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Abruzzo

Coordinates:42°21′58″N12°23′40″E/ 42.36611°N 12.39444°E/42.36611; 12.39444
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For the surname, seeAbruzzo (surname).
"Abruzzi" redirects here. For other uses, seeAbruzzi (disambiguation).

Abruzzo
Abbrùzzu/Abbrùzze(Neapolitan)
Abruzzi
Region
Flag of Abruzzo
Flag
Coat of arms of Abruzzo
Coat of arms
CountryItaly
CapitalL'Aquila
Largest cityPescara
Government
• PresidentMarco Marsilio(FdI)
Area
• Total
10,763 km2(4,156 sq mi)
Highest elevation
2,914 m (9,560 ft)
Population
(2020)
• Total
1,305,770
• Density120/km2(310/sq mi)
DemonymItalian:Abruzzese
GDP
[1]
• Total€32.889 billion (2021)
Time zoneUTC+1(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+2(CEST)
ISO 3166 codeIT-65
HDI(2021)0.892[2]
very high·13th of 21
NUTS RegionITF
Websitehttps:// regione.abruzzo.it/

Abruzzo(US:/ɑːˈbruːtsoʊ,əˈ-/,[3][4]UK:/æˈbrʊtsoʊ/;[5]Italian:[aˈbruttso];Abruzzese Neapolitan:Abbrùzze[abˈbruttsə],Abbrìzze[abˈbrittsə]orAbbrèzze[abˈbrɛttsə];Aquilano:Abbrùzzu),historicallyknown asAbruzzi,is aregionofSouthern Italywith an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.3 million. It is divided into four provinces:L'Aquila,Teramo,Pescara,andChieti.Its western border lies 80 km (50 mi) east ofRome.Abruzzo borders the region ofMarcheto the north,Lazioto the west and north-west,Moliseto the south and theAdriatic Seato the east. Geographically, Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area in the west, which includes the highest massifs of theApennines,such as theGran Sasso d'Italiaand theMaiella,and a coastal area in the east with beaches on theAdriatic Sea.

Abruzzo is considered a region ofSouthern Italyin terms of its culture, language, economy, and history, though in terms of physical geography, it may also be considered part ofCentral Italy.[6]The Italian Statistical Authority (ISTAT) deems it to be part of Southern Italy, partly because of Abruzzo's historic association with theKingdom of the Two Sicilies.[6]

Almost half of the region's territory is protected through national parks and nature reserves, more than any administrative region on the continent, leading it to be dubbed "the greenest region in Europe."[7][8]There are three national parks, one regional park, and 38 protected nature reserves. These ensure the survival of rare species, such as thegolden eagle,theAbruzzo (or Abruzzese) chamois,theApennine wolfand theMarsican brown bear.[9]Abruzzo's parks and reserves host 75% of Europe's animal species.[8]The region is also home toCalderone,one of Europe's southernmostglaciers.[10]

Nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalistPrimo Levi[it](1853–1917) chose the adjectivesforte e gentile( "strong and kind" ) to capture what he saw as the character of the region and its people. "Forte e gentile"has since become the motto of the region.[11]

Provinces and politics

[edit]
Abruzzo provinces

Provinces

[edit]

Abruzzo is divided into four administrative provinces:

Province Area (km2) Population Density (inh./km2) Provincial Capital Number of Communes
Chieti 2,588 396,190 153.1 Chieti 104
L'Aquila 5,034 308,876 61.3 L'Aquila 108
Pescara 1,225 318,701 260.1 Pescara 46
Teramo 1,948 308,769 158.5 Teramo 47

Politics

[edit]
Main article:Politics of Abruzzo

Abruzzo is governed as apresidentialrepresentative democracywith amulti-party system.Executive poweris exercised by the regional government.Legislative poweris vested in both the government and the regional council.

The regional government (Giunta regionale) is presided over by the president of the region (presidente della Regione) who is elected for a five-year term. The government is composed of the president and eight ministers (assessori), including a vice president (vicepresidente) and an undersecretary (sottosegretario).[12]

History

[edit]
Main articles:Kingdom of the Two SiciliesandAbruzzi e Molise
Lower Paleolithictools fromMaiellaandForo river,at Museo La Civitella,Chieti
The Roman siteAmiternum
The church ofSanta Maria di CollemaggioinL'Aquila,after the reconstruction in 2020

Prehistory

[edit]

Paleolithic

[edit]

Although an earlier presence cannot be ruled out, findings in the region related toarchaic humansdate from up to around 700,000 years ago (Acheulean Culture). Thousands offlinttoolsandweaponshave been collected onfluvial terraces(e.g. Madonna del Freddo atChieti) and nearformer lakes(e.g. Valle Giumentina atCaramanico TermeandValle PelignaatPopoli). These testify to the presence of differentHomospecies over time, ranging fromHomo erectusandNeanderthalsto modern humans. A site located atPopoli(Svolte di Popoli) also contained animal bones, which in that case was of ahippopotamus.The most important evidence ofNeanderthalspresence in the region was found in caves inCalascioand dates back to theMiddle Paleolithic.[13]

