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Yukon

Coordinates:63°N135°W/ 63°N 135°W/63; -135[1]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Canadian territory. For other uses, seeYukon (disambiguation).

Yukon
Ųųg Han(Gwichʼin)
Chu Nìikwän(Southern Tutchone)
Territory
Flag of Yukon
Flag
Coat of arms of Yukon
Coat of arms
Coordinates:63°N135°W/ 63°N 135°W/63; -135[1]
CountryCanada
Before confederationDistrict of Yukon
ConfederationJune 13, 1898 (9th)
Capital
(and largest city)		Whitehorse
Largest metroWhitehorse
Government
• TypeParliamentary system
•CommissionerAdeline Webber
• PremierRanj Pillai
LegislatureYukon Legislative Assembly
Federal representationParliament of Canada
House seats1 of 338 (0.3%)
Senate seats1 of 105(1%)
Area
• Total482,443 km2(186,272 sq mi)
• Land474,391 km2(183,163 sq mi)
• Water8,052 km2(3,109 sq mi) 1.7%
• Rank9th
4.8% of Canada
Population
(2021)
• Total40,232[3]
• Estimate
(Q2 2024)
45,750[4]
• Rank12th
• Density0.08/km2(0.2/sq mi)
DemonymsYukoner
FR:Yukonnais(e)
Official languages
GDP
• Rank13th
• Total (2017)C$3.089 billion[5]
• Per capitaC$75,141 (3rd)
HDI
• HDI (2021)0.930[6]—Very high(4th)
Time zoneUTC−07:00
Canadian postal abbr.
YT
Postal code prefix
Y
ISO 3166 codeCA-YT
FlowerFireweed
TreeSubalpine fir[7]
BirdCommon raven
Rankings include allprovinces and territories

Yukon(Canadian French:[juˈkõ];formerly called theYukon Territoryand referred to asthe Yukon)[8]is the smallest and westernmost ofCanada's three territories.It is the third-least populated province or territory in Canada, with a population of 45,750 as of 2024. However,Whitehorse,the territorial capital, is the largest settlement in any of the three territories.[9]

Yukon wassplit from the Northwest Territoriesin 1898 as theYukon Territory.The federal government'sYukon Act,which received royal assent on March 27, 2002, established "Yukon" as the territory's official name, althoughYukon Territoryremains in popular usage.Canada Postuses the territory's internationally approved postal abbreviation ofYT.[10][8]In 2021, territorial government policy was changed so that "TheYukon "would be recommended for use in official territorial government materials.[11]

Although officially bilingual (English and French), the Yukon government recognizesFirst Nationslanguages.

At 5,959 m (19,551 ft), Yukon'sMount Logan,inKluane National Park and Reserve,is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest on the North American continent (afterDenaliin theU.S. stateofAlaska). Most of the Yukon has asubarctic climate,characterized by long, cold winters and brief, warm summers. The coastal area along theArctic Oceanhas atundra climate.

Notable rivers include theYukon,Pelly,Stewart,Peel,White,Liard,andTatshenshini.

Etymology

[edit]

The territory is named after theYukon River,the longest river in the Yukon. The name itself is from acontractionof the words in theGwich'inphrasechųų gąįį han,which means "white water river" and refers to "the pale colour" ofglacial runoffin the Yukon River.[12][13]

Historically, the name of the Yukon Territory has been abbreviated to "The Yukon" in informal speech. In 2003, the territorial government announced that the territory should be referred to as "Yukon", but the change in name sparked discussion amongst Yukoners. In the 2021 election, the leader of theYukon NDP,Kate White,campaigned on returning to using "The Yukon". Following the election, theYukon Partygovernment announced that "The Yukon" would again be used by the government.[14]

Geography

[edit]
TheYukon RiveratSchwatka Lakeand the entry to Miles Canyon
Main article:Geography of Yukon

The territory is the approximate shape of aright triangle,bordering theU.S. stateofAlaskato the west and northwest for 1,210 kilometres (752 mi) mostly alonglongitude 141° W,theNorthwest Territoriesto the east andBritish Columbiato the south mostly alonglatitude 60° N.[15]Its northern coast is on theBeaufort Sea.Its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows thedividebetween the Yukon Basin and theMackenzie Riverdrainage basinto the east in the Mackenzie mountains.

