Zamak
ZAMAK(orZamac,formerlytrademarkedasMAZAK[1]) is a family ofalloyswith a base metal ofzincand alloying elements ofaluminium,magnesium,andcopper.
Zamak alloys are part of thezinc aluminiumalloy family; they are distinguished from the other ZA alloys because of their constant 4% aluminium composition.[2]
The namezamakis anacronymof theGermannames for themetalsof which the alloys are composed:Zink(zinc),Aluminium,MagnesiumandKupfer(copper).[2]TheNew Jersey Zinc Companydeveloped zamak alloys in 1929.
The most common zamak alloy is zamak 3. Besides that, zamak 2, zamak 5 and zamak 7 are also commercially used.[2]These alloys are most commonlydie cast.[2]Zamak alloys (particularly #3 and #5) are frequently used in thespin castingindustry.
A large problem with early zinc die casting materials waszinc pest,owing to impurities in the alloys.[3]Zamak avoided this by the use of 99.99% pure zinc metal, produced byNew Jersey Zinc'suse of arefluxeras part of therefiningprocess.
Zamak can be electroplated, wet painted, andchromate conversion coatedwell.[4]
Mazak
[edit]In the early 1930s,Morris Ashbyin Britain had licensed the New Jersey zamak alloy. The 99.99%-purity refluxer zinc was not available in Britain and so they acquired the right to manufacture the alloy using a locally available electrolytically refined zinc of 99.95% purity. This was given the nameMazak,partly to distinguish it from zamak and partly from the initials of Morris Ashby. In 1933,National Smeltinglicensed the refluxer patent with the intent of using it to produce 99.99% zinc in their plant atAvonmouth.[5]It is colloquially known among UK car restoration hobbyists asmonkey metal.
Standards
[edit]Zinc alloy chemical composition standards are defined per country by the standard listed below:
| Country | Zinc ingot | Zinc casting |
|---|---|---|
| Europe | EN1774 | EN12844 |
| US | ASTM B240 | ASTM B86 |
| Japan | JIS H2201 | JIS H5301 |
| Australia | AS 1881 - SAA H63 | AS 1881 - SAA H64 |
| China | GB 8738-88 | - |
| Canada | CSA HZ3 | CSA HZ11 |
| International | ISO 301 | - |
Zamak goes by many different names based on standard and/or country:
| Traditional name | Short composition name | Form | Common | ASTM† | Short European designation | JIS | China | UK BS 1004[7] | France NFA 55-010[7] | Germany DIN 1743-2[7] | UNS | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zamak 2[8][9] or Kirksite[10] |
ZnAl4Cu3[11] | Ingot | Alloy 2[8][9] | AC 43A[8][9] | ZL0430[11] | - | ZX04[12] | - | Z-A4U3[11] | Z430[11] | Z35540[9] | ZL2, ZA-2, ZN-002[13] |
| Cast | ZP0430 | - | Z35541[8] | ZP2, ZA-2, ZN-002[13] | ||||||||
| Zamak 3[8][9] | ZnAl4[11] | Ingot | Alloy 3[8][9] | AG 40A[8][9] | ZL0400[11] | Ingot type 2[14] | ZX01[12] | Alloy A[11] | Z-A4[11] | Z400[11] | Z35521[9] | ZL3, ZA-3, ZN-003[13] |
| Cast | ZP0400 | ZDC2[15] | - | Z33520[8] | ZP3, ZA-3, ZN-003[13] | |||||||
| Zamak 4[16] | Ingot | Used in Asia only | ZA-4, ZN-004[13] | |||||||||
| Zamak 5[8][9] | ZnAl4Cu1[11] | Ingot | Alloy 5[8][9] | AC 41A[8][9] | ZL0410[11] | Ingot type 1[14] | ZX03[12] | Alloy B[11] | Z-A4UI[11] | Z410[11] | Z35530[9] | ZL5, ZA-5, ZN-005[13] |
| Cast | ZP0410 | ZDC1[15] | - | Z35531[8] | ZP5, ZA-5, ZN-005[13] | |||||||
| Zamak 7[8][9] | ZnAl4Ni[12] | Ingot | Alloy 7[8][9] | AG 40B[8][9] | - | - | ZX02[12] | - | - | - | Z33522[9] | ZA-7, ZN-007[13] |
| Cast | - | Z33523[8] | ||||||||||
| †color of the cell is the color of the material designated by ASTM B908.[2] | ||||||||||||
The Short European Designation code breaks down as follows (using ZL0430 as the example):[11]
- Z is the material (Z=Zinc)
- P is the use (P=Pressure die casting (casting), L=Ingot)