Significant evidence ofUpper Paleolithichumanpopulations has been found in various places, including theFucinodepressionandMontebello di Bertona,the latter giving its name to a distinctivestoneworkingtechnique called "Bertonian".[14][15][16][17]

Neolithic

[edit]

After theMesolithictransition, which was characterized byclimate changeand a lack of food resources,agriculturewas introduced in Abruzzo byNeolithic farmersfrom theMiddle East.A skeleton from Lama dei Peligni in theprovince of Chietiwas dated back to 6,540 BC using radiometric dating.[18]

In Abruzzo andMarche,villagestypical ofRipoli culture[it]in the5–6th millennium BCconsisted ofhuts,and were generally located onfluvial terracesorhillsoverlookingrivers.In some cases they were defended by amoat.Caveswere often used forrituals.They practicedagriculture,husbandry,hunting,fishing,and production ofpottery,which was painted or decorated.[19][20]Other older Neolithic cultures present in Abruzzo are called Impressed Ceramic andCatignano.[16][17][13]

Metal Ages

[edit]

TheBronze Agesaw the spread ofApennine cultureand Subapennine culture in central-southern Italy,including in Abruzzo. The former has been associated withpastoralism,and the latter withagriculture.[21][22]During theLate Bronze Age,Proto-Villanovan cultureemerged in Abruzzo.[23]

There are sites ofIron Agenecropoliat Fiorano (Loreto Aprutino'sfrazione), Campovalano (Campli),AlfedenaandCapestrano.[16][17][13]

Ancient history

[edit]
See also:Italic peoples,Roman expansion in Italy,andRoman Italy
Warrior of Capestranois the most famous example of AbruzziItalicfunerarysculpture(Museo Archeologico Nazionale d'Abruzzo,Chieti).

At the end of theIron Age,Abruzzo was inhabited by different tribes, including those defined by ancient Roman tradition asSabelli:[24]Oscan-speakingPentri,CarriciniandFrentani,and, more generically,Osco-UmbrianAequi,Praetutii,Vestini,Marrucini,MarsiandPeligni.[16]

Considered strong warriors byancientwriters, they fought against the Romans in theSamnite Wars(from 343 to 290 BC). Some tribes accepted the alliance with the Romans, whereas others surrendered after the Samnite Wars. Following progressiveRomanization,they supported the Romans and contributed to many victories in the3rdand2nd centuries BC.[25]They fought again with Rome during theSocial War (91–87 BC)to gainpolitical rightsand created the ephemeral state called Italia withCorfinioas the capital. After the Social War, they obtainedRoman citizenship[26]and in theImperialperiod favoured economic activities such astradeandpastoralism.[16]On the basis of adivisionbyAugustus,the territory of what is now Abruzzo was part of "Regio VPicenum"and especially" Regio IVSabinaetSamnium".Much later, the region corresponded to the Valeria province, according toDiocletiandecisions, and was among the first to see the arrival ofChristianity.[27][28][29]

Evidence from archeological sites shows that many cities in Abruzzo date back to ancient times.Corfiniowas known as Corfinium when it was the chief city of thePaeligni,and it became the capital of "Italia" against theRomansduring theSocial War.[30]Today'sChietihas been inhabited since theChalcolithicera, and was an important center ofMarrucini(Teate Marrucinorum).[31]Atriwas known as Hatria[32]andTeramowas known variously in ancient times as Interamnia and Teramne.[33]Pinna (todayPenne), Anxanum (Lanciano), Hortona (Ortona), Histonium (Vasto),Sulmonaand Marruvium (San Benedetto dei Marsi) are among the settlements that are still inhabited, while others are no longer so, such as Cluviae nearCasoli.[34]

Middle Ages

[edit]

The region was known as Aprutium in the Middle Ages and, according to a hypothesis, it is a combination of Praetutium, or rather of the name of the people, Praetutii, applied to their chief city, Interamnia, the oldTeramo.[35]

Early Middle Ages

[edit]
See also:Ostrogothic Kingdom,Byzantine Italy,Kingdom of the Lombards,andKingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)

After the fall of theWestern Roman Empireand theGothic Warbetween theByzantine Empireand theOstrogothic Kingdom,[13]lootingand devastation ofmonasteriesandtownsfollowed the arrival ofGermanicLombardsin the region. Around 572, theLombardsdivided Abruzzo into theDuchy of Beneventoand ofSpoleto,withFaroald I of Spoletobecoming the firstDuke of Spoleto.His successor,Ariulf of Spoleto,annexed other territories: the former territories controlled byAequi,Marsi,PeligniandVestini.In the8th century,Transamund II of Spoletorebelled againstLiutprand, King of the Lombards,but was able to recover his duchy and also to include other remaining territories of former Valeria province.

