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Cannabis indica

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Cannabis indica
Purple Kush
Scientific classificationEdit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Cannabaceae
Genus: Cannabis
Species:
C. indica
Binomial name
Cannabis indica
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Cannabis indicais an annual plantspeciesin the familyCannabaceae[1]indigenous to theHindu Kush mountainsofSouthern Asia.[2]The plant produces large amounts oftetrahydrocannabinol(THC)[3][better source needed]andtetrahydrocannabivarin(THCV), with totalcannabinoidlevels being as high as 53.7%[scientific citation needed].It is now widely grown inChina,India,Nepal,Thailand,Afghanistan,andPakistan,as well assouthernandwesternAfrica,[4]and is cultivated for purposes includinghashishin India. The high concentrations of THC or THCV provideeuphoriceffects making it popular for use for several purposes such asrecreational drugs,clinical researchdrugs and the potential of Cannabis or selected constituents fornew drug researchor being used inalternative medicine,among many others.[5][6][7]

Taxonomy

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In 1785,Jean-Baptiste Lamarckpublished a description of a second species ofCannabis,which he namedCannabis indica.Lamarck based his description of the newly named species on plant specimens collected inIndia.Richard Evans SchultesdescribedC. indicaas relatively short, conical, and densely branched, whereasC. sativawas described as tall and laxly branched.[8]Loran C. Anderson describedC. indicaplants as having short, broad leaflets whereas those ofC. sativawere characterized as relatively long and narrow.[9][10]C. indicaplants conforming to Schultes's and Anderson's descriptions originated from theHindu Kushmountain range. Because of the often harsh and variable climate of those parts (extremely cold winters and warm summers),C. indicais well-suited for cultivation intemperate climates.[11]

Thespecific epithetindicaisLatinfor "of India" and has come to be synonymous with thecannabis strain.[12]

There was very little debate about the taxonomy ofCannabisuntil the 1970s, when botanists likeRichard Evans Schultesbegan testifying in court on behalf of accused persons who sought to avoid criminal charges of possession ofC. sativaby arguing that the plant material could instead beC. indica.[13]

Cultivation

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Broad-leafedC. indicaplants in theIndian Subcontinentare traditionally cultivated for the production ofcharas,a form ofhashish.Pharmacologically,C. indicalandracestend to have higher THC content thanC. sativastrains.[14][15]Some users report more of a "stoned" feeling and less of a "high" fromC. indicawhen compared toC. sativa.(The termssativaandindica,used in this sense, are more appropriately termed "narrow-leaflet" and "wide-leaflet" drug type, respectively.)[16]TheC. indicahigh is often referred to as a "body buzz" and has beneficial properties such aspain reliefin addition to being an effectivetreatment for insomniaand ananxiolytic,as opposed toC. sativa's more common reports of a cerebral, creative and energetic high, and even (albeit rarely) includinghallucinations.[17]Differences in theterpenoidcontent of the essential oil may account for some of these differences in effect.[18][19]CommonC. indicastrains forrecreationalormedicinaluse includeKushandNorthern Lights.[20][21]

A recent genetic analysis included both the narrow-leaflet and wide-leaflet drug "biotypes" underC. indica,as well as southern and eastern Asianhemp(fiber/seed) landraces and wild Himalayan populations.[22]

Genome

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In 2011, a team of Canadian researchers led by Andrew Sud announced that they had sequenced a draft genome of the Purple Kush strain ofC. indica.[23]

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  • Seedling
    Seedling
  • Broad leaf
    Broad leaf
  • C. indica flowering
    C. indicaflowering
  • Comparison of Cannabis species
    Comparison ofCannabisspecies

