Yue (state)

Yue
Yue
	"Yue" inseal script(top) and modern (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese	Càng
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Yuè
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Yueh
Wade–Giles	Yüeh4
IPA	[ɥê]
Wu
Suzhounese	Yuíh
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Yuht
Jyutping	Jyut6
IPA	[jyt̚˨]
Southern Min
Tâi-lô	Ua̍t
Old Chinese
Baxter (1992)	*wjat
Baxter–Sagart (2014)	*[ɢ]ʷat

State of Yue
Càng
State of Yue Càng
?–306 BC
	Map of the Chinese plain in the 5th century BC. The state of Yue is located in the southeast corner.
Status	Kingdom
Capital	Kuaiji,laterWu
Government	Monarchy
King
• 496–465 BC	Gou gian
Historical era	Spring and Autumn period; Warring States period
• Established	?
• Conquered byChu	306 BC
	Succeeded by
Minyue
Chu

Yue(Chinese:Càng,Old Chinese:*[ɢ]ʷat), also known asYuyue(Với càng), was astatein ancient China which existed during the first millennium BC – theSpring and AutumnandWarring Statesperiods of China'sZhou dynasty– in the modernprovincesofZhe gian g,ShanghaiandJiangsu.Its original capital was Kuaiji (modernShao xing); after its conquest ofWu,Yue relocated its court north to thecity of Wu(modern-daySuzhou). Yue was conquered byChuin 306 BC.

History[edit]

A specific kingdom, which had been known as the "Yue Guo" (Việt Quốc) in modernZhe gian g,was not mentioned until it began a series of wars against its northern neighbor Wu during the late 6th century BC. According to theRecords of the Grand HistorianandDiscourses of the States,the Yue are descended from Wuyu, the son ofShao Kang,the sixth king of theXia dynasty.

The bronze sword of the Yue king Gou gian, 771 to 403 BC

With help from Wu's enemy Chu, Yue won after several decades of conflict. The famous Yue KingGou giandestroyed and annexed Wu in 473 BC. During the reign ofWuqiang(Vô cường), six generations after Gou gian, Yue was partitioned by Chu andQiin 306 BC.

During its existence, Yue was famous for the quality of its metalworking, particularly its swords. Examples include the extremely well-preservedSwords of Gou gianandZhougou.

The Yue state appears to have been a largely indigenous political development in the lowerYangtze.This region corresponds with that of the old corded-ware Neolithic, and it continued to be one that shared a number of practices, such as tooth extraction, pile building, and cliff burial.Austronesianspeakers also still lived in the region down to its conquest and sinification beginning about 240 BC.^[1]

What set the Yue apart from other Sinitic states of the time was their possession of a navy.^[2]Yue culture was distinct in its practice of naming boats and swords.^[3]A Chinese text described the Yue as a people who used boats as their carriages and oars as their horses.^[4]

Rulers of Yue family tree[edit]

Theirancestral nameis rendered variously as eitherSi(Tự) orLuo(LạcorLạc).^[5]^[6]

Rulers of Yue family tree

⁽¹⁾Marquis Wuyu of Yue Càng hầu hoàn toàn



⁽²⁾Marquis Wuren of Yue Càng hầu vô nhâm



⁽³⁾Marquis Wushen of Yue Càng hầu vô thẩm



⁽⁴⁾Marquis Futan of Yue Càng hầu phu đàm (r. 565─538 BC)



⁽⁵⁾Marquis Yunchang of Yue Càng hầu duẫn thường (d. 497 BC)



⁽⁶⁾King Gou gian of Yue Việt Vương câu tiễn (496─465 BC)



⁽⁷⁾King Luying of Yue Việt Vương lộc dĩnh (465─459 BC)



⁽⁸⁾King Bushou of Yue Việt Vương không thọ (459─449 BC)



⁽⁹⁾King Weng of Yue Việt Vương ông (449─412 BC)



⁽¹⁰⁾King Yi of Yue Việt Vương ế (412─376 BC)



⁽¹¹⁾King Zhihou of Yue Việt Vương chi hầu (376─375 BC)



⁽¹²⁾King Chuwuyu of Yue Việt Vương sơ hoàn toàn (375─365 BC)



⁽¹³⁾King Wuzhuan of Yue Việt Vương vô chuyên (365─357 BC)



⁽¹⁴⁾King Wuqiang of Yue Việt Vương vô cường (357─333 BC)

Aftermath[edit]

After the fall of Yue, the ruling family moved south to what is now northernFu gianand set up theMinyuekingdom. This successor state lasted until around 150 BC, when it miscalculated an alliance with theHan dynasty.

Mingdi, Wu gian g's second son, was appointed minister of Wucheng (present-dayHuzhou'sWu xing District) by the king of Chu. He was titled Marquis of Ouyang Ting, from a pavilion on thesouth sideofOuyu Mountain.The firstQin dynastyemperorQin Shi Huangabolished the title after his conquest of Chu in 223 BC, but descendants and subjects of its former rulers took up the surnamesOu,Ouyang,andOuhou(Âu hầu) in remembrance.