After the beginning of domination by theFranks,in 801, Teate (today'sChieti) also passed from theLombardicDuchy of Beneventoto the FrankishDuchy of Spoleto.In 843, some territories were separated from the duchy (all the region together with the district ofRietiand except that ofTeramoaccording toLiber provincialis), withCelanoas capital. Socounts of Marsifrom different lineages ruled "Marsia" from 843 to 926. In 871,Louis II of Italyfounded, as theCarolingian Emperor,a monastery, which would become very powerful in the history of Abruzzo (Abbey of San Clemente a Casauria). With the rule ofHugh of Italyfrom 926, the territories were divided:PenneandTeatetoAtto I[it],and today'sprovince of L'AquilatoBerardo.

Kingdom of Sicily

[edit]
See also:Kingdom of Sicily,Norman conquest of southern Italy,Hohenstaufen § Ruling in Italy,andCapetian House of Anjou

After two attempted conquests from twoNormanprinces of Capuain Abruzzo, two other Normans,Robert GuiscardandRobert I of Loritello,conqueredTeate,ValvaandPenne.Later, all Abruzzo was definitively conquered byNormanRoger II of Sicily,and in 1156 his sonWilliam I of Sicilyhad these victories officially recognized byPope Adrian IV.

As part of theKingdom of Sicily,Abruzzo was involved in the conflicts following the death ofWilliam II of Sicilyin 1189, and the territories sided withConstance, Queen of SicilyandHenry VI, Holy Roman Emperor,but after the death of the former in 1198, they were invaded byOtto IV, Holy Roman Emperor.They were also involved in the conflicts betweenFrederick II(son ofQueen Costance) andPope Gregory IX,including theWar of the Keys.[27][16]The administrative region of Abruzzo was formed in the 1230s, whenFrederick IIdivided his realms intojusticiarates,with Abruzzo forming one of them.[36]

The newly foundedL'Aquilawas destroyed byManfred, King of Sicily(son ofFrederick II) in 1259, and supported in theBattle of Tagliacozzo(1268) the defeat of his nephewConradinagainstCharles I of Anjou,the newking of Sicily.Since the last half of the 13th century,L'Aquilatook a central role in the region.[27][16]Abruzzo was divided intoAbruzzo Citra(nearer Abruzzo) andAbruzzo Ultra(further Abruzzo) byCharles I of Anjouin the 1270s.[36]

Kingdom of Naples

[edit]
See also:Crown of Aragon,Italian War of 1494–1495,List of viceroys of Naples,andHabsburg monarchy
Castello Caldoresco,Vasto

After the rebellion calledSicilian Vespersand thesubsequent war,in 1302 thePeace of Caltabellottadivided the formerKingdom of Sicilyas follows:Sicilyto theCrown of Aragonand theSouthernItalian Peninsula(including Abruzzo) still to theCapetian House of Anjou.

The region was profoundly affected during the wars that followed a conspiracy which resulted in theassassination of Andrew, Duke of Calabria,the husband of QueenJoanna I of Naples.Different towns (L'Aquila,Penne,Chieti,Lanciano,Ortona) sided at first with the brother of the victim,Louis I of Hungary.In 1443,Alfonso V of Aragon,King of Sicily,conquered theKingdom of Naples.In the same years, Abruzzo saw many battles, including the ones associated with theWar of L'Aquila.Under the Aragonese rulers,L'Aquilastarted to become a military center, giving up its political and economic importance toChieti.This period was characterized by economic decline and the spread ofbrigandage,but coastal centers were favored by trade with theRepublic of Venice's overseas territories.

Shortly after theItalian War of 1494–1495carried out byCharles VIII of France,theKingdom of Naplesreturned toFerdinand II of Aragon.In this and in the following conflict between theKingdom of Franceand theKingdom of Spainover theKingdom of Naples,Abruzzo sided with France, but Spain won in 1503 and started to dominate theKingdom of Napleswith itsviceroys.

In Abruzzo, the aristocracy vainly tried to regain more control when there was arebellion in the Kingdom of Naplesled by afishermannamedMasanielloin 1647.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the region was affected by destructive earthquakes, which also devastatedL'Aquila(1703 Apennine earthquakes) andSulmona(1706 Abruzzo earthquake), and theWar of the Spanish Succession,with theAustriansiege atPescarain 1707. In 1734,Charles IIIof theHouse of Bourbon,King of Spain, ended the shortHasburg Austriandomination, which contributed tolarge land concentrationsin Abruzzo.[16][37][27]

French invasions

[edit]
See also:French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
Ferdinando Galiani,an 18th-centurymonetary economistfrom Abruzzo

In accordance with a general diffidence against theEnlightenmentideas, the Abruzzo population of differentsocial classesrebelled in an improvised way againstFrench invasionin 1798 and 1799. After the proclamation of the ephemeralParthenopean Republic,they continued to be hostile to French invaders (Sanfedismo).[27]

During theclient kingdom(1806–1815) ofNapoleon,in 1806, Abruzzo Ultra was divided into two, as Abruzzo Ultra I and Abruzzo Ultra II (being divided at theGran Sasso d'Italia); the same Citra/Ultra I/Ultra II scheme was used for Calabria.