Most of the territory is in the watershed of its namesake, the Yukon River. The southern Yukon is dotted with a large number of large, long and narrow glacier-fed alpine lakes, most of which flow into the Yukon River system. The larger lakes includeTeslin Lake,Atlin Lake,Tagish Lake,Marsh Lake,Lake Laberge,Kusawa LakeandKluane Lake.Bennett Lakeon theKlondike Gold Rushtrail is a lake flowing into Nares Lake, with the greater part of its area within Yukon. Other watersheds in the territory include the Mackenzie River, thePeel Watershedand theAlsek–Tatshenshini,and a number of rivers flowing directly into the Beaufort Sea. The two main Yukon rivers flowing into the Mackenzie in the Northwest Territories are theLiard Riverin the southeast and thePeel Riverand its tributaries in the northeast.

Canada's highest point, Mount Logan (5,959 m or 19,551 ft), is in the territory's southwest. Mount Logan and a large part of the Yukon's southwest are inKluane National Park and Reserve,a UNESCOWorld Heritage Site.Other national parks includeIvvavik National ParkandVuntut National Parkin the north. A second UNESCO World Heritage Site,Tr'ondëk-Klondike World Heritage Site,was designated in 2023.

Notable widespread tree species within the Yukon are theblack spruceandwhite spruce.Many trees are stunted because of the short growing season and severe climate.[16]

Climate

[edit]
Köppen climate typesin Yukon
See also:Climate change in the Arctic

While the average winter temperature in the Yukon is mild by Canadian arctic standards, no other place in North America gets as cold as the Yukon during extreme cold snaps. The temperature has dropped down to −60 °C (−76 °F) three times, 1947, 1952, and 1968. The most extreme cold snap occurred in February 1947 when the abandoned town ofSnagdropped down to −63.0 °C (−81.4 °F).[17]

Unlike most of Canada where the most extreme heat waves occur in July, August, and even September, the Yukon's extreme heat tends to occur in June and even May. The Yukon has recorded 36 °C (97 °F) three times. The first time was in June 1969 whenMayorecorded a temperature of 36.1 °C (97 °F). 14 years later this record was almost beaten whenForty Milerecorded 36 °C (97 °F) in May 1983. The old record was finally broken 21 years later in June 2004 when the Mayo Road weather station, located just northwest ofWhitehorse,recorded a temperature of 36.5 °C (97.7 °F).[18]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Yukon[18][19]
City July average high July average low January average high January average low
Whitehorse 21 °C (70 °F) 8 °C (46 °F) −11 °C (12 °F) −19 °C (−2 °F)
Dawson City 23 °C (73 °F) 8 °C (46 °F) −22 °C (−8 °F) −30 °C (−22 °F)
Old Crow 20 °C (68 °F) 9 °C (48 °F) −25 °C (−13 °F) −34 °C (−29 °F)

History

[edit]
Main article:History of Yukon
Hill-side mining during theKlondike Gold Rush,c. 1899

Long before the arrival of Europeans, the central and southern Yukon was populated by First Nations people, and the area escapedglaciation.Sites ofarcheologicalsignificance in the Yukon hold some of the earliest evidence of the presence of human habitation in North America.[20]The sites safeguard the history of the first people and the earliest First Nations of the Yukon.[20]

Thevolcaniceruption ofMount Churchillin approximately 800 AD in what is now the U.S. state of Alaska blanketed the southern Yukon with a layer ofashwhich can still be seen along theKlondike Highway,and which forms part of the oral tradition of First Nations peoples in the Yukon and further south in Canada.

Coastal and inland First Nations had extensive trading networks. European incursions into the area began early in the 19th century with thefur trade,followed bymissionaries.By the 1870s and 1880s, gold miners began to arrive. This drove a population increase that justified the establishment of a police force, just in time for the start of theKlondike Gold Rushin 1897. The increased population coming with the gold rush led to the separation of the Yukon district from the Northwest Territories and the formation of the separate Yukon Territory in 1898.

