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ZTE

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, seeZTE (disambiguation).

ZTE Corporation
FormerlyZhong xing Telecommunication Equipment Corporation
Company typePublic;state-owned enterprise
SZSE:000063
SEHK:763
ISIN
IndustryTelecommunications equipment
Networking equipment
Founded1985;39 years ago(1985)(as Zhong xing Semiconductor Co., Ltd.)
FounderHou Weigui
Headquarters55 Hi-tech Road South
Shenzhen,Guangdong,China
518057
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Li Zixue (Chairman and Executive Director)[1]
Xu Ziyang (Executive Director and CEO)[2]
ProductsMobile phones,smartphones,tablet computers,hardware,software,all series of wireless, wireline, services, devices and professional telecommunications services and services to telecommunications service providers and enterprises[3]
RevenueIncreaseCN¥122.95billion/ US $17.68 billion[4](2022)
IncreaseCN¥6.16 billion[5](2022)
IncreaseCN¥8.08 billion[5](2022)
Total assetsIncreaseCN¥180.95 billion[5](2022)
Total equityIncreaseCN¥58.64 billion[6](2022)
OwnerZhong xing xin (20.29% in 2022);China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation
Number of employees
74,811[5](2022)
SubsidiariesNubia Technology(49.9%)
ZTEsoft
Zonergy
Websitewww.zte.cnEdit this at Wikidata
Footnotes / references
Inconsolidated financial statement;[7]shareholders' equity figure are excluding perpetual capital instrument
ZTE Corporation
Simplified ChineseTrung hưng thông tin cổ phần công ty hữu hạn
Traditional ChineseTrung hưng thông tin cổ phần công ty hữu hạn
Literal meaningChina-Prosperity CommunicationsCompany Limited by Shares
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngxìng tōngxùn gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingZung1hing3tung1seun3gu2fan6jau6haan6gung1si1
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified ChineseTrung hưng thông tin
Traditional ChineseTrung hưng thông tin
Literal meaningChina-Prosperity Communications
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngxìng tōngxùn
Second alternative Chinese name
Simplified ChineseTrung hưng
Traditional ChineseTrung hưng
Literal meaningChina-Prosperity [or the word itself: resurgence]
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinzhōngxīng

ZTE Corporationis aChinesepartially state-ownedtechnology companythat specializes intelecommunication.Founded in 1985, ZTE is listed on both theHong KongandShenzhen Stock Exchanges.

ZTE's core business is wireless,exchange,optical transmission,data telecommunications gear, telecommunications software, and mobile phones. ZTE primarily sells products under its own name, but it is also anOEM.[8]

The company has faced criticism in the United States, India, and Sweden over ties to theChinese governmentthat could enablemass surveillance.In 2017, ZTE was fined for illegally exporting U.S. technology to Iran and North Korea in violations ofeconomic sanctions.[9]In April 2018, after the company failed to properly reprimand the employees involved, theU.S. Department of Commercebanned U.S. companies (semiconductors) from exporting to ZTE for seven years. The ban was lifted in July 2018 after ZTE replaced its senior management, and agreed to pay additional fines and establish an internal compliance team for 10 years.[10][11]In June 2020, theFederal Communications Commission(FCC) designated ZTE a national security threat.[12][13][14][15]In 2023, theEuropean Commissionbanned ZTE from providing telecommunication services.[16]

History

[edit]
Logo used until 2015
An example of a ZTEWi-Firouter manufactured forSouth Africantelecommunications companyMTN South Africa

ZTE, initially founded as Zhong xing Semiconductor Co., Ltd in Shenzhen,Guangdong province,in 1985, was incorporated by a group of investors associated with China'sMinistry of Aerospace Industry.[17][18][19][20]In March 1993, Zhong xing Semiconductor changed its name to Zhong xing New Telecommunications Equipment Co., Ltd with capital of RMB 3 million, and created a new business model as a "state-owned and private-operating"economic entity.ZTE made aninitial public offering(IPO) on theShenzhen stock exchangein 1997 and another on theHong Kong stock exchangein December 2004.[21]

