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Zombie apocalypse

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This article is about the genre in general. For other uses, seeZombie apocalypse (disambiguation).

Zombies
In media
A group of actors dressed as zombies for a film

Zombie apocalypseis asubgenreofapocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fictionin whichsociety collapsesdue to overwhelming swarms ofzombies.Typically only a few individuals or small bands of survivors are left living. In some versions, the reason the dead rise and attack humans is unknown, in others, a parasite or infection is the cause, framing events much like a plague. Some stories have every corpse rise, regardless of the cause of death, whereas others require exposure to the infection.

The genre originated in the 1968 American horror filmNight of the Living Dead,which was directed byGeorge A. Romero,who took inspiration from the 1954 novelI Am LegendbyRichard Matheson.Romero's film introduced the concept of the flesh-eating zombie and spawned numerous other fictional works, including films, video games and literature.

The zombie apocalypse has been used as a metaphor for various contemporary fears, such as global contagion, the breakdown of society, and the end of the world. It has repeatedly been referenced in the media and inspired various fan activities such aszombie walks,making it a dominant genre inpopular culture.

Origins[edit]

The myth of the zombie originated inHaitiin the 17th and 18th centuries whenAfrican slaveswere brought in to work onsugar plantationsunder the rule ofFrance.The slaves believed that if they ended their own lives by suicide they would be condemned to spend eternity trapped in their own bodies as the undead. This myth evolved in theVoodoo religioninto the Haitian belief that corpses were reanimated by shamans.[1]The zombie concept eventually infiltrated western culture with the publication of the first example of zombie fiction in 1927, which was a book titledThe Magic Islandwritten byWilliam Seabrook.The book was later adapted for cinema as the 1932 filmWhite Zombie.[2]Directed byVictor Halperinand starringBela Lugosi,it was the first feature-length zombie film, establishing the sub genre of zombies and paving the way for the zombie apocalypse in cinema.[3]

An early inspirational work of the genre wasRichard Matheson's novelI Am Legend(1954), which features a lone survivor named Robert Neville waging a war against a human population transformed intovampires.[4]The novel has been adapted into several screenplays, includingThe Last Man on Earth(1964), starringVincent Price,The Omega Man(1971), starringCharlton HestonandI Am Legend(2007) starringWill Smith.[5]George A. Romerotook inspiration from Matheson and developed the idea with his apocalyptic featureNight of the Living Dead(1968), but for vampires he substituted shufflingghouls.Romero stated, "I confessed to him that I basically ripped the idea off fromI Am Legend.He forgave me because we didn't make any money. He said, 'Well, as long as you didn't get rich, it's okay.' "[6]Romero said that he never referred to the monsters in his film as "zombies". Instead, the term appeared in an article inCahiers du Cinéma.Romero commented that earlier depictions of zombies in film, "were very Caribbean and it was all to do with voodoo". By contrast his versions were flesh-eating monsters returned from the grave: "We thought up very few rules or powers for them. The idea was they are your neighbours in a different state. One of the few early ideas we did have was that you have to shoot them in the head to kill them".[7]

Story elements[edit]

Night of the Living Deadestablished most of the tropes associated with the genre, including unintelligent but relentless zombies.[8]

Several themes andtropescommonly appear in zombie-apocalypse films:

  • Initial contacts with zombies are extremely traumatic, causing shock, panic, disbelief, and possibly denial, hampering survivors' ability to deal with hostile encounters.[citation needed]
  • Official responses to the threat are slower than its rate of growth, giving the zombie plague time to expand beyond containment. This results in thecollapse of society.Zombies take full control while small groups of the living must fight for their survival.[9]
  • The plot usually follows a single group of survivors caught up in the sudden rush of the crisis. The narrative generally focuses on the characters' attempts to survive on their own, concentrating on their reactions to the catastrophe and the group's consequent safety.[10]

Generally, films have depicted zombies as the slow, lumbering, and unintelligent kind first popularized in the 1968 filmNight of the Living Dead.[8]Zombies were repeatedly shown in slow-walking groups demonstratingherd behaviorand overwhelming victims by strength of numbers. In the 2000s, several films featured zombies that are depicted as more agile, vicious, intelligent, and stronger than the traditional zombie. In many cases of these "fast" zombies, e.g.,28 Days Later,Zombieland,Dying Light,The Last of Us,andLeft 4 Dead,the plot involves not re-animated corpses but living humans infected with a pathogen. ImprovedCGItechnology and the rise offirst-person shootervideo games resulted in the herd behavior being replaced by zombies capable of running, jumping, and attacking as individuals.[11]

Thematic subtext[edit]