- 04 is the percent aluminum (04= 4% aluminum)
- 3 is the percent copper (3= 3% copper)
Zamak 2
[edit]Zamak 2 has the same composition as zamak 3 with the addition of 3% copper in order to increase strength by 20%, which also increases the price. Zamak 2 has the greatest strength out of all the zamak alloys. Over time it retains its strength and hardness better than the other alloys; however, it becomes more brittle, shrinks, and is less elastic.[17]
Zamak 2 is also known asKirksitewhen gravity cast for use as adie.[2][18]It was originally designed for low volume sheet metal dies.[19][20]It later gained popularity for making short runinjection moldingdies.[19]It is also less commonly used for non-sparking tools andmandrelsfor metal spinning.
| Alloying elements | Impurities | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Limit | Al | Cu | Mg | Pb | Cd | Sn | Fe | Ni | Si | In | Tl |
| ASTM B240[21](Ingot) | min | 3.9 | 2.6 | 0.025 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 2.9 | 0.05 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.075 | - | - | - | - | |
| ASTM B86[22](Cast) | min | 3.5 | 2.6 | 0.025 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 2.9 | 0.05 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | |
| EN1774[23](Ingot) | min | 3.8 | 2.7 | 0.035 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.2 | 3.3 | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.02 | - | - | |
| EN12844[24](Cast) | min | 3.7 | 2.7 | 0.025 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 3.3 | 0.06 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | - | - | |
| GB8738-88[12] | min | 3.9 | 2.6 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 3.1 | 0.06 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.0015 | 0.035 | - | - | - | - | |
| Property | Metric value | Imperial value |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanical properties | ||
| Ultimate tensile strength | 397 MPa (331 MPa aged) | 58,000 psi |
| Yield strength (0.2% offset) | 361 MPa | 52,000 psi |
| Impact strength | 38 J (7 J aged) | 28 ft-lbf (5 ft-lbf aged) |
| Elongation at Fmax | 3% (2% aged) | |
| Elongation at fracture | 6% | |
| Shear strength | 317 MPa | 46,000 psi |
| Compressive yield strength | 641 MPa | 93,000 psi |
| Fatigue strength (reverse bending 5x108cycles) | 59 MPa | 8,600 psi |
| Hardness | 130 Brinell (98 Brinell aged) | |
| Modulus of elasticity | 96 GPa | 14,000,000 psi |
| Physical properties | ||
| Solidification range (melting range) | 379–390 °C | 714–734 °F |
| Density | 6.8 kg/dm3 | 0.25 lb/in3 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 27.8 μm/m-°C | 15.4 μin/in-°F |
| Thermal conductivity | 105 W/m-K | 729 BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F |
| Electrical resistivity | 6.85 μΩ-cm at 20 °C | 2.70 μΩ-in at 68 °F |
| Latent heat (heat of fusion) | 110 J/g | 4.7x10−5BTU/lb |
| Specific heat capacity | 419 J/kg-°C | 0.100 BTU/lb-°F |
| Coefficient of friction | 0.08 | |
KS
[edit]The KS alloy was developed for spin casting decorative parts. It has the same composition as zamak 2, except with more magnesium in order to produce finer grains and reduce theorange peeleffect.[25]
| Alloying elements | Impurities | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Limit | Al | Cu | Mg | Pb | Cd | Sn | Fe | Ni | Si | In | Tl |
| Nyrstar | min | 3.8 | 2.5 | 0.4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.2 | 3.5 | 0.6 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.020 | - | - | - | - | |
| Property | Metric value | Imperial value |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanical properties | ||