While the company initially profited from domestic sales,[22]it vowed to use proceeds of its 2004 Hong Kong IPO to further expandR&D,overseas sales to developed nations, and overseas production.[23]Making headway in the international telecom market in 2006, it took 40% of new global orders forCDMAnetworks[24][verification needed]topping the world CDMA equipment market by number of shipments.[25][26][27]That same year also saw ZTE find a customer in the CanadianTelus[28][29]and membership in theWi-Fi Alliance.[30][better source needed]

By 2009, the company had become the third-largest vendor ofGSMtelecom equipment worldwide, and about 20% of all GSM gear sold throughout the world that year was ZTE branded.[31]As of 2011, it holds around 7% of theLTEpatents.[32]

In 2023, theWorld Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)’s Annual PCT Review ranked ZTE's number of patent applications published under thePCT Systemas 11th in the world, with 1,738 patent applications being published during 2023.[33]

U.S. sanctions and import ban

[edit]
Further information:United States sanctions against China

In March 2017, ZTE pleaded guilty to illegally exporting U.S. technology toIranandNorth Koreain violation oftrade sanctions,and was fined a total of US$1.19 billion by theU.S. Department of Commerce.It was the largest-ever U.S. fine forexport controlviolations.[34][35]

ZTE was allowed to continue working with U.S. companies, provided that it properly reprimand all employees involved in the violations. However, the Department of Commerce found that ZTE had violated these terms and made false statements regarding its compliance, having fired only 4 senior officials and still providing bonuses to 35 other employees involved in the violations. On 16 April 2018, the Department of Commerce banned U.S. companies from providing exports to ZTE for seven years.[36][37][38]At least 25% of components on recent ZTE smartphones originated from the U.S., includingQualcommprocessors and certifiedAndroidsoftware withGoogle Mobile Services.[39][40]An analyst stated that it would take a significant amount of effort for ZTE to redesign its products as to not use U.S.-originated components.[41]

On 9 May 2018, ZTE announced that, although it was "actively communicating with the relevant U.S. government departments" to reverse the export ban, it had suspended its "major operating activities" (including manufacturing) and trading of its shares.[40][42]On 13 May 2018, U.S. presidentDonald Trumpstated that he would be working with Chinese presidentXi Jinpingto reverse the ban.[43]It was argued that the export ban was being used as leverage by the United States as part of anongoing trade disputewith China.[44][45]On 7 June 2018, ZTE agreed to a settlement with the Department of Commerce in order to lift the import ban. The company agreed to pay a US$1 billion fine, place an additional US$400 million of suspended penalty money in escrow, replace its entire senior management, and establish a compliance department selected by the department.[46]

Later that month, theU.S. Senatepassed a version of theNational Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019that blocked the settlement, and banned the federal government from purchasing equipment from Huawei and ZTE (citing them as national security risks due to risks of Chinese government surveillance). The settlement was criticized by Senators as being "personal favors" between Trump and the Chinese government, as the Chinese government issued a loan for an Indonesian theme park project with a Trump golf course following the May 2018 announcement.[47][48]However, theHouseversion of the bill, signed by Trump, did not include the provision blocking the settlement, but still included the ban on federal purchase of Huawei and ZTE products.[49]

On 13 July 2018, the denial order was officially lifted.[10][11][50][51]

In January 2019, it became public that ZTE has retained the services of former senatorJoe Liebermanas a lobbyist.[52]

In June 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designated ZTE as a threat to U.S. communications networks.[12][53]In July 2020, the U.S. government banned companies that use ZTE from receiving federal contracts.[13][15]The FCC denied the company's appeal of the decision in November 2020.[54]

In September 2020, the U.S. Department of Justice filed a criminal complaint against ZTE accusing it of using two shell companies named Ryer International Trading and Rensy International Trading to violate sanctions against North Korea.[55]In December 2020, the U.S. Congress included $1.9 billion to help telecom carriers in rural areas of the U.S. to remove ZTE equipment and networks they had previously purchased.[56]