Kingdom of Two Sicilies

[edit]
See also:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The return of theBourbonswas granted by theCongress of Vienna,while Abruzzo was plagued by decline andbrigandage.TheHouse of Bourbon-Two Siciliesestablished theKingdom of the Two Siciliesin 1816, and ruled untilItalian unification(also known as theRisorgimento).[38][27]

Italian unification

[edit]
See also:Italian unification

Many rebelled again in 1821, 1841 and1848,but the ideologies of insurgents were different, and includedliberal,Jacobin,orreactionaryideas. During theunification of Italy,in 1860, Abruzzo became part of theKingdom of Sardiniaand, in 1861, theKingdom of Italy.Some supporters of theBourbonsfought against volunteers ofGaribaldi,and later banded with simple criminals to participate for political reasons inbrigandage,which would be eradicated years later. However, many accepted the new order with neither enthusiasm nor opposition.[27]

Since 1870, due to its economic conditions, Abruzzo saw massive emigration to other regions and countries, which contributed toItalian diaspora.[16]

Fascism and World War II

[edit]

During theItalian fascismperiod,Pescarabecame an important center for itshomonymous port,tourismandtrade.[16]With theSecond World War,Abruzzo was on theGustav Line,part of the GermanWinter Line.One of the most brutal battles was theBattle of Ortona.Abruzzo was the location of twoprisoners of war camps,Campo 21 in Chieti,[39]and Campo 78 in Sulmona. The Sulmona camp also served as a POW camp inWorld War I;much of the facility is still intact and attracts tourists interested inmilitary history.

Italian Republic

[edit]

Despite the high level of destructions and victims caused by theSecond World War,there was remarkable development in the second half of the 20th century, which particularly favoredFucinoandAdriaticcoastalareas.[16]

In the 1948Italian Constitution,these were unified with Molise into theAbruzzi e Moliseregion, though in the first draft Abruzzo and Molise were separate, and in 1963 Abruzzi e Molise was separated into the two regions of Abruzzo and Molise. Abruzzo Citeriore is now theprovince of Chieti.Theprovince of Teramoandprovince of Pescaranow comprise what was Abruzzo Ulteriore I. Abruzzo Ulteriore II is now theprovince of L'Aquila.

Geography

[edit]

Geographically, Abruzzo is nearly at the center ofItalian peninsula,stretching from the heart of theApenninesto theAdriatic Sea,and includes mainly mountainous and wild land. The mountainous land is occupied by a vast plateau, includingGran Sasso,at 2,912 metres (9,554 ft) the highest peak of the Apennines, andMount Majellaat 2,793 metres (9,163 ft). TheAdriaticcoastline is characterized by long sandy beaches to the North and pebbly beaches to the South. Abruzzo is well known for its landscapes and natural environment, parks and nature reserves, characteristic hillside areas rich in vineyards and olive groves. Many beaches have been awarded theBlue Flag beachstatus.[40]

Climate

[edit]
Giulianovaseaside

In Abruzzo there are two climatic zones. The coastal strip andsub-Apenninehills have a climate markedly different from that of the mountainous interior. Coastal areas have aMediterraneanclimate with hot dry summers and mild winters. Inland hilly areas have asublittoralclimate with temperatures decreasing progressively with increasing altitude.[41]Precipitation is also strongly affected by the presence of the Apennines mountain range. Rainfall is abundant on slopes oriented to the west, and lower in east and east-facing slopes. The Adriatic coast is shielded from rainfall by the barrier effect created by the Apennines.[42]The minimum annual rainfall is found in some inland valleys, sheltered by mountain ranges, such as Peligna or Tirino (Ofena,Capestrano), where as little as 500 millimetres (19.7 inches) were recorded. Rainfall along the coast almost always never falls below 600 millimetres (23.6 inches).Pescarahas relatively less rainfall (about 700 millimetres (27.6 inches)) thanChieti(about 1,000 millimetres (39.4 inches)).[42]The highest rainfall occurs in upland areas on the border withLazio;they are especially vulnerable toAtlanticdisturbances. Around 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (59 to 79 inches) of precipitation is typical.[43]

Flora and fauna

[edit]
Main articles:Abruzzo National Park,Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park,Maiella National Park,andSirente-Velino Regional Park
Gran Sasso d'Italia
Marsican brown bear

The flora of Abruzzo is typically Mediterranean. Along the coastal beltMediterranean shrublandIs the dominant natural vegetation, with species includingmyrtle,heatherandmastic.Inland are foundolive,pine,willow,oak,poplar,alder,arbutus,broom,acacia,capers,rosemary,hawthorn,licoriceandalmondtrees, interspersed withoaktrees. At elevations between 600 and 1,000 metres (2,000 and 3,300 ft) there issub-montanevegetation, with mixed woodlands of oak and turkey oak, maple andhornbeam;shrubs includedog roseandred juniper.Elevations between 1,000 and 1,900 metres (3,300 and 6,200 ft) are dominated by beech. In theApennine Mountainsat elevations above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) species includealpine orchid,mountain juniper,silver fir,black cranberry and the Abruzzoedelweiss.