From the beginnings of the genre, film makers have used the zombie apocalypse as a metaphor for various cultural fears and social tensions, including the spread of disease and plague.[12]The narrative of a zombie apocalypse carries strong connections to the turbulent social landscape of the United States in the 1960s when the originator of this genre, the filmNight of the Living Dead,was created.[13][14][15]At the time when Romero was shooting the film, Americans were viewing televised images of various violent events, including the1967 Newark riots,1967 Detroit riotand theVietnam War.Erin C. Cassese, associate professor of political science, commented that public fears over racial tensions are reflected in the faces of the zombie horde in the film and that the dehumanisation of the zombie is a warning about human psychology.[16]This commentary on the civil war between races was however accidental. Romero had hired African-American actorDuane Jonessimply because he was the best actor, but noted that after finishing the film, "that very night we heard the news thatMartin Luther Kinghad been shot. There were race riots everywhere ".[7]Christopher Shaw writing forThe Guardiannoted that Romero's 1978 follow-up filmDawn of the Deadis a satire onconsumer society.[17]In the film, zombies overrun a shopping mall where survivors have taken refuge. Javier Zarracina forVoxcommented, "The zombies inDawn of the Deadunderscore the fears ofcapitalismand mindless consumption that racked the late 1970s ". From the 1980s, the zombie apocalypse was driven by a fear of global contagion, due to the appearance ofEbolain 1976,AIDSin 1980,Avian Fluin the mid-90s andSARSin 2003. This fear of contagion provided creators with a new explanation for the zombie apocalypse. The contagion concept was used in the 1996 video gameResident Eviland the 2002 film28 Days Later.[18]From the beginning of the post-apocalyptic television seriesThe Walking Deadin 2010, the predominant theme shifted from a fear of the zombie horde to the fear of other humans. The series focuses on small groups of survivors driven by self-preservation and protected by walls designed to keep out both the zombies and other survivors.[18]Max Brooksopined that the zombie genre allows people to deal with their own anxiety about the end of the world.[19]He commented, "People have a lot of anxiety about the future. They're constantly being battered with these very scary, very global catastrophes. I think a lot of people think the system is breaking down and just like the 1970s, people need a 'safe place' to explore their apocalyptic worries".[9]Kim Paffenrothnoted that "more than any other monster, zombies are fully and literally apocalyptic... they signal the end of the world as we have known it."[20]

Reception[edit]

Initial public reaction to the zombie apocalypse genre was immediately positive. WhenNight of the Living Deadpremiered at the Fulton Theater inPittsburghon October 1, 1968, the film was an instant hit and was well received by movie goers in America and Europe. It received praise fromSight and Soundmagazine in Britain andCahiers du Cinémain France. By contrast, critical reception was mainly negative. A reviewer forVarietycommented that the film raised, "doubts about the future of the regional cinema movement and the moral health of filmgoers who cheerfully opt for unrelieved sadism."[21]The graphic violence depicted in the film caused particular controversy.Pauline Kaelwriting forThe New Yorkerdescribed it as, "one of the most gruesomely terrifying movies ever made".[22]Roger Ebertwrote a review of the film for theChicago Sun-Times,in which he commented on the reaction of the young audience: "I don't think the younger kids really knew what hit them. They'd seen horror movies before, but this was something else. This was ghouls eating people—you could actually see what they were eating. This was little girls killing their mothers. This was being set on fire. Worst of all, nobody got out alive—even the hero got killed". The film has since been recognised as a classic by film critics.[21]In October 2018, Steve Rose writing forThe Guardiandescribed it as, "brilliantly perple xing, horrifying and mysteriously allegorical".[23]Several decades after the release ofNight of the Living Dead,the popularity of the genre has only increased. Films like28 Days Later,Dawn of the Dead,Shaun of the DeadandZombieland,as well as video games in theResident Evilseries andThe Last of Ushave been major commercial successes. In 2010,Frank Darabont,executive producer ofThe Walking Deadcommented, "To be a fan of zombie films was a really sub-cult thing for many decades. In the last five years, it's become massively mainstream".[21]

Genre controversy[edit]

The release of28 Days Laterin 2002 created a long-running debate over whether the film could be categorised within the genre of zombie apocalypse. This was based on the technicality that the people infected with rage in the film are still alive rather than returning from the grave. The debate was further fuelled by the directorDanny Boylechoosing not to label the film as a zombie movie. ScreenwriterAlex Garlandfinally settled the matter by stating, "Whatever technical discrepancies may or may not exist, they're pretty much zombies".[24]

In other media[edit]

Academic research[edit]

While aggressive quarantine may contain the epidemic, or a cure may lead to coexistence of humans and zombies, the most effective way to contain the rise of the undead is to hit hard and hit often.