In January 2021,Gina Raimondo,PresidentJoe Biden's nominee forUnited States Secretary of Commerce,said in her confirmation hearings that she would protect U.S. networks from interference by Chinese companies including ZTE.[57]In June 2021, the FCC voted unanimously to prohibit approvals of ZTE gear in U.S. telecommunication networks on national security grounds.[58]

In March 2022, ZTE was accused of violating its probation from its guilty plea for sanctions violations.[59]After PresidentJoe Bidensigned into law theSecure Equipment Act of 2021,in November 2022, the FCC banned sales or import of equipment made by ZTE for national security reasons.[60]

Bribery investigation

[edit]

In 2020, it was disclosed that theUnited States Department of Justiceopened an investigation into ZTE for potential violations of theForeign Corrupt Practices Act.[61][62]

Ownership

[edit]

As of 30 June 2019,Zhong xing Xin (Chinese:Trung hưng tân;lit.'Zhong xing New'; aka ZTE Holdings), an intermediate holding company, owned 27.40% stake of ZTE.[63][64]The shareholders of ZTE Holdings were Xi'an Microelectronics (Chinese:Tây An hơi điện tử kỹ thuật viện nghiên cứu;a subsidiary of the state-ownedChina Academy of Aerospace Electronics Technology) with 34%, Aerospace Guangyu (Chinese:Thâm Quyến hàng thiên cao ốc công nghiệp công ty hữu hạn;a subsidiary of the state-ownedChina Aerospace Science and Industry CorporationShenzhen Group) with 14.5%, Zhong xing WXT (Chinese:Thâm Quyến khu phố hưng duy trước thông thiết bị công ty hữu hạn;aka Zhong xing Weixiantong) with 49%, and a private equity fund Guo xing Ruike (Chinese:Quốc hưng duệ khoa) with 2.5%.[65]The first two shareholders arestate-owned enterprises,nominating 5 out 9 directors of ZTE Holdings, while Zhong xing WXT was owned by the founders of ZTE, including Hou Weigui, which Zhong xing WXT nominated the rest of the directors (4 out 9) of ZTE Holdings.[7]: 110–112 

The mixed ownership model of ZTE was described as "a firm is anSOEfrom the standpoint of ownership, but a POE [privately owned enterprises] from the standpoint of management "by an article inThe Georgetown Law Journal.[66]ZTE described itself as "state-owned and private-run".[67]TheSouth China Morning Postand theFinancial Timeshave both described ZTE as state-owned.[68][69]Other scholars have noted the links between ZTE's state-owned shareholders and thePeople's Liberation Army.[70]

Subsidiaries

[edit]
ZTE in Shenzhen Nanshan Science Park

ZTE has several international subsidiaries in countries includingIndonesia,Australia,[71][72]Germany,[73]theUnited States,[74][75]India,[76]Brazil,[77][78]Sri Lanka,[79]Myanmar,[80]Singapore,[81]andRomania.[82]

ZTEsoftengages in ICT industry and specializes in providingBSS/OSS,big dataproducts and services to telecom operators, and ICT,smart cityand industry products and services to enterprises and governments.[citation needed]

ZTE Office Building SZ1

Nubia Technologywas a fully owned subsidiary of ZTE Corporation. The company has subsequently disposed of the majority of its equity in the company. In 2017 it reduced its stake to 49.9%.[83]

Zonergyis a renewables company with interests in electricity generation through solar parks in China and Pakistan and palm oil cultivation in Indonesia to produce biofuels. ZTE is a major shareholder and was instrumental in the creation of the company in 2007 but holds a minority of the shares in the entity.[84]

ZTE agreed to take over a 48% stake in Turkish company Netaş Telekomünikasyon A.Ş. for $101.3 million from the American private equity firmOne Equity Partnersin December 2016.[85][86][87]Following the acquisition in August 2017, ZTE has become its largest shareholder while Netaş remains an independent company.[88]