The fauna of Abruzzo is very diverse, including the region's symbol, the Abruzzo chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaicaornata), which has recovered from near-extinction. Common species includeMarsican brown bear,Italian wolf,deer, lynx, roe deer, snow vole, fox, porcupine, wild cat, wild boar, badger, otter, and viper.

The natural parks of the region are theAbruzzo National Park,theGran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park,theMaiella National Parkand theSirente-Velino Regional Park,as well as many other natural reserves and protected areas.[44]

In 2017, the ancient beech forests of the Abruzzo Lazio and Molise National Park of Europe were recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, with the region thus gaining its first prestigious site.[45]

Economy

[edit]
See also:Economy of Abruzzo,Abruzzo (wine),andTourism in Abruzzo
Montepulcianograpes

Until a few decades ago, Abruzzo was a backward region ofSouthern Italy.Since the 1950s, Abruzzo has showed steady economic growth. In 1951, per capita income or GDP was 53% of that of wealthierNorthern Italy.The gap has since narrowed, being 65% in 1971 and 76% by 1994. The region reached the highest per capita GDP of Southern Italy through the highest growth rate of every otherregion of Italy.[46]The unemployment rate stood at 9.3% in 2020.[47]

Abruzzo isthe 16th most productive region in the country,and isthe 15th for GRP per capitaamong Italian regions.

As of 2003, Abruzzo's per capita GDP was €19,506 or 84% of the national average of €23,181, compared to the average value for Southern Italy of €15,808.[48]In 2006, the region's average GDP per capita was approximately 20,100 EUR.[49]The construction ofmotorwaysfrom Rome toTeramo(A24) and Rome toPescara(A25), which provided better access to the region, is credited as a driver of public and private investments.

The2009 L'Aquila earthquakeled to a sharp economic slowdown. However, according to statistics at the end of 2010, some signals of recovery were noted.[48]Regional economic growth was recorded as 1.47%, which actually placed Abruzzo fourth among Italy's regions afterLazio,LombardyandCalabria.[50]In 2011, Abruzzo's economic growth was +2.3%, the highest percentage among the regions of Southern Italy.[51]

Industry

[edit]
De Ceccofactory in Fara San Martino

From the early 1950s to the mid-1990s, Abruzzo's industrial sector expanded rapidly, especially inmechanical engineering,transportation equipment and telecommunications.[52]The structure of production in the region reflects the transformation of the economy from agriculture to industry and services. The industrial sector relies on few large enterprises and the predominance of small and medium enterprises. In theapplied researchfield, there are major institutes and enterprises involved in the fields ofpharmaceutics,biomedicine,electronics,aerospaceandnuclear physics.The industrial infrastructure is dispersed throughout the region in industrial zones. The most important of these are: Val Pescara, Val di Sangro, Val Trigno, Val Vibrata and Conca del Fucino.

Theprovince of Teramois one of the most industrialized areas of Italy and of the region, with numerous small and medium-sized companies,[53]then follows theprovince of Chietiand that ofPescara,which is also supported bytourism;the Val Vibrata (province of Teramo), on the border with theMarcheregion, is home to a myriad of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially in the textile and footwear sectors. The Val di Sangro (province of Chieti), on the other hand, is home to important multinationals and a factory belonging to theFiat(Sevel) group. The area ofValle Peligna(province of L'Aquila) is also home to industries (the famous one ofSulmonasugared almonds), while other areas such as Pescara and Theatine are home to numerous industries, including multinationals (for exampleDe Cecco,Procter & Gamble,Monti & Ambrosini Editori, Brioni, Ennedue andMiss Sixty,mostly concentrated in the industrial district of Val Pescara in the province of Chieti).

Agriculture

[edit]
Centerba,typical liquor of Abruzzo

Agriculture, based on small holdings, has modernised and produces high-quality products. The mostly small-scale producers are active in wine,cereals,sugar beet,potatoes, olives, vegetables, fruit anddairy products.Traditional products aresaffronandliquorice.By the late 20th and early 21st centuries,Montepulciano d'Abruzzo,the region's most famous wine, had become one of the most widely exported DOC-classed wines in Italy.[54]

