Zarya(ISS module)
Module statistics | |
---|---|
COSPAR ID | 1998-067A |
Part of | International Space Station |
Launch date | 20 November 1998, 06:40UTC |
Launch vehicle | Proton-K |
Mass | 19,323 kg (42,600 lb)[a] |
Length | 12.56 m (41.2 ft) |
Diameter | 4.11 m (13.5 ft) |
Pressurisedvolume | 71.5 m3(2,520 cu ft)[2] |
Configuration | |
Parts ofZarya[b] |
Zarya(Russian:Заря,lit. 'Dawn'[c]), also known as theFunctional Cargo Block(Russian:Функционально-грузовой блок), was the inaugural component of theInternational Space Station(ISS). Launched on 20 November 1998 atop aProton-Krocket, the module would serve as the ISS's primary source of power, propulsion, and guidance during its early years. As the station has grown,Zarya's role has transitioned primarily to storage, both internally and in its external fuel tanks.[3]A descendant of theTKS spacecraftused in theSalyutprogramme,Zaryawas built in Russia but its construction was financed by the United States. Its name, meaning "dawn," symbolizes the beginning of a new era of international space cooperation.[4]
Construction
[edit]The Zarya design was originally intended as a module for the RussianMirspace station, but was not flown as of the end of the Mir program. A FGB cargo block was incorporated as an upper stage engine into thePolyusspacecraft, flown (unsuccessfully) on the firstEnergialaunch.[5]With the end of the Mir program, the design was adapted to use for the International Space Station.
TheZaryamodule is capable ofstation keepingand provides sizable battery power; it was suggested to have initially been built to both power and control the recoil from a further derivation of the then classified Skif laser system/Polyus satellite. Commentators in the West thought that theZaryamodule was constructed more cheaply and lifted to orbit faster than should have been possible in the post-Soviet era, and that the FGB might have been largely constructed frommothballedhardware from the Skif laser program (which had been canceled after the failed 1987Polyuslaunch).[6]
The research and development of a similar design was paid for by Russia and the Soviet Union; the design of the module and all systems are Soviet/Russian. The United States fundedZaryathrough the U.S. prime contracts in the 1990s as the first module for ISS, and it was built from December 1994 to January 1998 in Russia at theKhrunichev State Research and Production Space Center(KhSC) in Moscow.[7]The module was included as part of NASA's plan for the International Space Station (ISS) instead ofLockheed Martin's "Bus-1" option because it was significantly cheaper (US$220 million vs. $450 million). As part of the contract, Khrunichev constructed much of an identical module (referred to as "FGB-2" ) for contingency purposes. FGB-2 was proposed to be used for a variety of projects; it has been used to construct the Russian Multipurpose Laboratory ModuleNauka.[8]
Design
[edit]Zaryahas a mass of 19,323 kilograms (42,600 lb), is 12.56 meters (41.2 ft) long and 4.11 meters (13.5 ft) wide at its widest point.
The module has threedocking ports:one axially on the front end at the docking sphere, one on the Earth-facing side (nadir) of the docking sphere and one axially on the aft end. Attached to the forward port is thePressurized Mating AdapterPMA-1,which in turn is connected to theUnityModule– this is the connection between theRussian Orbital Segment(ROS) and theUS Orbital Segment(USOS). Attached to the aft port is theZvezdaService Module.The lower port (nadir) was initially used by visitingSoyuz spacecraftandProgress spacecraftto dock to the ROS; TheRassvetmoduleis now docked semipermanently on the nadir port ofZarya,and visiting spacecraft useRassvet'snadir docking port instead.[9]It was planned to install another zenith docking port in the docking sphere, however, after the design was changed, a spherical cover was welded in its place.[10]
Zaryahas twosolar arraysmeasuring 10.67 by 3.35 meters (35.0 by 11.0 ft) and sixnickel-cadmium batteriesthat can provide an average of 3 kilowatts (4.0 hp) of power – the solar arrays have been however partially retracted[11]so the P1/S1 radiators of theIntegrated Truss Structurecould deploy. They are still generating some power, but not the average 3 kilowatts (4.0 hp) of power, they once provided when they were fully unfurled.[12]Zaryahas 16 external fuel tanks that can hold up to 6.1 tonnes (13,000 lb) of propellant (this requirement was mandated by NASA in early 1997 over concerns that theZvezdaService Module would be further delayed, hence the FGB had to be capable of independent propellant storage and transfer fromProgress spacecrafteven withoutZvezda[13]).Zaryaalso has 24 large steering jets, 12 small steering jets, and two large engines that were used for reboost and major orbital changes; with the docking ofZvezdathese are now permanently disabled. Since they are no longer needed forZarya'sengines, Zarya's propellant tanks are now used to store additional fuel forZvezda.