Demographics

[edit]
Main article:Demographics of Yukon

The2021 censusreported a Yukon population of 40,232.[21]With a land area of 474,712.64 km2(183,287.57 sq mi), it had a population density of0.1/km2(0.2/sq mi) in 2011, the highest among Canada's three territories.[22]Statistics Canada has estimated Yukon's 2024 population to be 45,750,[23]an increase of 17.5% from the 2016 census. This is the largest percentage increase for any Canadian province or territory.

Unlike in other Canadianprovinces and territories,Statistics Canadauses the entire territory as a single at-large census division.

Ethnicity

[edit]

According to the2016 Canada Censusthe majority of the territory's population was of European descent, although it has a significant population ofFirst Nationscommunities across the territory. The 2011 National Household Survey examined the Yukon's ethnocultural diversity and immigration. At that time, 87.7% of residents were Canadian-born and 24.2% were of Indigenous origin. The most common countries of birth for immigrants were the United Kingdom (15.9%), the Philippines (15.0%), and the United States (13.2%). Among very recent immigrants (between 2006 and 2011) living in the Yukon, 63.5% were born in Asia.[24]

Visible minority and indigenous identity (2016):[25][26]

European Canadian(68.1%)
Visible minority(8.5%)
First Nations(19.1%)
Métis(2.9%)
Inuit(0.6%)
Other Indigenous responses (0.8%)

As of the 2016 census, the top ten ancestries in the Yukon were:[27]

Rank Ethnic group Population (2016) Percentage
1 English 9,680 27.57%
2 Aboriginal 8,665 24.68%
3 Canadian 8,640 24.61%
4 Scottish 8,295 23.63%
5 Irish 6,930 19.74%
6 German 5,575 15.88%
7 French 5,040 14.35%
8 Ukrainian 2,200 6.27%
9 Dutch 1,760 5.01%
10 Norwegian 1,380 3.93%

Language

[edit]

The most commonly reported mother tongue among the 33,145 single responses to the2011 Canadian censuswas English at 28,065 (85%).[28]The second-most common was 1,455 (4%) for French.[28]Among 510 multiple respondents, 140 of them (27%) reported a mother tongue of both English and French, while 335 (66%) reported English and a "non-officiallanguage "and 20 (4%) reported French and a "non-officiallanguage ".[28]

The Yukon'sLanguage Act"recognises the significance" of the territory's aboriginal languages in the Yukon, and permits their use in Legislative Assembly proceedings, although only English and French are available for laws and court proceedings.[29]

Religion

[edit]
Sikhs inWhitehorse,Yukon in April 1906

The2021 Canadian censusreported that 59.7% of Yukoners reported having no religious affiliation, thehighest percentage in Canada.The most frequently reported religious affiliation was Christianity, reported by 35.0% of residents, followed by Sikhism at 1.0%.[31]

Religious beliefs in Yukon (2021 census)[32]
Religion Adherents % of the population
No religion and secular perspectives 23,640 59.71%
Christian 13,860 35.01%
Sikh 380 0.96%
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality 325 0.82%
Hindu 265 0.67%
Buddhist 260 0.66%
Muslim 185 0.47%
Jewish 70 0.18%
Other religions and spiritual traditions 600 1.52%
Total 39,590 100%

Economy

[edit]
A conveyor belt and cart outside of a mine tunnel in the Yukon. The economy of the territory has historically been centred around mining.

The Yukon's major industry is mining (lead,zinc,silver, gold,asbestosand copper). The federal government acquired the land from theHudson's Bay Companyin 1870 and split it from theNorthwest Territoriesin 1898 to fill the need for local government created by the population influx of the gold rush. Thousands of these prospectors moved to the territory, ushering a period of Yukon history recorded by authors such asRobert W. ServiceandJack London.The memory of this period and the early days of theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police,as well as the territory's scenic wonders and outdoor recreation opportunities, makes tourism the second most important industry in the territory.