The region produces about 850,000quintalsof fruit, 5 million quintals of vegetables, 1,600,000 quintals of potatoes, and 5,000,000 quintals of grapes, produced both for eating and for winemaking; the latter is estimated at between 3 and 4 million hectoliters, with the production of wines such asMontepulciano d'Abruzzoin the red and cerasuolo (rosé) varieties,Trebbiano d'Abruzzo,Pecorino and the Chardonnay; oil production, on the other hand, stands at 1,350,000 quintals of olives and 240,000 quintals ofoil(Aprutino Pescarese,Pretuziano delle Colline TeramaneandColline Teatine), figures that put Abruzzo in sixth place among the Italian regions; as regards cereals, thedurum wheatwith over 1.5 million quintals constitutes the main cereal, followed bysoft wheat(one million quintals), thenbarley(0.5 million quintals ); other crops are also grown, among thembeetroot(2,500,000 quintals), andtobacco(45,000 quintals).[citation needed]

Tourism

[edit]
Travel poster from the 1920s

Tourism is an important economic sector;[55]in the past decade, tourism has increased, mainly centered on its national parks and natural reserves,[56]ski and beach resorts,[57][58]in particular along theTrabocchi Coast.[59]Abruzzo's castles and medieval towns,[60]especially in the area ofL'Aquila,have led to the creation of the nickname of "Abruzzoshire", alongTuscany's "Chiantishire".In spite of this, Abruzzo is still" off the beaten path "for most visitors to Italy.[55]

Very popular with visitors from all over Italy and Europe are the natural parks of theregion,such asParco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise,[61]Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park,[62]Maiella National Park,[63]and regional parkSirente Velino Regional Park[64]which every year see thousands of visitors attracted by their unspoiled nature and rare wildfaunaandfloraspecies such as Abruzzo chamois, with the region boasting many reserves and protected natural areas[65]and lakes[66](Campotosto Lake[67]andLago di Scanno[68]).

Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park

In the inland mountain areas there are the ski resorts ofScanno,[69]Ovindoli,[70]Pescasseroli,[71]Roccaraso,[72]Campo Imperatore,[73]Campo Felice,[74]Rivisondoli,Pescocostanzo[75]and Pianoro Campitelli[76]where winter tourism is highly developed and then you can play sports such asalpine skiing,snowboarding,ski mountaineering,ski touring,cross-country skiinganddog sledding.[77][78][79]Other trails and facilities are in Passolanciano-Majelletta,[80]Campo Rotondo,[81]Campo di Giove,[82]Piani di pezza,[83]Voltigno,[84]Centomonti,[85]Macchiarvana,[86]Monte Piselli[87]where winter tourism is highly developed and then you can play sports such asalpine skiing,snowboarding,ski mountaineering,ski touring,cross-country skiinganddog sledding.

Trabocchi Coast, Fossacesia

Also of considerable importance is the summer coastal and seaside tourism, which sees the presence of numerous tourist bathing establishments equipped in various centers of the coast such asMontesilvano,[88]Pineto,[89]Roseto degli Abruzzi,[90]Giulianova,[91]Alba Adriatica,[92]Tortoreto,[93]Francavilla al Mare,[94]Ortona,[95]Vasto,[96]Martinsicuro,[97]Silvi Marina[98]and theTrabocchi Coast.[59]

St. Gabriel's shrine

Finally, tourism for historical and cultural purposes is also important, concentrated above all in the cities ofLanciano,Chieti,Teramo,Vasto,Giulianova,Sulmona,and above allL'Aquilawhich can boast many monuments, museums, castles and churches (St. Gabriel's shrine[99]andSanta Maria di Collemaggio[100]) of national importance; alsoPescaradespite being a modern city, boasts monuments, churches and museums of historical importance such as theBirthplace of Gabriele D'Annunzio Museum.[101]In the inland mountain areas there areancient villages,castles, hermitages, sanctuaries abbeys, and ancient churches.[102][60]

Abruzzo has many small and picturesque villages, 26 of them have been selected byI Borghi più belli d'Italia(English:The most beautiful Villages of Italy),[103]a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,[104]that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.[105]These villages are:

Pacentrois one of "The Most Beautiful Villages in Italy".

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1861858,000—
1871906,000+5.6%
1881946,000+4.4%
19011,070,000+13.1%
19111,116,000+4.3%
19211,131,000+1.3%
19311,168,000+3.3%
19361,202,000+2.9%
19511,277,207+6.3%
19611,206,266−5.6%
19711,166,694−3.3%
19811,217,791+4.4%
19911,249,054+2.6%
20011,262,392+1.1%
20111,307,309+3.6%
20211,275,950−2.4%
Source:ISTAT
Chieti

Although the population density of Abruzzo has increased over recent decades, it is still well below the Italian national average: in 2008, 123.4 inhabitants per km2,compared to 198.8. In the provinces, the density varies: as of 2008Pescarais the most densely populated with 260.1 inhabitants per km2,whereas L'Aquila is the least densely populated with 61.3 inhabitants per km2,although it has the largest area. After decades of emigration from the region, the main feature of the 1980s is immigration from third world countries. The population increase is due to the positive net migration. Since 1991 more deaths than births were registered in Abruzzo (except for 1999, when their numbers were equal).[106]In 2008, the Italiannational institute of statisticsISTAT estimated that 59,749 foreign-born immigrants live in Abruzzo, equal to 4.5% of the total regional population.