— Philip Munz, Ioan Hudea, Joe Imad, and Robert J. Smith? [sic],
"When Zombies Attack!" (2009)[25]

According to a 2009Carleton UniversityandUniversity of Ottawaepidemiological analysis, an outbreak of slow zombies "is likely to lead to the collapse of civilization, unless it is dealt with quickly." Based onmathematical modelling,the authors concluded that offensive strategies were the most reliable, due to risks that can compromise a quarantine. They also found that a cure would leave few humans alive, since this would do little to slow the infection rate. The study determined that the most likely long-term outcome of such an outbreak would be the extinction of humans. This conclusion stems from the study's reasoning that the primary epidemiological risk of zombies is the continual growth of the infected population, a phenomenon which would only cease with the infection or death of all surviving humans.[25]

In 2017, a group of students from theUniversity of LeicesterDepartment of Physics and Astronomy used an epidemiological model called a SIRS model to plot the spread of a zombie infection. Their findings were presented in theJournal of Physics Special Topics.The study concluded that on the 100th day of the epidemic, only 273 human survivors would remain, outnumbered a million-to-one by the undead. A follow-up study using different parameters showed that the human population could recover.[26]

Government[edit]

Main article:2011 CDC warning about zombie apocalypse

On May 18, 2011, theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) published an article,Preparedness 101: Zombie Apocalypseproviding tips on preparing to survive a zombie invasion.[27]In a blog post, assistant surgeon generalAli S. Khanwrote, "That's right, I said z-o-m-b-i-e a-p-o-c-a-l-y-p-s-e. You may laugh now, but when it happens you'll be happy you read this". The post provided instructions for preparing for a zombie onslaught, as a comical way to prepare the public for similar emergencies, such as a hurricane or pandemic. CDC spokesman Dave Daigle said that the campaign was a response to a question about whether zombies were a potential danger due to radiation in Japan.[28]

In the unclassified document titled "CONOP 8888",officers from U.S. Strategic Command used a zombie apocalypse scenario as a training template for operations, emergencies and catastrophes, as a tool to teach cadets about the basic concepts of military plans and disaster preparation using its admittedly outlandish premise.[29][30]

Weather[edit]

On October 17, 2011,The Weather Channelpublished an article, "How to Weather the Zombie Apocalypse" that included a fictional interview with a director of research at the CDD, the "Center for Disease Development". The interview involved "Dr. Dale Dixon" answering questions about how different weather conditions affect zombies' abilities. Questions included "How does the temperature affect zombies' abilities? Do they run faster in warmer temperatures? Do they freeze if it gets too cold?"[31]

Influence and legacy[edit]

Donald Clarke writing forThe Irish TimesdescribedNight of the Living Deadas one of the most influential horror films of all time. He commented, "Romero's dark fantasy dragged in many of the anxieties of its age. And, of course, it gave the horror world a new monster: a being that rises from the grave to feast on human flesh. They came to be known as zombies".[7]Jon Towlson of theBritish Film Instituteremarked that the ground-breaking legacy of the film lies in, "Romero making the zombies into flesh-eating beings, creating an allegory of a society devouring itself from within. This would become the central metaphor underlying much modern apocalyptic horror".[32]Adam Nayman ofThe Ringerconsidered that the power of the zombie apocalypse movie is its plausibility. He said, "In Night of the Living DeadandDawn of the Dead,Romero had smartly de-emphasized thewhyof his zombie outbreaks to focus on the physics (and metaphysics) of human survival: how the end of the world would bring out the best and worst in the human condition ".[33]Nicholas Barber fromBBC Cultureopined that, "zombies embody the great contemporary fear", noting their "relentless shuffle into the mainstream ofpopular culture"and particularly highlighted the commercial and critical success of films like28 Days Later,Dawn of the DeadandShaun of the Dead.[9]Devon Maloney writing forWiredcommented that zombie fandom shares a group mentality that has manifested in group activities likezombie walks,and that the concept of seeing a zombie as an "other" has been a complicated metaphor. He said, "The more realistic apocalypse scenarios in movies struggle to be, the more likely people are to consider them seriously".[34]Kerrang!'s Mike Rampton wrote, "Perhaps the most appealing element of a zombie apocalypse is that it draws people together, forcing them to put their differences aside to unite against a common enemy and set it on fire. Other than the extraordinary violence involved, that sounds like a dream come true".[35]Sophie Collins ofMovieWebconsidered that the appeal of the genre is that it is an escapist fantasy about survival: "Perhaps people underestimate what it takes to fight off a swarm of flesh-eating zombies, but almost everyone thinks they can handle it, and that's exactly what makes these movies so entertaining."[3]In 2018,The Independentreported the findings of a survey conducted byNOW TV,which found that almost 25% of British people had a plan to survive a zombie apocalypse. The survey also found that one in six had considered putting in place a survival kit. Most respondents believed that the zombie apocalypse would begin inNew York Cityand spread toLondon.It also found that one in ten respondents believed that they would only survive for one week in a post-apocalyptic world.[36]

Genre examples[edit]

Films[edit]

