Zonguldak
Zonguldak | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Zonguldak Location in Turkey | |
| Coordinates:41°27′23″N31°47′55″E/ 41.45639°N 31.79861°E | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Zonguldak |
| District | Zonguldak |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Tahsin Erdem (CHP) |
| Elevation | 60 m (200 ft) |
| Population (2022)[1] | 101,749 |
| Time zone | UTC+3(TRT) |
| Postal code | 67000 |
| Area code | 0372 |
| Climate | Cfa |
| Website | www |
Zonguldak(Turkish pronunciation:[zoŋˈguɫdak]) is acityin theBlack Sea regionofTurkey.It is the seat ofZonguldak ProvinceandZonguldak District.[2]Its population is 101,749 (2022).[1]It was established in 1849 as a port town for the nearby coal mines inEreğliand the coal trade remains its main economic activity.[citation needed]According to the 2009 census, Zonguldak has a population of 108,792. The current mayor is Tahsin Erdem, representing theCHP.
Etymology
[edit]There are several different theories concerning the origin of the city's name:
- That it comes fromZone Geul-Dagh,the name given to the area byFrenchandBelgianmining companies[3][4]from French "zone" and a French spelling of Turkish Göldağı ('Lake Mountain'), the highest mountain in the vicinity of theDevrekdistrict.
- That the name came from Turkishzongalıkwhich means "swamp", orzongura.
- That the name may derive from the name of the nearby ancient settlement ofSandaracaor Sandarake (inAncient GreekΣανδαράκη).
- That the name may have come from "jungle" (which the French entrepreneurs called the area due to its uneven wooded geography) plus Turkishdağ'mountain'.
In a 1920 report, the British Foreign Office spelled ZonguldakZunguldak.[5]
History
[edit]The port city of Zonguldak suffered a heavy bombardment by the Russians during World War I, according to the caption of aLubokpopular print.[6]
As of 1920, the port was under the control of the Heraclea Coal Company. The northern part of the bay featured a man-made harbor, forsteamshipuse. At that time, they had twocraneswhich distributedcoalto exporting vessels.[5]
Climate
[edit]According to theKöppen climate classification,Zonguldak has ahumid subtropical climate(Cfa), though it was, until recently, considered to have anoceanic climate(Cfb), with its warmest month being well below the 22 °C threshold. In recent decadesclimate changeand the city'surban heat islandhas warmed the city enough to change its classification. Summers are warm, the average temperature is around 22.5 °C in July and August. Winters are cool, the average temperature is around 6 °C in January and February. Precipitation is frequent, while it is generally heaviest in autumn and early winter, lightest (although still frequent) in spring. Snow is sporadic in winter, but is heavy once it occurs.
The water temperature is cool to mild and fluctuates between 8 °C and 20 °C throughout the year.
| Climate data for Zonguldak (1991–2020, extremes 1939–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24.1 (75.4) |
26.7 (80.1) |
31.7 (89.1) |
33.6 (92.5) |
36.7 (98.1) |
40.5 (104.9) |
39.5 (103.1) |
39.8 (103.6) |
36.2 (97.2) |
35.9 (96.6) |
29.9 (85.8) |
28.1 (82.6) |
40.5 (104.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.2 (48.6) |
9.7 (49.5) |
11.7 (53.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
19.3 (66.7) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.8 (78.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
23.2 (73.8) |
19.2 (66.6) |
15.2 (59.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) |
6.4 (43.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
11.5 (52.7) |
15.7 (60.3) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.7 (72.9) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.7 (60.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
8.3 (46.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) |
3.6 (38.5) |
5.2 (41.4) |
8.3 (46.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.2 (66.6) |
16.1 (61.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
8.9 (48.0) |
5.7 (42.3) |
11.0 (51.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.7 (18.1) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−6.4 (20.5) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
3.0 (37.4) |
8.8 (47.8) |
11.2 (52.2) |
10.0 (50.0) |
5.9 (42.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 127.7 (5.03) |
93.9 (3.70) |
96.4 (3.80) |
57.1 (2.25) |
59.5 (2.34) |
83.0 (3.27) |
69.7 (2.74) |
81.6 (3.21) |
125.9 (4.96) |
147.5 (5.81) |
134.5 (5.30) |
161.8 (6.37) |
1,238.6 (48.76) |
| Average precipitation days | 18.13 | 15.93 | 15.60 | 12.73 | 11.37 | 9.33 | 7.17 | 7.03 | 10.17 | 12.80 | 13.60 | 18.30 | 152.2 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 72.4 | 72.3 | 70.5 | 71.2 | 74.9 | 74.6 | 75.6 | 76.3 | 74.7 | 76.4 | 71.5 | 71.1 | 73.5 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 62.0 | 73.5 | 108.5 | 153.0 | 195.3 | 243.0 | 275.9 | 257.3 | 189.0 | 130.2 | 90.0 | 65.1 | 1,842.8 |
| Mean dailysunshine hours | 2.0 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 5.1 | 6.3 | 8.1 | 8.9 | 8.3 | 6.3 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 5.0 |
| Source 1:Turkish State Meteorological Service[7] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:NOAA(humidity)[8] | |||||||||||||
Health
[edit]It was determined that coal-related lung diseases are more common than normal.[9]During the quarantine period in Turkey, Zonguldak was also quarantined in addition to the metropolitan cities.
Economy
[edit]Jobs incoal in Turkeyare being lost[10]and in 2020 theEBRDproposed ajust transition.[11]However a 2021 study said the city was unprepared for coal-phase out.[12]
Transportation
[edit]
The city is the terminus of a railway line toIrmak,with the terminating stationZonguldak Railway Stationbuilt in 1937.
International relations
[edit]
Brindisi,Apulia,Italy
Castrop-Rauxel,North Rhine-Westphalia,Germany
Kherson,Kherson Oblast,Ukraine- Monfalcone,Friuli-Venezia Giulia,Italy
Notable people
[edit]Ergün Penbe- Turkish former footballer
Murat Boz- Turkish singer-songwriter and actor
Nilgün Efes- Turkish entrepreneur and journalist
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ab"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports"(XLS).TÜİK.Retrieved13 March2023.
- ^İl Belediyesi,Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^Governorship of Zonguldak - A Brief HistoryArchivedSeptember 27, 2007, at theWayback Machine(in Turkish)
- ^Financial Manager's Office of Zonguldak - A General DescriptionArchivedOctober 28, 2007, at theWayback Machine(in Turkish)
- ^abProthero, G.W. (1920).Anatolia.London: H.M. Stationery Office.
- ^"The Russian-Turkish War. Sinking Four Turkish Cargo Ships."World Digital Library.Accessed May 11, 2015.
- ^"Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)"(in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service.Retrieved24 April2021.
- ^"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Zonguldak".National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.RetrievedJanuary 17,2024.
- ^Ugurtas, Selin (2020-04-17)."Coronavirus outbreak exposes health risks of coal rush".Al-Monitor.Retrieved2021-03-01.
- ^"Ürettiği kömür kırıcılar 'kara elmas'ı sanayiye hazır hale getiriyor".
- ^"The EBRD just transition initiative".
- ^https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1884394
- ^"Kardeş Kent İlişkileri".zonguldak.bel.tr(in Turkish). Zonguldak.Retrieved2020-01-19.
External links
[edit]
- Zonguldak Municipality official website(in Turkish and English)
- History of Zonguldak
- History of Mind
- Zonguldak Documentary
- Videos
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