References

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  1. ^Cervantes, Jorge (2002).Indoor Marijuana Horticulture.Van Patten. p. 256.ISBN9781878823298.
  2. ^Duvall, Chris (1999).Cannabis.Reaktion Books. p. chapter 2.ISBN9781780233864.
  3. ^"Marijuana Concentrates"(PDF).Drug Enforcement Administration. December 2014.
  4. ^Hillig, Karl W.; Mahlberg, Paul G. (June 2004)."A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae)".American Journal of Botany.91(6): 966–975.doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.966.PMID21653452.S2CID32469533.
  5. ^Carvalho, Joana (13 January 2021)."GW Pharma Plans More Clinical Trials for Sativex".multiplesclerosisnewstoday.BioNews Services, LLC.Retrieved15 October2021.
  6. ^PubChem."Tetrahydrocannabivarin".pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.Retrieved2023-07-01.
  7. ^Abioye, Amos; Ayodele, Oladapo; Marinkovic, Aleksandra; Patidar, Risha; Akinwekomi, Adeola; Sanyaolu, Adekunle (2020-01-31)."Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV): a commentary on potential therapeutic benefit for the management of obesity and diabetes".Journal of Cannabis Research.2(1): 6.doi:10.1186/s42238-020-0016-7.ISSN2522-5782.PMC7819335.PMID33526143.
  8. ^Richard Evans Schultes;William M. Klein; Timothy Plowman & Tom E. Lockwood (1974)."Cannabis:an example of taxonomic neglect "(PDF).Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets.23(9): 337–367.doi:10.5962/p.168565.
  9. ^Loran C. Anderson (1980)."Leaf variation amongCannabisspecies from a controlled garden ".Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets.28(1): 61–69.doi:10.5962/p.168641.S2CID90557456.
  10. ^Dr. Loran C. Anderson - FSU Biological Science Faculty Emeritus
  11. ^"How to Grow Marijuana in Sub-tropical and Temperate Climates".MSNL Blog.2017-05-09.Retrieved2018-07-15.
  12. ^"indica Meaning | Pop Culture".Dictionary.Retrieved2022-06-30.
  13. ^Bosse, Jocelyn (2020)."Before the High Court: the legal systematics of Cannabis".Griffith Law Review.29(2): 302–329.doi:10.1080/10383441.2020.1804671.S2CID229457146.
  14. ^Fischedick, Justin Thomas; Hazekamp, Arno; Erkelens, Tjalling; Choi, Young Hae; Verpoorte, Rob (December 2010). "Metabolic fingerprinting of Cannabis sativa L., cannabinoids and terpenoids for chemotaxonomic and drug standardization purposes".Phytochemistry.71(17–18): 2058–2073.Bibcode:2010PChem..71.2058F.doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.10.001.PMID21040939.
  15. ^Karl W. Hillig; Paul G. Mahlberg (2004)."A chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation inCannabis(Cannabaceae) ".American Journal of Botany.91(6): 966–975.doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.966.PMID21653452.
  16. ^"Sativa vs Indica." AMSTERDAM – THE CHANNELS. Web. 5 December 2010. <http:// channels.nl/knowledge/25700.htmlArchived2014-11-16 at theWayback Machine>.
  17. ^"Difference Marijuana Cannabis Sativa and Indica, Sativa or Indica Marijuana Seed Strains".Amsterdam Marijuana Seeds Seed Bank. Archived fromthe originalon 2012-05-12.Retrieved2010-12-06.
  18. ^McPartland, J. M.; Russo, E. B. (2001). "CannabisandCannabisextracts: greater than the sum of their parts? ".Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics.1(3/4): 103–132.doi:10.1300/J175v01n03_08.
  19. ^Karl W. Hillig (2004). "A chemotaxonomic analysis of terpenoid variation inCannabis".Biochemical Systematics and Ecology.32(10): 875–891.Bibcode:2004BioSE..32..875H.doi:10.1016/j.bse.2004.04.004.
  20. ^"Northern Lights aka NL Weed Strain Information".Leafly.Retrieved2023-02-18.
  21. ^"Marijuana strains: The best of indica, sativa, hybrid, and more".medicalnewstoday.2020-06-09.Retrieved2023-02-18.
  22. ^Karl W. Hillig (2005). "Genetic evidence for speciation inCannabis(Cannabaceae) ".Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution.52(2): 161–180.doi:10.1007/s10722-003-4452-y.S2CID24866870.
  23. ^Van Bakel, H.; Stout, J. M.; Cote, A. G.; Tallon, C. M.; Sharpe, A. G.; Hughes, T. R.; Page, J. E. (2011)."The draft genome and transcriptome ofCannabis sativa".Genome Biol.12(10): R102.doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-10-r102.PMC3359589.PMID22014239.
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