress) the leaves and branches that are healthy, growth and progress reaching its end point of a cycle. Creation as part of yang, and destruction as part of yin, progress on one side (yang) and entropy on the other side (yin), is represented in the cycles.[citation needed]
Modern usage
[edit]Yin is the black side, and yang is the white side. Other color arrangements have included the white of yang being replaced by red.[29]The taijitu is sometimes accompanied by other shapes,[30]such asbagua.[29][30]The relationship between yin and yang is often described in terms of sunlight playing over a mountain and a valley. Yin (literally the 'shady place' or 'north slope') is the dark area occluded by the mountain's bulk, while yang (literally the "sunny place' or" south slope ") is the brightly lit portion. As the sun moves across the sky, yin and yang gradually trade places with each other, revealing what was obscured and obscuring what was revealed.[citation needed]
In turn, the concepts are also applied to the human body. In traditional Chinese medicine, one's health is directly related to the balance between yin and yang qualities within them.[31]The technology of yin and yang is the foundation ofcriticalanddeductivereasoning for effective differential diagnosis of disease and illnesses within Taoist influencedtraditional Chinese medicine.[32][33][34][35]
I Ching
[edit]
In theI Ching,originally a divination manual of theWestern Zhouperiod (c. 1000–750 BC) based on Chinese Astronomy,[36]yin and yang are represented by broken and solid lines: yin is broken (⚋) and yang is solid (⚊). These are then combined intotrigrams,which are more yang (e.g.☱) or more yin (e.g.☵) depending on the number of broken and solid lines (e.g.,☰is fully yang, while☷is fully yin), and trigrams are combined into hexagrams (e.g.䷕and䷟). The relative positions and numbers of yin and yang lines within the trigrams determines the meaning of a trigram, and in hexagrams the upper trigram is considered yang with respect to the lower trigram, yin, which allows for complex depictions of interrelations.[citation needed]
Taijitu
[edit]The principle of yin and yang is represented by theTaijitu(literally "Diagram of theSupreme Ultimate"). The term is commonly used to mean the simple" divided circle "form, but may refer to any of several schematic diagrams representing these principles, such as theswastika,common to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Similar symbols have also appeared in other cultures, such as inCeltic artandRoman shield markings.[37][38][39]
In this symbol the two teardrops swirl to represent the conversion of yin to yang and yang to yin. This is seen when a ball is thrown into the air with a yang velocity then converts to a yin velocity to fall back to earth. The two teardrops are opposite in direction to each other to show that as one increases the other decreases. The dot of the opposite field in the tear drop shows that there is always yin within yang and always yang within yin.[40]
Tai chi
[edit]Tai chi, a form of martial art, is often described as the principles of yin and yang applied to the human body and an animal body.Wu Jianquan,a famousChinese martial artsteacher, described tai chi (Taijiquan) as follows:
Various people have offered different explanations for the nameTaijiquan.Some have said: – 'In terms ofself-cultivation,one must train from a state of movement towards a state of stillness.Taijicomes about through the balance ofyinandyang.In terms of the art of attack and defense then, in the context of thechangesof full and empty, one is constantly internally latent, to not outwardly expressive, as if theyinandyangofTaijihave not yet divided apart.' Others say: 'Every movement ofTaijiquanis based on circles, just like the shape of aTaijitu.Therefore, it is calledTaijiquan.
— Wu Jianquan, The International Magazine of Tʻai Chi Chʻüan[41]
See also
[edit]
Notes
[edit]- ^With an asterisk, to denote unattested forms.
References
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]- ^Stefon, Matt (7 May 2021)."yinyang".Encyclopedia Britannica.Retrieved3 May2023.
- ^abWang, Robin R."Yinyang (Yin-yang)".Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.Retrieved3 May2023.
- ^Shan, Jun (3 February 2020)."What Do Yin and Yang Represent?".ThoughtCo.Retrieved3 May2023.
- ^Georges Ohsawa(1976).The Unique Principle.George Ohsawa Macrobiotic.ISBN978-0-918860-17-0– viaGoogle Books.
- ^Feuchtwang, Stephan (2016).Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations.New York: Routledge. p. 150.ISBN978-0-415-85881-6.
- ^Feuchtwang, Sephan. "Chinese Religions." Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations, Third ed., Routledge, 2016, pp. 150–151.
- ^Porkert, Manfred (1974).The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine.MIT Press.ISBN0-262-16058-7.
- ^Taylor Latener, Rodney Leon (2005).The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism.Vol. 2. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 869.ISBN978-0-8239-4079-0.
- ^Gogoi, Shrutashwinee (2011).Tai ahom religion a philosophical study(PhD). p. vii.hdl:10603/116167.
- ^Gogoi, Shrutashwinee (2011).Tai ahom religion a philosophical study(PhD). p. 203.hdl:10603/116167.
- ^Bernhard Karlgren,Grammata Serica Recensa,Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1957, 173, 188.
- ^Li, Fang-Kuei, "Studies on Archaic Chinese", translated by Gilbert L. Mattos,Monumenta Serica31, 1974:219–287.
- ^William H. Baxter,A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology,Mouton de Gruyter,1992.
- ^Schuessler, Axel,ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese,University of Hawaii Press,2007, 558, 572.
- ^Baxter & Sagart (2014), pp. 326–378.
