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Zhurong(rover)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the CNSA rover. For other uses, seeZhurong (disambiguation).

Zhurong
Chúc Dung
Part ofTianwen-1
Zhurongselfie with lander, taken by the deployableTianwen-1remote camera.
TypeMars rover
EponymZhurong
OwnerCNSA
ManufacturerChina Academy of Space Technology
Specifications
Dimensions2.6 m × 3 m × 1.85 m
(8 ft 6 in × 9 ft 10 in × 6 ft 1 in)
Launch mass240 kilograms (530 lb)
PowerSolar arrays
RocketLong March 5
Instruments
  • MarSCoDe
  • MCS
  • MSCam
  • NaTeCam
  • RoMAG
  • RoPeR
History
Launched
  • 23 July 2020, 23:18 UTC(2020-07-23UTC23:18)
  • fromWenchangLC-101
Deployed
  • 22 May 2021, 02:40 UTC(2021-05-22UTC02:40)
  • fromTianwen-1lander
Location25°06′07″N109°54′50″E/ 25.102°N 109.914°E/25.102; 109.914(Zhurong rover)[1]
Utopia Planitia,Mars
Travelled1.921 km (1.194 mi) on Mars as of 5 May 2022[2]

Zhurong(Chinese:Chúc Dung;pinyin:Zhùróng) is a ChineseroveronMars,the country's first to land on another planet after it previously landedtwo roverson theMoon.The rover is part of theTianwen-1mission to Mars conducted by theChina National Space Administration(CNSA).

The spacecraft was launched on 23 July 2020 and inserted intoMartian orbiton 10 February 2021. The lander, carrying the rover, performed asoft landingon Mars on 14 May 2021,[3]making China the third country to successfully soft-land a spacecraft on Mars and the second one to deploy a rover on Mars, after the United States.[4][N 1]Zhurongwas deployed on 22 May 2021, 02:40 UTC.[6]

Designed for a lifespan of 90sols(93 Earth days),[7]Zhurongwas active for more than 347 sols (358 days) after its deployment on Mars's surface.[8][9]The rover became inactive on 20 May 2022 due to approaching sandstorms and Martian winter, pending its self-awakening with appropriate temperature and sunlight conditions.[10][11]

Zhurongwas expected to wake up in December 2022[12]but never did due to excessive dust accumulation, according to the rover's chief designer.[13]

Name[edit]

Zhurongis named after aChinese mytho-historical figureusually associated with fire and light, as Mars is called "the Planet of Fire" (Chinese:Hoả tinh) in China and some other countries in East Asia. It was selected by a public online vote held between 20 January 2021 and 28 February 2021, withZhurongranking first with 504,466 votes.[14]The name was chosen with the meanings of "igniting the fire of interstellar exploration in China" and "to symbolize the Chinese people's determination to explore the stars and to uncover unknowns in the universe".[15]

History[edit]

China began its first interplanetary exploration attempt in 2011 by sendingYinghuo-1,a Mars orbiter, in a joint mission with Russia. It did not leave Earth orbit due to a failure of the Russian launch vehicle.[16]As a result, CNSA then embarked on its independent Mars mission.

The first early model of the future Mars rover was on display in November 2014 at the 10thChina International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition.It had an appearance similar to theYutulunar rover, which had deployed on theMoon.[17]

On 22 April 2016,Xu Dazhe,head of the CNSA, announced that the Mars mission had been approved on 11 January 2016. A probe would be sent to Martian orbit and attempt to land on Mars in 2020.[18]

On 23 August 2016, CNSA revealed the first images of the final version of the Mars mission spacecraft, which confirmed the composition of a Mars orbiter, lander, and rover in one mission.[19]

The scientific objectives and payloads of the Mars mission were declared in a paper published inJournal of Deep Space Explorationin December 2017.[20]

On 24 April 2020,China's interplanetary exploration programwas formally announced by CNSA, along with the nameTianwenand an emblem of the program.[21]The first mission of the program, the Mars mission to be carried out in 2020, was named Tianwen-1.[22]

On 24 April 2021, in anticipation of the upcoming landing attempt, CNSA formally announced that the rover would be namedZhurong(Chinese:Chúc DungHào).[23]

Test Rover[edit]

To design and test the rover and simulate conditions at Utopia Planitia, CNSA kept a test bed rover in a Mars yard at theChina Academy of Space Technologyin Beijing. The Field Test Rover (FTR) was made two years before the actualZhurongwas built, and some of the FTR components were used in the vehicle flown to Mars. The FTR completed thousands of tests on the ground before the start of the mission. The twin remained in service to help scientists and engineers determine the path forZhurongby testing maneuvers in the Mars yard.[24][25]

Landing area selection[edit]

The landing area was determined based on two criteria:[26]

  • Engineering feasibility,including latitude, altitude, slope, surface condition, rock distribution, local wind speed, visibility requirements during theEDLprocess.
  • Scientific objectives,includinggeology,soil structure and water ice distribution, surface elements, mineral, and rock distribution, magnetic field detection.