Products

[edit]
ZTE Axon 10 Pro

ZTE operates in three business segments: carrier networks, government and corporate business, and consumer business.[89]In October 2010, ZTE's unified encryption module received U.S./Canada FIPS140-2 security certification.[90][91]

ZTE was also reported to have developed identification cards for Venezuela that were allegedly used for tracking and social control.[92]

Customers

[edit]
ZTE booth atMobile World Congress2015 in Barcelona

During the 2000s, the majority of ZTE's customers weremobile network operatorsthat came from thedeveloping world,but ZTE products also saw use indeveloped countriesas well. Among ZTE's clients from thefirst worldincluded Britain'sVodafone,Canada'sTelusandFido,Australia'sTelstra,as well asFrance Telecomhave all purchased equipment from ZTE.[93]

Many Chinese telecommunications operators are also clients of ZTE, includingChina Netcom,[94]China Mobile,[95]China Satcom,[96]China Telecom,[97]andChina Unicom.[98][99]

ZTE began to offer smartphones in the United States in 2011. The company elected to focus its efforts on low-cost products for discount and prepaid wireless carriers, including devices with premium features typically associated with high-end products, such as large high-resolution screens and fingerprint readers.[42]

Sponsorship

[edit]

In May 2016, ZTE became the co-sponsor of German soccer term,Borussia Mönchengladbach.[100]

Since 2015, several U.S.-basedNational Basketball Associationteams have had sponsorship deals with ZTE, including theHouston Rockets,Golden State Warriors,andNew York Knicks.[101][102]

Controversies

[edit]

Bans

[edit]

ZTE has been banned in multiple countries over national security concerns and alleged spying.[103][104][105][106][107]

Bribes for contracts

[edit]
Norway

Norwegian telecommunications giantTelenor,one of the world's largest mobile operators, banned ZTE from "participating in tenders and new business opportunities for 6 months because of an alleged breach of its code of conduct in a procurement proceeding" during a five-month time span ending in March 2009.[108]

Philippines
Main article:NBN–ZTE deal corruption scandal

Contracts with ZTE to build a broadband network for the Philippine government reportedly involved kickbacks to government officials.[109]The project was later cancelled.[109][110]

West Africa

Court documents filed in the US show that ZTE had a practice of handing over “brown paper bags” of cash to win contracts in West Africa. The company had an entire department dedicated to bribe management.[111][112]

Surveillance system sale

[edit]

In December 2010, ZTE sold systems foreavesdroppingon phone and Internet communications to the government-controlledTelecommunication Company of Iran.This system may help Iran monitor and track political dissidents.[113]

Security

[edit]

At least one ZTE mobile phone (sold as theZTE Scorein the United States byCricketandMetroPCS) can be remotely accessed by anyone with an easily obtained password.[114]

ZTE, as well asHuawei,has faced scrutiny by the U.S. federal government over allegations that Chinese government surveillance could be performed through its handsets and infrastructure equipment.[115]In 2012, theHouse Permanent Select Committee on Intelligenceissued a report recommending that the government be prohibited from purchasing equipment from the firms, citing them as possible threats to national security.[20][116][117][118]A ban on government purchases of Huawei and ZTE equipment was formalized in adefense funding billpassed in August 2018.[49]

Following the2020–2021 China–India skirmishes,India announced that ZTE would be blocked from participating in the country's 5G network for national security reasons.[119]Sweden has also banned the use of ZTE telecommunications equipment in its 5G network on the advice of its military and security service, which said China is "one of the biggest threats against Sweden."[120]

Operations in Russia

[edit]
See also:China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine

During theRussian invasion of Ukraine,ZTE refused to withdraw from the Russian market. Research fromYale Universitypublished on 10 August 2022 identified ZTE among the companies defying demands to exit Russia or reduce business activities.[121]

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[edit]
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