- ^Schuessler, Axel,ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese,University of Hawaii Press,2007. pp. 168, 180, 558.
- ^John DeFrancis, ed.,ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary,University of Hawaii Press, 2003, 1147, 1108.
- ^Rolf Stein (2010),Rolf Stein's Tibetica Antiqua: With Additional Materials,Brill, p. 63.
- ^Arnoldus Montanus,Atlas Chinensis: Being a relation of remarkable passages in two embassies from the East-India Company of the United Provinces to the Vice-Roy Singlamong, General Taising Lipovi, and Konchi, Emperor, Thomas Johnson,tr. by J. Ogilby, 1671, 549: "The Chineses by these Strokes ‥ declare ‥ how much each Form or Sign receives from the two fore-mention'd Beginnings of Yn or Yang."
- ^William Jones Boone,"Defense of an Essay on the proper renderings of the words Elohim and θεός into the Chinese Language,"Chinese RepositoryXIX, 1850, 375: "... when in the Yih King (or Book of Diagrams) we read of the Great Extreme, it means that the Great Extreme is in the midst of the active-passive primordial substance (Yin-yáng); and that it is not exterior to, or separate from the Yin-yáng."
- ^Carl Jung,"Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self", inThe Collected Works of C. G. Jung,tr. by R. F. C. Hull, Volume 9, Part 2, p. 58 "" [The vision of "Ascension of Isaiah" ] might easily be a description of a genuine yang-yin relationship, a picture that comes closer to the actual truth than theprivatio boni.Moreover, it does not damage monotheism in any way, since it unites the opposites just and yang and yin are united in Tao (which the Jesuits quite logically translated as "God" ). "
- ^For instance, theHuainanzisays "" Now, the lumber is not so important as the forest; the forest is not so important as the rain; the rain is not so important as yin and yang; yin and yang are not so important as harmony; and harmony is not so important as the Way. (12,Tài không kịp lâm, lâm không kịp vũ, vũ không kịp âm dương, âm dương không kịp cùng, cùng không kịp nói;tr. Major et al. 2010, 442).
- ^abRoger T. Ames, "YinandYang",inEncyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy,ed. by Antonio S. Cua, Routledge, 2002, 847.
- ^abNeedham, Joseph; Science and Civilization in China Vol.2: History of Scientific Thought;Cambridge University Press;1956
- ^"The hidden meanings of yin and yang – John Bellaimey".TED-Ed. 2 August 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 28 October 2021.Retrieved2 August2013.
- ^Xu, Guang (1996).Chinese Herbal Medicine.Vermillion. p. 41.ISBN978-0-09-180944-7.
- ^Muller, Charles."Daode Jing".Retrieved9 March2018.
- ^Robin R. Wang"Yinyang (Yin-yang)".Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.Retrieved9 March2018.
- ^abThe World Book Encyclopedia.Vol. 19. Chicago:Scott Fetzer Company.2003. p. 36.ISBN0-7166-0103-6.OCLC50204221.
- ^abCarrasco, David;Warmind, Morten; Hawley, John Stratton;Reynolds, Frank;Giarardot, Norman;Neusner, Jacob;Pelikan, Jaroslav;Campo, Juan; Penner, Hans (1999).Wendy Doniger(ed.).Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions.United States:Merriam-Webster.p. 495.ISBN978-0-87779-044-0.
- ^Li CL. A brief outline of Chinese medical history with particular reference to acupuncture. Perspect Biol Med. 1974 Autumn;18(1):132–143.
- ^Ching, Nigel; Halpin, Jeremy (2017).The art and practice of diagnosis in Chinese medicine.London Philadelphia: Singing Dragon.ISBN978-0-85701-267-8.
- ^Hu, Dongpei, ed. (2016).Traditional Chinese medicine: theory and principles.Berlin Boston: De Gruyter.ISBN978-3-11-041766-1.
- ^Seem, Dr. Mark (1991).Acupuncture Energetics A Workbook for Diagnostics and Treatment.Inner Traditions/Bear.ISBN978-0-89281-435-0.
- ^Acupuncture Therapeutics.Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2011. p. 23.ISBN978-0-85701-018-6.
- ^ The text of theI Chinghas its origins in aWestern Zhoudivination text called theChanges of Zhou(Chu DịchZhōu yì). Various modern scholars suggest dates ranging between the 10th and 4th centuries BC for the assembly of the text in approximately its current form. Nylan, Michael (2001),The Five Confucian Classics(2001), p. 228.
- ^Giovanni Monastra: "The "Yin–Yang" among the Insignia of the Roman Empire?Archived2011-09-25 at theWayback Machine,""Sophia, "Vol. 6, No. 2 (2000)
- ^"Late Roman Shield Patterns – Magister Peditum".ne.jp.
- ^Helmut Nickel: "The Dragon and the Pearl,"Metropolitan Museum Journal,Vol. 26 (1991), p. 146, fn. 5
- ^Hughes, Kevin (2020).Introduction to the Theory of Yin-Yang.Independent.ISBN979-8-6678-6786-9.[page needed]
- ^Woolidge, Doug (June 1997). "The International Magazine of Tʻai Chi Chʻüan".Tʻai Chi.21(3). Wayfarer Publications.ISSN0730-1049.
Works cited
[edit]- Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014).Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction.Oxford:Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-994537-5.
External links
[edit]
- Robin R. Wang."Yinyang (Yin-yang)".Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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