Two areas were preselected in the next stage:Chryse PlanitiaandUtopia Planitia.

The two landing site candidates of Tianwen-1 mission.
The two landing site candidates of Tianwen-1 mission are enclosed by red lines on Martian map. The one on the left is located inChryse Planitiaand the one on the right inUtopia Planitia.

The candidate in Utopia Planitia was favored by the team due to higher chances of finding evidence for whether an ancient ocean existed on the northern part of Mars.[26]It was eventually selected as the final landing area of the mission.

Mission timeline[edit]

Tianwen-1,along withZhurongrover, was launched at 12:41 UTC+8 on 23 July 2020, from theWenchang Spacecraft Launch Siteby aLong March 5heavy-lift rocket.[27]

After a 202-day journey through interplanetary space,Tianwen-1inserted itself into Martian orbit on 10 February 2021, thereby becoming China's first Mars orbiter.[28]Subsequently, it performed several orbital maneuvers and began surveying target landing sites on Mars in preparation for the coming landing attempt.

Entry, descent and landing (EDL) sequence ofTianwen-1lander andZhurongrover

On 14 May 2021, the lander andZhurongrover separated fromTianwen-1'sorbiter. After performing aMars atmospheric entrythat lasted about nine minutes, the lander and rover made a successful soft landing in theUtopia Planitia,using a combination of aeroshell, parachute, and retrorocket.[29]With the landing, China became the second country to operate a fully functional spacecraft onMartian surface,after the United States.

After establishing stable communication with the rover, CNSA released its first pictures from the surface of Mars on 19 May 2021.[30]

On 22 May 2021, at 10:10 a.m. Beijing time (0240 GMT),Zhurongdrove from its landing platform to the surface of Mars, starting its exploration mission.[31][32]

On 11 June 2021, CNSA released the first batch of scientific images from the surface of Mars including a panoramic image taken byZhurong,and a colored group photograph ofZhurongand theTianwen-1lander taken by a wireless camera placed onMartian soil.The panoramic image was composed of 24 single shots taken by the Navigation and Topography Camera before the rover was deployed to the Martian surface. The image revealed that the topography and rock abundance near the landing site was consistent with previous anticipations from the scientist on typical south Utopia Planitia features with small but widespread rocks, white wave patterns, and mudvolcanoes.[33]

Rover and lander captured by HiRISE from NASA's MRO on June 6, 2021
Rover and lander captured byHiRISEfromNASA'sMROon 6 June 2021

On 27 June 2021, CNSA released images and videos ofZhurong'satmospheric entry, descent, and landing (EDL) process and movement on Martian surface, including a clip of sounds made byZhurongrecorded by its instrument, Mars Climatic Station (MCS).[34]

As of 11 July 2021, CNSA announced thatZhuronghad travelled more than 410 m (1,350 ft) on the Martian surface.[35]

On 12 July 2021,Zhurongvisited the parachute and backshell dropped onto the Martian surface during its landing on 14 May.[36][37]

Operation records ofZhurong
Date Operational time Distance travelled to date Ref's
27 June 2021 42 sols 236 m (774 ft) [38]
11 July 2021 55 sols 410 m (1,350 ft) [39]
17 July 2021 61 sols 509 m (1,670 ft) [40]
30 July 2021 74 sols 708 m (2,323 ft) [41]
6 August 2021 81 sols 808 m (2,651 ft) [42]
23 August 2021 97 sols 1,000 m (3,300 ft) [43]
1 January 2022 222 sols 1,400 m (4,600 ft) [44]
6 May 2022 347 sols 1,921 m (6,302 ft) [9]

As of 15 August 2021,Zhuronghad officially completed its planned exploration tasks and would continue to drive towards the southern part of Utopia Planitia where it landed.[43]On 18 August 2021,Zhurongoutlived its lifespan. The Chinese scientists and engineers announced an extended expedition aiming to investigate an ancient coastal area on Mars.[45]

Path and distance travelled (~1.5km) byZhurongon 11 Mar 2022 (293 sols)

