Zhu Zaiyu
| Zhu Zaiyu | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hereditary Prince of Zheng (Trịnh thế tử) | |||||||||
| Tenure | 1593–1611 | ||||||||
| Born | 1536 | ||||||||
| Died | 19 May 1611 | ||||||||
| Issue |
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| House | Zhu | ||||||||
| Father | Zhu Houwan, Prince Gong of Zheng | ||||||||
| Occupation | Astronomer,historian,physicist,mathematician,choreographer,music theorist | ||||||||
Zhu Zaiyu(Chinese:Chu tái dục;1536 – 19 May 1611) was a Chinese scholar, mathematician and music theorist.[1]He was a prince of the ChineseMing dynasty.In 1584, Zhu innovatively described theequal temperamentvia accurate mathematical calculation.[2]
Biography
[edit]Zhu was born inQinyang,HenanProvince to an aristocratic family, the sixth-generation descendant of theHongxi Emperor,the fourth emperor of theMing Dynasty.Zhu inherited the title the Prince of Zheng in 1593, but quickly resigned it to his cousin. On the emperor's order, he was granted a new princely title in 1606, the year he delivered a set of ten musicological treatises to the court, establishing his scholarly merit. His posthumous name wasTrịnh đoan tĩnh thế tử( "His Excellency The Dauphin of Zheng" ).
Zhu wrote on music theory and temperament (five treatises survive), music history (two treatises survive), dance and dance music (five treatises survive), and several other works. Three music theory works in particular are associated with the ideas of equal temperament, the “Luật học tân nói” ( "on the equal temperament", 1584), “Luật lữ tinh nghĩa” ( "A clear explanation of that which concerns the equal temperament", 1595/96), and “Toán học tân nói” ( "Reflection on mathematics", 1603). His work has been described as "the crowning achievement of two millennia of acoustical experiment and research" (Robinson 1962:224)[3]and he is described as "one of the most important historians of his nation's music".[4]
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Zhu Zaiyu's equal temperament ratio in The Complete Works in Yuelu -
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Zhu also wrote treatises (three survive) on astronomy, physics, mathematics and calendrics, calculated themagnetic declinationofPeking,the mass density ofmercuryand accurately described the duration of onetropical yearto correct theMingcalendar.
Zhu's work on equal temperament did not get any official recognition during his lifetime nor during theQing dynasty.This was due to the Ming and Qing emphasis on classical scholarship and discouragement of ideas based on empirical observation rather than textual interpretations.[5]
See also
[edit]
- Book of Songs (Chinese)
- Chinese mathematics
- Chinese musicology
- Equal temperament
- Jing Fang
- Shen Kuo
- Shí-èr-lǜ
- Zhang Heng
References
[edit]- ^Lam, Joseph S.C. (2001)."Zhu Zaiyu".Grove Music Online.Oxford:Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.49365.(subscription orUK public library membershiprequired)
- ^Hermann von Helmholtz, Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik. p 258, 3rd edition, Longmans, Green and Co, London, 1895
- ^Robinson, Kenneth.A critical study of Chu Tsai-yü's contribution to the theory of equal temperament in Chinese music.Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, 1980.
- ^Fritz A. Kuttner. "Prince Chu Tsai-Yü's Life and Work: A Re-Evaluation of His Contribution to Equal Temperament Theory", p. 163,Ethnomusicology,Vol. 19, No. 2 (May 1975), pp. 163–206.
- ^Dillon, Michael, ed. (1998).China: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary.London: Curzon. pp.388.ISBN0-7007-0439-6.
Further reading
[edit]- Cho, Gene J.The discovery of musical equal temperament in China and Europe in the sixteenth century.Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 2003.
- Woo Shingkwan (January 2017). Floyd K. Grave; Nancy Y. Rao (eds.)."The Ceremonial Music of Zhu Zaiyu - A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick".New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
| International | |
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| National | |
| Academics | |
| People | |
| Other | |
- 1536 births
- 1611 deaths
- 16th-century Chinese artists
- 17th-century Chinese astronomers
- Chinese choreographers
- Chinese musical instrument makers
- Heirs apparent who never acceded
- Historians from Henan
- Physicists from Henan
- Ming dynasty imperial princes
- Musicians from Henan
- Writers from Jiaozuo
- Mathematicians from Henan
- Artists from Henan
- 17th-century Chinese mathematicians
- 16th-century Chinese mathematicians
- 16th-century Chinese astronomers
- 16th-century Chinese musicians
- 17th-century Chinese musicians
- Chinese music theorists