| Ultimate tensile strength | < 200 MPa | < 29,000 psi |
| Yield strength (0.2% offset) | < 200 MPa | < 29,000 psi |
| Elongation | < 2% | |
| Hardness | 150 Brinell max | |
| Physical properties | ||
| Solidification range (melting range) | 380—390 °C | 716—734 °F |
| Density | 6.6 g/cm3 | 0.25 lb/in3 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 28.0 μm/m-°C | 15.4 μin/in-°F |
| Thermal conductivity | 105 W/m-K | 729 BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F |
| Electrical conductivity | 25% IACS | |
| Specific heat capacity | 419 J/kg-°C | 0.100 BTU/lb-°F |
| Coefficient of friction | 0.08 | |
Zamak 3
[edit]Zamak 3 is thede facto standardfor the zamak series of zinc alloys; all other zinc alloys are compared to this. Zamak 3 has the base composition for the zamak alloys (96% zinc, 4% aluminum). It has excellent castability and long term dimensional stability. More than 70% of all North American zinc die castings are made from zamak 3.[2]
| Alloying elements | Impurities | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Limit | Al | Cu† | Mg | Pb | Cd | Sn | Fe | Ni | Si | In | Tl |
| ASTM B240[21](Ingot) | min | 3.9 | - | 0.025 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 0.1 | 0.05 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.035 | - | - | - | - | |
| ASTM B86[22](Cast) | min | 3.5 | - | 0.025 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | |
| EN1774[23](Ingot) | min | 3.8 | - | 0.035 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.2 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.02 | - | - | |
| EN12844[24](Cast) | min | 3.7 | - | 0.025 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 0.1 | 0.06 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | - | - | |
| JIS H2201[14](Ingot) | min | 3.9 | - | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.075 | - | - | - | - | |
| JIS H5301[15](Cast) | min | 3.5 | - | 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | |
| AS1881[26] | min | 3.9 | - | 0.04 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.05 | - | 0.001 | 0.0005 | 0.001 | |
| GB8738-88[12] | min | 3.9 | - | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 0.1 | 0.06 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.0015 | 0.035 | - | - | - | - | |
| †Impurity | ||||||||||||
| Property | Metric value | Imperial value |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanical properties | ||
| Ultimate tensile strength | 268 MPa | 38,900 psi |
| Yield strength (0.2% offset) | 208 MPa | 30,200 psi |
| Impact strength | 46 J (56 J aged) | 34 ft-lbf (41 ft-lbf aged) |
| Elongation at Fmax | 3% | |
| Elongation at fracture | 6.3% (16% aged) | |
| Shear strength | 214 MPa | 31,000 psi |
| Compressive yield strength | 414 MPa | 60,000 psi |
| Fatigue strength (reverse bending 5x108cycles) | 48 MPa | 7,000 psi |
| Hardness | 97 Brinell | |
| Modulus of elasticity | 96 GPa | 14,000,000 psi |
| Physical properties | ||
| Solidification range (melting range) | 381—387 °C | 718—729 °F |
| Density | 6.7 g/cm3 | 0.24 lb/in3 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 27.4 μm/m-°C | 15.2 μin/in-°F |
| Thermal conductivity | 113 W/mK | 784 BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F |
| Electrical resistivity | 6.37 μΩ-cm at 20 °C | 2.51 μΩ-in at 68 °F |
| Latent heat (heat of fusion) | 110 J/g | 4.7x10−5BTU/lb |
| Specific heat capacity | 419 J/kg-°C | 0.100 BTU/lb-°F |
| Coefficient of friction | 0.07 | |
Zamak 4
[edit]Zamak 4 was developed for the Asian markets to reduce the effects ofdie solderingwhile maintaining the ductility of zamak 3. This was achieved by using half the amount of copper from the zamak 5 composition.[27]