Manufacturing, including furniture, clothing, and handicrafts, follows in importance, along withhydroelectricity.The traditional industries oftrappingand fishing have declined. As of 2012, the government sector directly employs approximately 6,300 out of a labour force of 20,800, on a population of 27,500.[33][34]

On May 1, 2015, the Yukon modified its Business Corporations Act,[35][36][37]in an effort to attract more benefits and participants to its economy. One amendment to the BCA lets a proxy be given for voting purposes. Another change will allow directors to pursue business opportunities declined by the corporation, a practice off-limits in most other jurisdictions due to the inherent potential for conflicts of interest.[38]One of the changes will allow a corporation to serve as a director of a subsidiary registered in Yukon.[39]The legislation also allows companies to add provisions in their articles of incorporation giving directors blanket approval to sell off all of the company's assets without requiring a shareholder vote.[39]If provided for by a unanimous shareholders agreement, a corporation is not required to have directors at all.[40]There is increased flexibility regarding the location of corporate records offices, including the ability to maintain a records office outside of the Yukon so long as it is accessible by electronic means.[40]

Tourism

[edit]
Ivvavik National Parkis one of threenational parkslocated in Yukon.

The Yukon's tourism motto is "Larger than life".[41]The Yukon's tourism industry relies heavily on Yukon's natural environment, and there are many organizedoutfittersandguidesavailable for activities such ashunting,angling,canoeing/kayaking,hiking,skiing,snowboarding,ice climbing,anddog sledding.These activities are offered both in an organized setting or in thebackcountry,which is accessible by air orsnowmobile.The Yukon's festivals and sporting events include theAdäka Cultural Festival,Yukon International Storytelling Festival,and theYukon Sourdough Rendezvous.The Yukon's latitude enables the view ofaurora borealis.

The Yukon Government maintains a series of territorial parks,[42]including parks such asHerschel IslandQikiqtaruk Territorial Park,[43]Tombstone Territorial Park,[44]Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park,[45]and Coal River Springs Territorial Park.[46]Parks Canada,a federal agency of theGovernment of Canada,also maintains threenational parks and reserveswithin the territory:Kluane National Park and Reserve,Ivvavik National Park,andVuntut National Park.

TheYukon Beringia Interpretive Centreis aninterpretive centrewith a focus on theBeringialand bridge.

The Yukon is also home to twelveNational Historic Sites of Canada.The sites are also administered byParks Canada,with five of the twelve sites being located within national parks. The territory is host toa number of museums,including theCopperbelt Railway & Mining Museum,theSSKlondikeboat museum, theYukon Beringia Interpretive Centrein Whitehorse; as well as theKeno City Mining MuseuminKeno City.The territory also holds a number of enterprises that allows tourists to experience pre-colonial and modern cultures of Yukon's First Nations and Inuit.[47]

Culture

[edit]

The Yukon has a wide array of cultural and sporting events that attract artists, local residents, and tourists. Annual events include theAdäka Cultural Festival,Dawson City Music Festival,Yukon International Storytelling Festival,Yukon Questdog sled race,Yukon Sourdough Rendezvous,as well as Klondike Gold Rush memorials[48][49]and the Northern Lights Centre.[50][51]

A musher during the start of theYukon Questdog sledding race in Whitehorse

The Yukon's Aboriginal culture is also strongly reflected in such areas as winter sports, as in theYukon Questsled dog race. The modern comic-book characterYukon Jackdepicts a heroic aboriginal persona. Similarly, the territorial government also recognizes that First Nations and Inuit languages plays a part in cultural heritage of the territory; these languages includeTlingit,and the less commonTahltan,as well as seven Athapaskan languages,Upper Tanana,Gwich'in,Hän,Northern Tutchone,Southern Tutchone,Kaska,andTagish,some of which are rare.[52]

Arts

[edit]
See also:Music of Yukon

Notable Yukon artists includeJim RobbandTed Harrison,whose paintings have become iconic for their depictions of historic and contemporary life and culture in the Yukon.[53]

With theKlondike Gold Rush,a number offolksongs from the Yukon became popular, including "Rush to the Klondike" (1897, written by W. T. Diefenbaker), "The Klondike Gold Rush", "I've Got the Klondike Fever" (1898), and "La Chanson du Klondyke".

A notable cultural and tourist feature is the legacy of theKlondike Gold Rush(1897–1899), which inspired contemporary writers of the time such asJack London,Robert W. Service,andJules Verne,and which continues to inspire films and games, such as Mae West'sKlondike AnnieandThe Yukon Trail(seeCultural legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush).