Launch and flight
[edit]Zaryawas launched on 20 November 1998 on a RussianProton rocketfromBaikonur Cosmodrome Site 81in Kazakhstan to a 400 km (250 mi) high orbit with a designed lifetime of at least 15 years. AfterZaryareached orbit,STS-88launched on 4 December 1998 to attach theUnitymodule.
Although only designed to fly autonomously for six to eight months,Zaryawas required to do so for almost two years due to delays to the Russian Service Module,Zvezda.Zvezdawas finally launched on 12 July 2000, docking withZaryaon 26 July 2000.
Zaryapassed the 50,000-orbit mark at 15:17 UTC on 14 August 2007 during theSTS-118mission to the International Space Station.
Dockings
[edit]- Nadir
Spacecraft | Launch (UTC) | Carrier rocket |
Launch pad |
Docking | Undocking | Deorbit | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Progress M1-4[14] | 16 November 2000 01:32:36 | Soyuz-U | Site 1/5 | 18 November 03:48 |
1 December 16:23 |
8 February 13:50 |
ISS-2P. The automaticKursdocking system failed, and the manual backup,TORU,was used for the docking. Following undocking, Progress M1-4 spent 25 days in free flight, prior to redocking with the same port.[15] |
26 December 10:54 |
8 February 2001 11:26 | ||||||
Progress M-64 | 14 May 2008 20:22:56 |
Soyuz-U | Site 1/5 | 16 May 2008 21:39 |
1 September 2008 19:46 |
8 September 2008 21:33 |
ISS-29P |
- Rassvet,2010–Present
- Forward
- Aft
- Zvezda,2000–Present
Gallery
[edit]-
Interior ofZarya
-
Zarya(top) andUnity(Node 1)
-
Zaryaas seen in 2009 during STS-128, solar arrays folded
-
View through the window ofZarya,2006
Notes
[edit]- ^Initial in-orbit mass including 3,800 kg (8,400 lb) of propellants[1]
- ^
- Air Ducts
- Communications Panel
- Caution and Warning Systems Panel
- Contaminant Filters
- Contingency Transfer (Water)/Container Bag
- Contingency Transfer (Water)/Container Connections
- Dust Collectors
- Electrical Outlet
- Flex Airduct Container
- Fuse
- Fuse Panels (behind close-outs)
- Gas Analyzer
- Gas Mask
- Handrail
- Hatch Protection
- Instrument Containers
- Docking Port to PMA-1
- Laptop Outlets
- Lighting Panel
- Lights
- Docking Port toRassvet
- Onboard Documentation
- Onboard Network Receptacle Outlets
- Pole and Hook
- Portable Fans
- Removable Fire Extinguisher
- Power Outlet
- Pressurized Valve Unit
- Caution and Warning Panel
- Smoke Detector
- TV Outlet
- Wipes/Filters
- ^"Zarya" can have a lot of meanings: "daybreak", "dawn" (in the morning) or "afterglow", "evening glow", "sunset" (in the evening). But usually it means "dawn".
References
[edit]- ^Hendrickx, Bart (15 October 2015)."From Mir-2 to the ISS Russian Segment"(PDF).BIS.Retrieved24 May2020.
- ^"S.P. Korolev RSC Energia - ISS - ISS Russian Segment".energia.ru.
- ^"Zarya Module".NASA.Archivedfrom the original on 18 November 2023.Retrieved19 April2014.
- ^Zak, Anatoly (15 October 2008)."Russian Segment: Enterprise".RussianSpaceWeb.Archivedfrom the original on 11 August 2023.Retrieved4 August2012.
- ^B. Hendrickx, "The Origins and Evolution of the Energiya Rocket Family,"J. British Interplanetary Soc., Vol. 55,pp. 242-278 (2002).
- ^"The secret laser-toting Soviet satellite that almost was | Ars Technica".September 26, 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-09-26.
- ^NASA, International Space Station,Zarya(accessed 19 Apr. 2014)
- ^"Russian segment of the ISS".russianspaceweb.Retrieved2021-08-03.
- ^Reference Guide to the International Space Stationby Gary Kitmacher, pp. 24-25 (2006), Apogee Books,ISBN1-894959-34-5.
- ^"Центр подготовки космонавтов им. Ю.А.Гагарина. Официальный Web-сайт".gctc.ru(in Russian).Retrieved2022-07-21.
- ^"International Space Station background".CBS News.
- ^"Space Station Primed to Unfold New Radiators".Space.2 October 2007.
- ^Hendrickx, Bart (15 October 2015)."From Mir-2 to the ISS Russian Segment (p.19)"(PDF).BIS.Retrieved24 May2020.
- ^Wade, Mark."Progress M1".Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived fromthe originalon 2010-01-03.Retrieved2008-12-26.
- ^Anikeev, Alexander."Cargo spacecraft" Progress M1-4 "".Manned Astronautics - Figures & Facts. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-10-09.Retrieved2009-06-07.
See also
[edit]- Power and Propulsion Elementstation module of the Lunar Gateway