| Alloying elements | Impurities | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Limit | Al | Cu | Mg | Pb | Cd | Sn | Fe | Ni | Si | In | Tl |
| Ningbo Jinyi Alloy Material Co.[13] | min | 3.9 | 0.3 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 0.5 | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.075 | - | - | - | - | |
| Property | Metric value | Imperial value |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanical properties[28] | ||
| Ultimate tensile strength | 317 MPa | 46,000 psi |
| Yield strength (0.2% offset) | 221—269 MPa | 32,000—39,000 psi |
| Impact strength | 61 J (7 J aged) | 45 ft-lbf (5 ft-lbf aged) |
| Elongation | 7% | |
| Shear strength | 214—262 MPa | 31,000—38,000 psi |
| Compressive yield strength | 414—600 MPa | 60,000—87,000 psi |
| Fatigue strength (rotary bending 5x108cycles) | 48—57 MPa | 7,000—8,300 psi |
| Hardness | 91 Brinell | |
| Physical properties[29] | ||
| Solidification range (melting range) | 380—386 °C | 716—727 °F |
| Density | 6.6 g/cm3 | 0.24 lb/in3 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 27.4 μm/m-°C | 15.2 μin/in-°F |
| Thermal conductivity | 108.9—113.0 W/m-K @ 100 °C | 755.6—784.0 BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F @ 212 °F |
| Electrical conductivity | 26-27% IACS | |
| Specific heat capacity | 418.7 J/kg-°C | 0.100 BTU/lb-°F |
Zamak 5
[edit]Zamak 5 has the same composition as zamak 3 with the addition of 1% copper in order to increase strength (by approximately 10%[17]),hardnessand corrosive resistance, but reducesductility.[30]It also has less dimensional accuracy.[30]Zamak 5 is more commonly used in Europe.[2]
| Alloying elements | Impurities | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Limit | Al | Cu | Mg | Pb | Cd | Sn | Fe | Ni | Si | In | Tl | Zn |
| ASTM B240[21](Ingot) | min | 3.9 | 0.75 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| max | 4.3 | 1.25 | 0.06 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.075 | - | - | - | - | ||
| ASTM B86[22](Cast) | min | 3.5 | 0.75 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| max | 4.3 | 1.25 | 0.06 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.1 | - | - | - | - | ||
| EN1774[23](Ingot) | min | 3.8 | 0.7 | 0.035 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| max | 4.2 | 1.1 | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.02 | - | - | ||
| EN12844[24](Cast) | min | 3.7 | 0.7 | 0.025 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| max | 4.3 | 1.2 | 0.06 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | - | - | ||
| JIS H2201[14](Ingot) | min | 3.9 | 0.75 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| max | 4.3 | 1.25 | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.075 | - | - | - | - | ||
| JIS H5301[15](Cast) | min | 3.5 | 0.75 | 0.02 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| max | 4.3 | 1.25 | 0.06 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | ||
| AS1881[26] | min | 3.9 | 0.75 | 0.04 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| max | 4.3 | 1.25 | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.05 | - | 0.001 | 0.0005 | 0.001 | ||
| GB8738-88[12] | min | 3.9 | 0.7 | 0.03 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| max | 4.3 | 1.1 | 0.06 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.0015 | 0.035 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Property | Metric value | Imperial value |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanical properties | ||
| Ultimate tensile strength | 331 MPa (270 MPa aged) | 48,000 psi (39,000 psi aged) |