Government

[edit]

Yukon Legislature

[edit]
TheYukon Legislative Buildingis the meeting place for the territory'slegislative assembly.

Executive power in the Yukon is formally vested in theTerritorial Commissioner,[54]who plays an analogous role to that of a provinciallieutenant governor.As guarantor ofresponsible governmentin the territory, the Commissioner generally acts on the advice of thePremier of Yukon,who commands the confidence of the electedLegislative Assembly.Unlike lieutenant governors, commissioners are not direct representatives of theKingbut are instead appointed by the federal government.

The Yukon has numerous political parties and candidates who stand for election to the 19 seats in theYukon Legislative Assembly.Those elected to the legislature are known asmembers of the Legislative Assemblyand may use the post nominal letters "MLA". The three parties presently represented are the centre-leaningYukon Liberal Party(8 seats) – who currently form government, the centre-right leaningYukon Party(8), and the centre-left leaningYukon New Democratic Party(3).[55]

The 10th and currentpremier of YukonisRanj Pillai,who represents the electoral district of Porter Creek South as its MLA. Pillai took office on January 14, 2023. After the2021 Yukon general election,the Liberals were reduced to aminority government,though they were able to continue governing due to a formal agreement with the NDP.[56]

Local government

[edit]
See also:List of municipalities in Yukon
Map showing locations of all municipalities of Yukon
Distribution of Yukon's eight municipalities by type

The vast majority of the Yukon's land mass isunorganized,with no defined municipal or otherwise supralocal level of government like in other parts of Canada.

For most individuals in the Yukon, though, local level governance is provided bymunicipalities.The Yukon's eightmunicipalitiescover only0.2% of the territory's land mass[a]but are home to80.9% of its population.[58][59][60]

Municipal governments are created by the Yukon Government in accordance with theMunicipal Actof 2001.[61]Municipal governments provide "jurisdiction services, facilities, or things that a local government considers necessary or desirable for all or part of its community".[61]Classifications of municipalities under theMunicipal Actincludecitiesandtowns.[61]Whitehorseis the capital of the Yukon and its only city. The remaining seven municipalities are towns, of which four were villages that were continued as towns upon adoption of the 2001Municipal Act.[61]

The usage is somewhat confusing: according to the Municipal Act of 2001 villages are legally given the status of towns, but may call themselves villages in English. In French they are called villages, and the French word ville, which means town, is not used for them. Instead larger settlements are called ville and even bigger ones grande ville, apart from Dawson which is called a cité, and in English is also called a city.Keno City,though unincorporated, also bears city in its name.

History

[edit]

In the 19th century, the Yukon was a segment ofNorth-Western Territorythat was administered by theHudson's Bay Company,and then of the Northwest Territories administered by the federal Canadian government. It only obtained a recognizable local government in 1895 when it became a separatedistrict of the Northwest Territories.[62]In 1898, it was made a separate territory with its own commissioner and an appointed Territorial Council.[63]

From the early 19th century to 1870, the areas that made up the Yukon were administered by theHudson's Bay Companyas theNorth-Western Territory.

Prior to 1979, the territory was administered by thecommissionerwho was appointed by the federalMinister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development.The commissioner had a role in appointing the territory'sExecutive Council,served as chair, and had a day-to-day role in governing the territory. The electedTerritorial Councilhad a purely advisory role. In 1979, a significant degree of power wasdevolvedfrom the commissioner and the federal government to the territorial legislature which, in that year, adopted a party system ofresponsible government.This change was accomplished through a letter fromJake Epp,Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, rather than through formal legislation.