The most serious demographic imbalance is between the mountainous areas of the interior and the coastal strip. The largest province, L'Aquila, is situated entirely in the interior and has the lowest population density. The movement of the population of Abruzzo from the mountains to the sea has led to the almost complete urbanization of the entire coastal strip especially in theprovince of Teramoand Chieti. The effects on the interior have been impoverishment and demographic aging, reflected by an activity rate in the province of L'Aquila which is the lowest among the provinces in Abruzzo – accompanied by geological degradation as a result of the absence of conservation measures. In the coastal strip, however, there is such a jumble of accommodations and activities that the environment has been negatively affected. The policy of providing incentives for development has resulted in the setting-up of industrial zones, some of which (Vasto,Avezzano,Carsoli,Gissi,Val Vibrata,Val di Sangro) have made genuine progress, while others (Val Pescara,L'Aquila) have run into trouble after their initial success. The zones ofSulmonaandGuardiagrelehave turned out to be more or less failures. Outside these zones, the main activities are agriculture and tourism.[106] In 2016, theHuffington Postplaced Abruzzo in fifth position among the 12 best regions in the world for quality of life.[107]

Main settlements

[edit]

L'Aquila is both the capital city of the Abruzzo region and of theProvince of L'Aquilaand second largest city (pop. 73,000). L'Aquila was hit by anearthquakeon 6 April 2009, which destroyed much of the city center. The other provincial capitals arePescara,which is Abruzzo's largest city and major port (pop. 123,000);Teramo(pop. 55,000) andChieti(pop. 55,000). Other large municipalities in Abruzzo include the industrial andhigh techcenterAvezzano(pop. 41,000), as well as three important industrial and touristic centers such asVasto(pop. 40,636),Lanciano(pop. 36,000), andSulmona(pop. 25,000).

Transport

[edit]
See also:Abruzzo International Airport,Port of Pescara,Adriatic railway,Autostrada A14 (Italy),Autostrada A24 (Italy),andAutostrada A25 (Italy)

Airports

[edit]
  • Abruzzo International Airportis the only international airport in the region. Open to civilian traffic since 1996, the number of passengers has increased over the years because of low-cost air carriers' use of the facility. Today, the airport has a catchment area of over 500,000 passengers annually.[108]
  • L'Aquila-Preturo Airportis located near L'Aquila, but remains underused.

Ports

[edit]
Theport of Pescara

There are four main ports in Abruzzo:Pescara,Ortona,VastoandGiulianova.

Over the years, the Port of Pescara has become one of the most important tourist ports of Italy and theAdriatic Sea.Heavily damaged in World War II, it underwent major renovations for some sixty years. It now consists of a modern marina with advanced moorings and shipbuilding facilities. It has been awarded theEuropean Union's blue flag for its services. The port of Pescara has lost passenger traffic because of its shallowness and silting, but its fishery andaquacultureactivities are thriving.[109]

Railways

[edit]

There is a significant disparity between the railways of the Abruzzo coast and the inland areas, which badly need modernization to improve the service, in particular, theRome-Pescaraline.

Existing railway lines:

Highways

[edit]
Salinello Bridge on theA14

There are three highways that serve the region:

  • A24(Rome–L'Aquila–Teramo) was built in the 1970s and connects Rome with the Adriatic coast in less than two hour-drive. TheGran Sasso tunnel,the longest road tunnel entirely on Italian territory, was opened in 1984.
  • A25(Torano – Avezzano – Pescara) connects Rome with Pescara. The road branches off A24 inTorano,spans theFucinobasin, crosses the Apennines, and merges withA14near Pescara.
  • A14Bologna–Tarantoknown as the"Adriatica",includes 743 km (461.68 mi) of dual-carriage motorway betweenBolognaandTaranto.

Culture

[edit]
See also:Music of AbruzzoandList of museums in Abruzzo
Castel del Monte,one of Abruzzo's little-known hill towns
FishingtrabuccoofSan Vito Chietino

The museumMuseo Archeologico Nazionale d'Abruzzoin Chieti houses the famed statueWarrior of Capestranowhich was found in a necropolis of the 6th century BC. Across the region, among the prominent cultural and historical buildings are:Teramo Cathedral,its archeological museum and the Roman theater, the Castello della Monica, theCollurania-Teramo Observatory,the famousL'AquilaBasilica ofSanta Maria di Collemaggio(which holds the remains ofPope Celestine V), theMuseo Nazionale d'Abruzzo,Santa Maria del Suffragio,theForte Spagnolo,the Fountain of 99 Spouts,Gabriele D'Annunzio's house inPescara,Campli'sScala Sanctaand its church, the church of Santissima Annunziata inSulmona,the cathedrals ofChieti,Lanciano,Guardiagrele,AtriandPescaraalong with the castles ofOrtona,CelanoandOrtucchio.