After 20 October 2021, the rover continued, having paused and stopped in a sleeping mode around the time of the Marsconjunctionof October 8. The pause was necessary due to the strong solar radiation in the line of sight with Earth, creating excessive levels of "noise" for secure radio communication to function (radio blackout) with the Chinese relay satellite orbiting Mars. The rover continued to travel in a southerly direction.[46]

By September 2022,Zhuronghad returned a total of 1,480 gigabytes of data, offering evidence to support the hypothesis of a former ancient ocean in Utopia Planitia.[47]

On 27 February 2023, Chinese scientists published a Mars weather report, including surface pressure and wind changes on Mars, based on data collected by the rover in its first 325 sols.[48]

In May 2022,Zhurongwas switched to hibernation mode to protect against the coming Martian winter and an approaching major sandstorm,[10]with an expected awakening date on 26 December 2022. In January 2023, theSouth China Morning Postreported that CNSA scientists did not receive a signal from the rover. CNSA planned to dispatch theTianwen-1orbiter for investigation.[12]The rover stayed in Utopia Planetia, where the temperature was extremely low at -100°C (-148°F). According to the authorities, the rover was programmed to restart when its power level reaches 140 watts with key components warmed to -15°C (5°F).[49][50]

It was speculated in the scientific journalNaturethat the duststorm reduced solar radiation on the Martian surface and covered the solar panels, leading to insufficient energy to restart the solar-powered rover.[10]Zhurongwas observed covered in sand and dust, hindering its ability to gather sunlight and recharge.[11]The rover is equipped with flippable butterfly-like solar panels to remove accumulated dust and debris, but the cleaning function requires the rover to be operational first.[11]The rover does not carry aradioisotope heater unit,and heating is instead provided by the chemical compoundn-undecaneto store energy.[51]Zhurongcould possibly restart if whirlwinds cleaned the dust off the solar panels and radiation levels continued to rise in Martian summer.[10][52][53]On 21 February 2023, theMars Reconnaissance Orbiterconfirmed that the rover did not change its position after the hibernation, between September 2022 and February 2023,[54]and data from NASA'sPerseverancerover indicated the Martian surface was still relatively cold in February, potentially belowZhurong's awakening requirement.[55]

On 25 April 2023, the mission designer Zhang Rongqiao announced that the buildup of dust from the last inactivation is greater than planned, indicating the rover could be inactive "forever".[56][57]

In July 2023, an analysis on theZhurongrover found major climate change happened on Mars 400,000 years ago, which coincided with the end of the last ice age on Mars. Further data analysis helped scientists to simulate ancient Mars's climate and the cause behind the changes.[58]

Cooperation with European Space Agency[edit]

In November 2021, the CNSA and European Space Agency (ESA) conducted tests to learn if an ESA orbiter,Mars Express,could serve as a relay for data sent fromZhurong.Several steps were involved: ESA commandedMars Expressto point towardZhurongwhile passing overhead so it could receive a signal from the rover. CNSA commanded itsTianwen-1orbiter to instructZhurongto send the data.Mars Expressreceived data fromZhurongand transmitted it to Earth. The deep space stations of ESA received the data and sent it to CNSA. The data were then compared with the original Chinese signal. Five tests were performed, but four of them failed. A test on November 20 succeeded. The analysis found that another device aboardMars Expresscaused the failures by disturbing transmission.Tianwen-1's ability to act as a relay forZhuronghas lessened because it was spending more time on its main mission of mapping Mars. As a result, CNSA and ESA agreed to the tests to determine ifMars Expresscould be a relay for the rover.[59]

Exploration[edit]

Objectives[edit]

The rover's mission planned tasks are to:[60]

  • Study the topography and geology of the local area
  • Examine the soil, and any ice content
  • Survey the elements, minerals and rocks
  • Atmospheric sampling

Instruments[edit]

The configuration and layout of payloads on board theZhurongrover

The six-wheeled rover weighs240 kg,and is1.85 mtall.[61]It is powered by four solar panels along with n-undecane stored in 10 containers under two circular windows on the deck absorbs heat and melts during the daytime and solidifies and releases heat at night.[62]It carries six scientific instruments:[32][60][26]