In preparation forresponsible government,political parties were organized and ran candidates to theYukon Legislative Assemblyfor the first time in 1978. TheProgressive Conservativeswon these elections and formed the first party government of the Yukon in January 1979. TheYukon New Democratic Party(NDP) formed the government from 1985 to 1992 underTony Penikettand again from 1996 underPiers McDonalduntil being defeated in 2000. The conservatives returned to power in 1992 underJohn Ostashekafter having renamed themselves theYukon Party.TheLiberalgovernment ofPat Duncanwas defeated in elections in November 2002, withDennis Fentieof the Yukon Party forming the government aspremier.In 2003, the oldYukon Actwas repealed and replaced by a newYukon Act,which continued the existing powers of the Yukon Government, and devolved additional powers to the territorial government such as control over land and natural resources.[64]

Federal representation

[edit]
Main article:Yukon (electoral district)

At the federal level, the Yukon is represented in theParliament of Canadaby one member of Parliament (MP) and onesenator.MPs from Canadian territories are full and equal voting representatives and residents of the territory enjoy the same rights as other Canadian citizens. One Yukon MP,Erik Nielsen,served asDeputy Prime MinisterunderBrian Mulroney,while another,Audrey McLaughlin,was the leader of the federalNew Democratic Party(NDP) from 1989 to 1995.

First Nations

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]

Before modern forms of transportation, the rivers and mountain passes were the main transportation routes for the coastalTlingit peopletrading with the Athabascans of theChilkoot PassandDalton Trail,as well as the first Europeans.

Air

[edit]
Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airportserves as the air transport hub for Yukon.

Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airportserves as the air transport infrastructure hub, with scheduled direct flights toVancouver,Victoria,Kelowna,Calgary,Edmonton,Yellowknife,Inuvik,Ottawa,Dawson City,Old Crow,JuneauandFrankfurt[79]

Rail

[edit]
Yukon passenger rail
Legend
 Whitehorse
Closed 1982
 Carcross
Watson
Pit Spur
White Pass and Yukon Route
toSkagway, Alaska
This diagram:

The railway ceased operation in the 1980s with the first closure of theFaromine. It is now run during the summer months for the tourism season, with operations betweenCarcrossand Skagway, Alaska.[80]

TheAlaska-Alberta Railway Development Corporation(A2A) is planning to construct a new railway line that would cross the Yukon, connecting Watson Lake and possibly Carmacks but not Whitehorse.

Roads

[edit]
TheKlondike Highwayis one of several territorial highways in Yukon.

Today, major land routes include theAlaska Highway,theKlondike Highway(between Skagway and Dawson City), theHaines Highway(betweenHaines, Alaska,andHaines Junction), and theDempster Highway(linkingInuvik,Northwest Territories to the Klondike Highway, and the only road access route to theArctic Oceanin Canada), all paved except for the Dempster. Other highways with less traffic include theRobert Campbell HighwaylinkingCarmacks(on the Klondike Highway) toWatson Lake(Alaska Highway) via Faro andRoss River,and theSilver Traillinking the old silver mining communities ofMayo,Elsa,andKeno Cityto the Klondike Highway at the Stewart River bridge. Air travel is the only way to reach the far-north community of Old Crow.

Waterways

[edit]