When the religious leaderXu Chang launched a rebellionagainst theHan dynastyin 172 CE, he declared the state of Yue restored and appointed his father Xu Sheng as "King of Yue". The rebels were crushed in 174.^[7]

Astronomy[edit]

InChinese astronomy,there are two stars named for Yue:

Yue (along with Wu) is represented by the starZeta Aquilaein the "Left Wall" of theHeavenly Market enclosure^[8]^[9]
Yue is also represented by the starPsi Capricornior19 Capricorni^[10]in the "Twelve States" of the mansion of theGirl.^[11]

Biology[edit]

Thevirus genusYuyuevirusand the virusfamilyYueviridaeare both named after the state.^[12]

People from Yue[edit]

Yuenü,swordswoman & author of the earliest-known exposition on swordplay^[13]
Xi Shi,a famous beauty of the ancient Yue Guo.

Language[edit]

Possible languages spoken in the state of Yue may have been ofTai-KadaiandAustronesianorigins. 126 Tai-Kadai cognates have been identified inMaqiaoWu dialect spoken in the suburbs ofShanghaiout of more than a thousand lexical items surveyed.^[14]According to the author, these cognates are likely traces of 'old Yue language' (Cổ càng ngữ;Gǔyuèyǔ).^[14]

References[edit]

^Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1996).Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5.American philosophical society. p. 48.ISBN 9780871698650.
^Holm 2014,p. 35.
^Kiernan 2017,pp. 49–50.
^Kiernan 2017,p. 50.
^Chinese Text Project.Wu–Yue Chunqiu.《 Việt Vương hoàn toàn ngoại truyện》[ "Yuèwàng Wúyú Wàizhuàn"]. Accessed 5 December 2013.(in Chinese)
^Theobald, Ulrich.China Knowledge."Chinese History – YueCàng(Zhou period feudal state)".2000. Accessed 5 December 2013.
^de Crespigny (2016),pp. 402–403.
^"AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) thiên văn giáo dục tin tức võng".23 Jul 2006.(in Chinese)
^Allen, Richard. "Star Names – Their Lore and Meaning: Aquila".
^"Star Tales – Capricornus".ianridpath.Retrieved30 July2019.
^Allen, Richard. "Star Names – Their Lore and Meaning: Capricornus".
^Wolf, Yuri; Krupovic, Mart; Zhang, Yong Zhen; Maes, Piet; Dolja, Valerian; Koonin, Eugene V.; Kuhn, Jens H."Megataxonomy of negative-sense RNA viruses"(docx).International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).Retrieved12 January2019.^{[dead link]}
^Lily Xiao Hong Lee; A. D. Stefanowska (2007).Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.-618 C.E.M.E. Sharpe. p. 91.
^^a ^bLi 2001,p. 15.

Sources[edit]

de Crespigny, Rafe(2016).Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23–220 AD.Leiden, Boston: Brill.ISBN 9789004324916.
Holm, David (2014)."A Layer of Old Chinese Readings in the Traditional Zhuang Script".Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities:1–45.
Kiernan, Ben (2017),Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present,Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-195-16076-5.
Li, Hui (2001)."Daic Background Vocabulary in Shanghai Maqiao Dialect"(PDF).Proceedings for Conference of Minority Cultures in Hainan and Taiwan, Haikou: Research Society for Chinese National History:15–26. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2018-03-27.Retrieved2018-03-28.

External links[edit]

Eric Henry:The Submerged History of Yuè(Sino-Platonic Papers176, May 2007)

[Goodenough_1996-1] Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1996).Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5.American philosophical society. p. 48.ISBN 9780871698650.

[FOOTNOTEHolm201435-2] Holm 2014,p. 35.

[FOOTNOTEKiernan201749–50-3] Kiernan 2017,pp. 49–50.

[FOOTNOTEKiernan201750-4] Kiernan 2017,p. 50.

[5] Chinese Text Project.Wu–Yue Chunqiu.《 Việt Vương hoàn toàn ngoại truyện》[ "Yuèwàng Wúyú Wàizhuàn"]. Accessed 5 December 2013.(in Chinese)

[6] Theobald, Ulrich.China Knowledge."Chinese History – YueCàng(Zhou period feudal state)".2000. Accessed 5 December 2013.

[FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny2016402–403-7] Crespigny (2016),pp. 402–403.

[8] "AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) thiên văn giáo dục tin tức võng".23 Jul 2006.(in Chinese)

[9] Allen, Richard. "Star Names – Their Lore and Meaning: Aquila".

[10] "Star Tales – Capricornus".ianridpath.Retrieved30 July2019.

[11] Allen, Richard. "Star Names – Their Lore and Meaning: Capricornus".

[2017.006M-12] Wolf, Yuri; Krupovic, Mart; Zhang, Yong Zhen; Maes, Piet; Dolja, Valerian; Koonin, Eugene V.; Kuhn, Jens H."Megataxonomy of negative-sense RNA viruses"(docx).International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).Retrieved12 January2019.^{[dead link]}

[13] Lily Xiao Hong Lee; A. D. Stefanowska (2007).Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.-618 C.E.M.E. Sharpe. p. 91.

[FOOTNOTELi200115-14] Li 2001,p. 15.

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