| Yield strength (0.2% offset) | 295 MPa | 43,000 psi |
| Impact strength | 52 J (56 J aged) | 38 ft-lbf (41 ft-lbf aged) |
| Elongation at Fmax | 2% | |
| Elongation at fracture | 3.6% (13% aged) | |
| Shear strength | 262 MPa | 38,000 psi |
| Compressive yield strength | 600 MPa | 87,000 psi |
| Fatigue strength (reverse bending 5x108cycles) | 57 MPa | 8,300 psi |
| Hardness | 91 Brinell | |
| Modulus of elasticity | 96 GPa | 14,000,000 psi |
| Physical properties | ||
| Solidification range (melting range) | 380—386 °C | 716—727 °F |
| Density | 6.7 kg/dm3 | 0.24 lb/in3 |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 27.4 μm/m-°C | 15.2 μin/in-°F |
| Thermal conductivity | 109 W/mK | 756 BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F |
| Electrical resistivity | 6.54 μΩ-cm at 20 °C | 2.57 μΩ-in at 68 °F |
| Latent heat (heat of fusion) | 110 J/g | 4.7x10−5BTU/lb |
| Specific heat capacity | 419 J/kg-°C | 0.100 BTU/lb-°F |
| Coefficient of friction | 0.08 | |
Zamak 7
[edit]Zamak 7 has less magnesium than zamak 3 to increase fluidity and ductility, which is especially useful when casting thin wall components. In order to reduce inter-granular corrosion a small amount of nickel is added and impurities are more strictly controlled.[2]
| Alloying elements | Impurities | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Limit | Al | Cu† | Mg | Pb | Cd | Sn | Fe | Ni‡ | Si | In | Tl |
| ASTM B240[21](Ingot) | min | 3.9 | - | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.075 | - | - | - | - | |
| ASTM B86[22](Cast) | min | 3.5 | - | 0.005 | - | - | - | - | 0.005 | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.075 | 0.02 | - | - | - | |
| GB8738-88[12] | min | 3.9 | - | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | 0.005 | - | - | - |
| max | 4.3 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.075 | 0.02 | - | - | - | |
| †Impurity‡Alloying element | ||||||||||||
| Property | Metric value | Imperial value |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanical properties | ||
| Ultimate tensile strength | 285 MPa | 41,300 psi |
| Yield strength (0.2% offset) | 285 MPa | 41,300 psi |
| Impact strength | 58.0 J | 42.8 ft-lbf |
| Elongation at fracture | 14% | |
| Shear strength | 214 MPa | 31,000 psi |
| Compressive yield strength | 414 MPa | 60,000 psi |
| Fatigue strength (reverse bending 5x108cycles) | 47.0 MPa | 6,820 psi |
| Hardness | 80 Brinell | |
| Physical properties | ||
| Solidification range (melting range) | 381—387 °C | 718—729 °F |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion | 27.4 μm/m-°C | 15.2 μin/in-°F |
| Thermal conductivity | 113 W/m-K | 784 BTU-in/hr-ft2-°F |
| Electrical resistivity | 6.4 μΩ-cm | 2.5 μΩ-in |
| Specific heat capacity | 419 J/kg-°C | 0.100 BTU/lb-°F |
| Casting temperature | 395—425 °C | 743—797 °F |
Uses
[edit]Common uses for zamak alloys include appliances, bathroom fixtures, die cast toys and automotive industry.[32][33][34]Zamak alloys are also used in the manufacture of some firearms such as those fromHi-Point Firearms.[35][36]In World War 2, zamak alloy buttplates were one of three variations common on Canadian and American-made.303 Lee Enfield rifles, particularly during mid-war production.[37]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^Zamak Latest Status Info,retrieved2008-03-02
- ^abcdefghiDiecasting Alloys,retrieved2008-03-02
- ^Wanhill, R.J.H.; Hattenberg, T. (May 2005),Corrosion-induced cracking of model train zinc-aluminum die castings(PDF),National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, NLR-TP-2005-205, archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-07-16.