From the Gold Rush until the 1950s, riverboats plied the Yukon River, mostly between Whitehorse and Dawson City, with some making their way further to Alaska and over to theBering Sea,and other tributaries of the Yukon River such as theStewart River.Most of the riverboats were owned by the British-Yukon Navigation Company, an arm of theWhite Pass and Yukon Route,which also operated anarrow-gauge railwaybetweenSkagway, Alaska,and Whitehorse.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The remaining 99.8% of Yukon's land mass contains two unincorporatedhamlets,fourunorganized areas,fourIndian settlements,four self-governments (Indian reserves), thirteen unincorporatedsettlementsand aTeslin landclaim.[57]Unorganized Yukon,one of the four unorganized areas, accounts for the vast majority of the territory's land mass, at98.1%.[58]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Yukon".Geographical Names Data Base.Natural Resources Canada.
  2. ^"The Legal Context of Canada's Official Languages".University of Ottawa. Archived fromthe originalon December 21, 2016.RetrievedOctober 7,2016.
  3. ^"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 and 2011 censuses".Statistics Canada.February 9, 2022.RetrievedFebruary 10,2022.
  4. ^"Population estimates, quarterly".Statistics Canada.September 27, 2023.Archivedfrom the original on September 28, 2023.RetrievedSeptember 28,2023.
  5. ^"Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory (2017)".Statistics Canada. September 22, 2019.RetrievedSeptember 22,2019.
  6. ^"Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab".globaldatalab.org.RetrievedMay 18,2022.
  7. ^"Government of Yukon: Emblems and Symbols".Archived fromthe originalon February 12, 2012.
  8. ^ab"Yukon Act, SC 2002, c 7".CanLII.RetrievedFebruary 22,2011.
  9. ^Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics (February 8, 2017)."Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census".www12.statcan.gc.ca.RetrievedFebruary 8,2017.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^"Table 8 Abbreviations and codes for provinces and territories, 2011 Census".Statistics Canada. December 30, 2015.RetrievedJanuary 9,2016.
  11. ^"Back to 'the' Yukon: The big return of a 3-letter word".CBC. August 10, 2021.RetrievedNovember 3,2021.
  12. ^"Dear Sir, I have great pleasure in informing you that I have at length after much trouble and difficulties, succeed[ed] in reaching the 'Youcon', or white water River, so named by the (Gwich'in) natives from the pale colour of its water...., I have the honour to Remain Your obtServt,John Bell"Hudson's Bay CompanyCorrespondence toGeorge Simpsonfrom John Bell (August 1, 1845),HBC Archives,D.5/14, fos. 212-215d, also quoted in,Coates, Kenneth S. & Morrison, William R. (1988).Land of the Midnight Sun: A History of the Yukon.Hurtig Publishers. p. 21.ISBN0-88830-331-9.RetrievedOctober 16,2017.
  13. ^In Gwich'in, adjectives, such aschoo[big] andgąįį[white], follow the nouns that they modify. Thus,white waterischųų gąįį[water white].White water riverischųų gąįį han[water white river].Peter, Katherine (1979).Dinjii Zhuh Ginjik Nagwan Tr'iłtsąįį: Gwich'in Junior Dictionary(PDF).Univ. of Alaska. pp. ii (ą, į, ų are nasalized a, i, u), xii (adjectives follow nouns), 19 (nitsiiorchoo[big]), 88 (ocean=chųų choo[water big]), 105 (han[river]), 142 (chųų[water]), 144 (gąįį[white]).RetrievedOctober 16,2017.
  14. ^"Back to 'the' Yukon: The big return of a 3-letter word",CBC News,August 10, 2021.
  15. ^"Boundary Facts".International Boundary Commission. Archived fromthe originalon June 11, 2011.RetrievedOctober 18,2011.Length of boundary by province – Yukon- 1,210 km or 752 miles
  16. ^Carl Duncan, "The Dempster: Highway to the ArcticArchivedMay 4, 2009, at theWayback Machine"accessed 2009.10.22.
  17. ^"Life at Minus 80: The Men of Snag".The Weather Doctor.RetrievedDecember 19,2014.
  18. ^ab"National Climate Data and Information Archive".Environment Canada. October 31, 2011.RetrievedDecember 19,2014.
  19. ^"Whitehorse – Geography and Climate".yukoncommunities.yk.ca.Archived fromthe originalon October 6, 2019.RetrievedOctober 6,2019.
  20. ^abServices, Cultural. Archaeology Program. Department of Tourism and Culture. [Online] March 8, 2011. [Cited: April 7, 2012.][1]
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  22. ^"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Yukon)".Statistics Canada. January 13, 2014.RetrievedJanuary 15,2014.
  23. ^"Population estimates, quarterly".Statistics Canada.June 27, 2018.RetrievedJanuary 12,2021.
  24. ^"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, 2011 National Household Survey"(PDF).Statistics Canada.RetrievedJuly 20,2015.
  25. ^"Aboriginal Peoples Highlight Tables".2016 Census.Statistics Canada. 2019.RetrievedJuly 16,2019.
  26. ^"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables".2016 Census.Statistics Canada. 2019.RetrievedJuly 16,2019.
  27. ^Statistics Canada(October 25, 2017)."Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Yukon, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data".
  28. ^abcd"Focus on Geography Series, 2011 Census, Yukon".Statistics Canada. February 8, 2012.RetrievedJuly 20,2015.
  29. ^"Language Act, Statues of the Yukon (2002)"(PDF).RetrievedFebruary 22,2011.
  30. ^"Council of Yukon First Nations-Our Nations".July 14, 2002. Archived fromthe originalon July 14, 2002.
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Further reading

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