  • Night of the Living Dead(1968), George A. Romero's first film in theNight of the Living Deadfilm series,spawned numerous other films in the genre. It follows a group of Pennsylvanians who barricade themselves in an old farmhouse to remain safe from a horde of flesh-eating ghouls.[37]
  • Dawn of the Dead(1978), Romero's follow-up film toNight of the Living Dead,depicts slow-moving zombies in a shopping mall as social commentary on consumerism.[37]
  • Zombi 2(1979), an Italian film inspired byNight of the Living Deadand directed byLucio Fulci,aimed to be its unofficial sequel. It centres on the fictional Caribbean island of Matul where a doctor is conducting research on the zombie reanimation.[38]
  • Day of the Dead(1985) is a post-apocalyptic film directed by Romero in which survivors are forced to live underground after zombies have dominated the world.[37]
  • The Return of the Living Dead(1985), a comedy horror film directed byDan O'Bannon,introduced several aspects of zombie film lore, including the concept of brain-eating zombies and the idea of zombie bites passing on the contagion. It centres on a bumbling pair of employees at a medical supply warehouse who accidentally release a deadly gas into the air causing the dead to re-animate.[39]
  • 28 Days Later(2002) is a British post-apocalyptic horror film written byAlex Garlandand directed byDanny Boyle.It starsCillian Murphyas a man who wakes from a coma to find a man-made "rage" virus has been unleashed in Britain and continental Europe. The film reinvented the genre with the concept of the running zombie.[40]
  • Resident Evilfilm series,starting in 2002,based on thevideo game series of the same name.These films involve a genetically engineered virus turning humans at a genetic research facility into flesh-eating zombies.[41]InResident Evil: Apocalypse(2004), the zombies and lore as conceptualized and choreographed by Sharon B. Moore and Derek Aasland advanced the genre by admi xing the supernatural with the scientific. Moore and Aasland wrote an "Undead Bible" using script analysis and movement research to devise a "scientific logic" for the T-Virus, accounting for all zombie behaviour envisioned inPaul W. S. Anderson's script. The Undead Bible was used as the guide for the cast of nearly 1000 to ensure both a unified story logic and physicality.[42]
  • Dawn of the Dead(2004) is a remake of Romero'sDawn of the Deaddirected byZack Snyderin his directorial debut with a screenplay written byJames Gunn.The film took the concept of survivors taking refuge in a shopping mall as an epidemic causes the infected to turn into flesh-eating zombies.[43]
  • Shaun of the Dead(2004), a comedy horror directed byEdgar Wright,is the first film in theCornetto Trilogy.It starsSimon PeggandNick Frostwho take refuge in a pub while Great Britain is under attack by zombies.[44]
  • Land of the Dead(2005) is a post-apocalyptic horror film directed by Romero in which survivors are ruled by a government that divides the rich from the poor.[37]
  • 28 Weeks Later(2007) is a sequel to28 Days Laterdirected byJuan Carlos Fresnadilloand starringRobert Carlyle.It follows a father struggling to survive 28 weeks after the initial zombie epidemic.[45]
  • Planet Terror(2007), a film byRobert Rodriguezwas released as part of the double-featureGrindhouse.The plot centres on a biochemical agent causing a worldwide zombie infection.[46]
  • Zombieland(2009) is a zombie comedy directed byRuben Fleischerand starringJesse Eisenberg.As the United States is ravaged by a zombie plague caused by a mutated form ofmad cow disease,a small group attempts to survive while traveling across country to an amusement park in California.[47]
  • World War Z(2013), an action horror film based on thebook of the same name,was directed byMarc Forsterand starsBrad Pitt.The plot centres on the world being plagued by a mysterious infection turning whole human populations into rampaging mindless zombies.[48]
  • Train to Busan(2016) is a South Korean action horror film directed byYeon Sang-ho.It takes place on a train toBusan,as a zombie apocalypse, caused by a leak from a biotech company, suddenly breaks out in the country and compromises the safety of the passengers.[49]

Comics[edit]

Literature[edit]

Television[edit]

Video games[edit]

Tabletop role-playing games[edit]

Music[edit]

  • The zombie parody ofThe Beatles,theZombeatles,began in 2006 with the song "Hard Day's Night of the Living Dead" and is set in a world where the zombies have eaten all the remaining humans.[86]
  • The 2008Metallicamusic video for the song "All Nightmare Long"features theSoviet Unionusing a spore found after theTunguska eventon the United States to covertly create an army of zombies, and then openly destroying all of them, in order to take over the US.[87]
  • Metalcore bandThe Devil Wears Pradareleased theirZombie EPon August 24, 2010. The five song EP is about an impending zombie apocalypse, derived from lead vocalist Mike Hranica's strong interest in the subject.[88]

See also[edit]

  • Zombie Squad,a non-profit charitable organization that uses an upcoming zombie apocalypse as itsshtick.

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External links[edit]

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