  • Mars Rover Penetrating Radar(RoPeR)Ground-penetrating radar(GPR), two frequencies, to image about 100 m (330 ft) below the Martian surface.[63]NASA'sPerseverancerover, launched and landed in the same year, is also equipped with the ground-penetrating radar.[64]
  • Mars Rover Magnetometer(RoMAG) obtains the fine-scale structures of crustal magnetic field based on mobile measurements on the Martian surface.
  • Mars Climate Station(MCS) (alsoMMMIMars Meteorological Measurement Instrument) measures the temperature, pressure, wind velocity and direction of the surface atmosphere, and has a microphone to capture Martian sounds. During the rover's deployment, it recorded the sound, acting as the second Martian sound instrument to record Martian sounds successfully afterMars 2020Perseverancerover's microphones.
  • Mars Surface Compound Detector(MarSCoDe) combineslaser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) and infrared spectroscopy.[60]
  • Multispectral Camera(MSCam) Combined with MarSCoDe, MSCam investigates the mineral components to establish the relationship between Martian surface water environment and secondary mineral types, and to search for historical environmental conditions for the presence of liquid water.
  • Navigation and Topography Cameras(NaTeCam) With 2048 × 2048 resolution, NaTeCam is used to construct topography maps, extract parameters such as slope, undulation and roughness, investigate geological structures, and conduct comprehensive analysis on the geological structure of the surface parameters.

Among the six scientific instruments, RoPeR works during roving; MarSCoDe, MSCam and NaTeCam work when being stationary; RoMAG and MCS work both when moving or still.[26]

Other instruments include:

  • Remote CameraA small camera dropped by the rover to take photos of the rover and the lander on 1 June 2021. Captured images are transferred to the rover viaWi-Fi.[65][33]

Plan[edit]

The rover had a planned operational lifetime of 90sols.Originally, every three sols were defined as one operation period. The basic process of each operation period was:[26]

  • Sol 1: NaTeCam captures images on Martian surface for analysis and operations planning.
  • Sol 2: Each payload performs scientific exploration.
  • Sol 3: The rover moves towards target location. RoMAG and MCS collect data when roving.

Acquired data is downlinked each sol. The data will be processed by teams in CNSA during an official 5–6 months' proprietary period before being released to the scientific community.[26]

In July 2021, the designer of Tianwen-1 orbiter disclosed that due toZhurong'sbetter-than-expected performance, the original three-day period has been merged into one, accelerating its exploration process.[66]


Map of Mars
Interactive image mapof theglobal topography of Mars,overlaid with the position ofMartian roversandlanders.Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
Clickable image:Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
(Active•Inactive•Planned)
Bradbury Landing
Deep Space 2
Mars Polar Lander
Perseverance
Schiaparelli EDM
Spirit
Viking 1

Discoveries[edit]

Five dunes were investigated on the rover one traverse bright dunes is an eroded barchan. Bright sands make up the main barchan body; dark sands clearly overlay the bright dunes. The dark sand accumulations are characterized by small longitudinal dunes, transverse ripples and ridges. A study of dune shapes found that there was a major change in the dunes when the tilt of Mars changed. At the same time, the layers in the polar ice caps displayed a change as well.[67]

Data from theZhurongrover suggests liquid water can exist on present day Mars. The data came from the Navigation and Terrain Camera (NaTeCam), the Multispectral Camera (MSCam), and the Mars Surface Composition Detector (MarSCoDe) aboard the Zhurong rover.

On the surface the team found crusts, cracks, granulation, polygonal ridges, and a strip-like trace. Spectral data showed that the dune surface contains hydrated sulfates, hydrated silica (especially opal-CT), trivalent iron oxide minerals (especially ferrihydrite), and possibly chlorides. The team of researchers concluded that the observed features were due to liquid saline water. This water was derived from frost/snow that melted on the dunes.

Snow and/or frost forms on dunes at times. Because of the high salt content, that snow/ice melts at a lower temperature. When the water evaporates, it leaves behind hydrated sulfate, opal, iron oxide, and other hydrated minerals. These act as cements to form a crust. As more drying happens, the crust forms cracks.[68][69]

Data from theZhurongrover lead scientists to suggest that liquid water may have been present on at the landing site much later than was previously believed. Hydrated sulfate/silica materials were found in bright-toned rocks. The minerals formed a "duricrust." It was made either by groundwater rising or subsurface ice melting. Maybe, hot magma under the surface melted some of the abundant ice under the surface. The water could have moved to the surface and deposited minerals as it evaporated to make the duricrust.[70][71]

Gallery[edit]

  • The Zhurong rover and Tianwen-1 lander as seen by MRO on 11 June 2021.
    TheZhurongrover and Tianwen-1 lander as seen byMROon 11 June 2021.
  • Scale model of the Tianwen-1 lander and Zhurong rover.
    Scale model of the Tianwen-1 lander andZhurongrover.

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toZhurong rover.

References[edit]

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