- ^abZL3/ZL0400/ZnAl4 (Zamak 3),retrieved2008-02-29
- ^Cocks, E.J.; Walters, B. (1968),A History of the Zinc Smelting Industry in Britain,Harrap,ISBN0-245-59377-2.
- ^World wide zinc die casting standards,Nyrstar,retrieved2008-02-25.
- ^abcNow defunct due to standardization of European countries under EN 1774 & EN 12844.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopASTM B86-04e2(PDF),2004-10-01,retrieved2008-02-10
- ^abcdefghijklmnopASTM B240-98(PDF),1998-05-01,retrieved2008-02-10
- ^Semiatin, S. L. (2006).ASM Handbook, Volume 14B: Metalworking: Sheet Forming.ASM International.ISBN978-0-87170-710-9.
- ^abcdefghijklmnoAlloy designation - cross reference table(PDF),archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2011-07-08,retrieved2010-10-31
- ^abcdefghiGB8738 - Chinese standard: zinc alloys ingots for casting (2006),retrieved2008-02-27
- ^abcdefghiZN-004,archived fromthe originalon 2012-02-10,retrieved2008-03-01
- ^abcdJIS H2201 - Japanese Industrial Standard - Zinc alloy ingot for die casting (1999),retrieved2008-02-26
- ^abcdJIS H5301 - Japanese Industrial Standard - Zinc alloy die casting (1979),retrieved2008-02-26
- ^zamak 4 (Alloy 4),retrieved2008-03-01
- ^abcZL2/ZL0430/ZnAl4Cu3 (Zamak 2),retrieved2008-02-29
- ^Husite Engineering - Benefits of Cast Kirksite Tooling,archived fromthe originalon March 1, 2022,retrievedApril 19,2011
- ^abArmstrong, Paul J.; Petch, Bill,Cast Kirksite Re-Emerges as RT Approach for Molding Plastics,retrieved2008-03-15.
- ^Parker, Dana T.Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II,p. 86, 119, 120, Cypress, CA, 2013.ISBN978-0-9897906-0-4.
- ^abcdASTM B240: Standard specification for zinc in ingot form for die casting: chemical composition,retrieved2008-02-27
- ^abcdASTM B86: Standard specification for zinc die casting: chemical composition,retrieved2008-02-27
- ^abcEN1774 Standard - zinc and zinc alloys - alloys for foundry purposes - ingot and liquid,retrieved2008-02-27
- ^abcEN12844: Standard - zinc and zinc alloys - castings - specification (September 1998),retrieved2008-02-27
- ^abcKS (spin casting alloy),retrieved2008-03-15
- ^abAS1881 - Australia standard - Zinc alloys - casting ingots and casting requirements (1986),retrieved2008-02-27
- ^zamak 4 (Alloy 4),retrieved2008-03-09
- ^[1]Zinc alloy mechanical characteristics,archived fromthe originalon 2012-02-10,retrieved2008-03-01
- ^[2]Zinc alloy physical characteristics,archived fromthe originalon 2012-02-10,retrieved2008-03-01
- ^abcZinc Die Casting Alloy Guide(PDF),retrieved2008-02-29
- ^Zinc Alloy 7; AG40B; Zn-4Al-0.015Mg,retrieved2008-02-29
- ^"Zamak is an alloy".Retrieved2023-08-26.
- ^"Zamak Alloys in the automotive industry".
- ^Metals: Zamak,Met-Mex Peñoles S.A., archived fromthe originalon 2008-01-10
- ^"SW380 - Forgotten Pocket Gun That Should Stay Thataway".3 April 2019.
- ^"An Official Journal of the NRA | Pistol-Caliber Pairing: Hi-Point's Affordable Firearms".
- ^Charles R. Stratton, British Enfield Rifles, Vol 2, North Cape Publications, 1999 and 2003, pages 106-107