Abbazia di San Liberatore a Majella(Serramonacesca)
Cathedral of San Giustino (Chieti)

Every year on 28–29 August, L'Aquila'sSanta Maria di Collemaggiocommemorates thePerdonanza Celestiniana,the indulgence issued byPope Celestine Vto anyone who, "truly repentant and confessed" would visit that Church from the Vespers of the vigil to the vespers of 29 August.[110]Sulmona'sHoly Weekis commemorated with traditional celebrations and rituals, such as "La Madonna che scappa in piazza", when a large statue of theMary,carried by a group of local fraternities, is carried across the square in procession.[111]Cocullo,in theprovince of L'Aquila,holds the annual "Festa dei serpari" (festival of snake handlers) in which a statue of St. Dominic, covered with live snakes, is carried in a procession through the town; it attracts thousands of Italian and foreign visitors. In many Abruzzo villages,Anthony the Great's feast is celebrated in January with massive and scenic bonfires.[112]

In the past, the region of Abruzzo was well known for thetransumanza,the seasonal movement of sheep floks: these used to travel mostly southbound towards the region ofPugliaduring the cold winter months.[113]The Feast ofSt. Biagio,protector of wool dealers is celebrated across the region. On the third of February inTaranta Pelignaevery year since the sixteenth century an evocative ritual is held:panicelle,or small loaves made of flour and water, in the shape of a blessing hand, are distributed among the faithful.

Ovid,fromSulmona
Gabriele d'Annunzio,fromPescara

Historical figures from the region include: the Roman oratorAsinius Pollio;LatinpoetsSallustandOvid,who were born in L'Aquila andSulmonarespectively,Gaius Cassius Longinus,Roman senator and leading instigator of the plot to killJulius Caesar.Pontius Pilateis said to have been native to the region. Abruzzo's religious personalities includeSaint Berardo;John of Capistrano;Thomas of Celano,author of threehagiographiesofSaint Francis of Assisi;andAlessandro Valignano,who introducedCatholicismto theFar Eastand Japan. The PolishPope John Paul IIloved the mountains of Abruzzo, where he would retire often and pray in the church of San Pietro della Ienca.[114]Local personalities in the humanities include: poetIgnazio Silone,movie directorEnnio Flaianowho co-wroteLa dolce vita,philosopherBenedetto Croce,poetGabriele D'Annunzio,composerPaolo Tosti,sculptorVenanzo Crocettiand artistLorenzoArs.

American artists and celebrities such as:Dean Martin,Perry Como,Henry Mancini,Nancy Pelosi,Rocky Marciano,Rocky Mattioli,Bruno Sammartino,Mario Batali,JohnandDan Fante,Tommy Lasorda,Dan Marino,Mario Lanza,Garry Marshall,Penny Marshall,Ariana Grande,andAl Martinotrace part of their family roots to Abruzzo.

Some international movies shot in Abruzzo includeThe American,Jean-Jacques Annaud'sThe Name of the Rose,Fellini'sLa StradaandI Vitelloni,Schwarzenegger'sRed Sonja,Ladyhawke,King David,Francesco,Keoma,The Barbarians,The Fox and the ChildandKrull.

Medieval and Renaissance hill towns

[edit]
The fortress ofCivitellais the most visited monument in Abruzzo.
Roccascalegnafortress

Before the 2009 earthquake, Abruzzo was the region with the highest number of castles and hill towns in Italy. It still holds many of Italy's best-preserved medieval and Renaissance hill towns, twenty-three of which are amongI Borghi più belli d'Italia.[115]This listing recognises their scenic beauty, arts and culture, their historical importance and quality of life.

The abrupt decline of Abruzzo's agricultural economy in the early to mid-20th-century spared some of the region's historic hill towns from modern development. Many lie entirely within regional andnational parks.Among the most well preserved areCastel del MonteandSanto Stefano di Sessanio,within theGran Sasso National Parkon the edge of the high plain ofCampo Imperatoreand nestled beneath the Apennines' highest peaks. Both hill towns, which were ruled by theMedicisfor over a century-and-a-half, see relatively little tourism. Between the two towns sitsRocca Calascio,the ruin of an ancient fortress popular with filmmakers. BothMonteferranteandRoccascalegnaare two of the most representative Abruzzo villages in the province of Chieti. Within theGran Sasso National Parkis also foundCastelli,an ancient pottery center whose artisans produced ceramics for most of theroyal housesof Europe.

View ofCasoli
Medieval village ofScanno

Civitella del Trontoplayed a crucial role in the history of theunification of Italy.The fortress ofCivitellais the most visited monument in the Abruzzo region today.[116]Other medieval hill towns located within Abruzzo'spark systemarePacentroin theMaiella National ParkandPescasseroliin theAbruzzo National Park.Pacentro, which features a 14th-century castle with two intact towers, has been little touched by modernisation. The Shrine ofGabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows,in theprovince of Teramo,which attracts some two million visitors per year, is one of the 15 most-visited sanctuaries in the world.[117]Capestrano,a small town in the province of L'Aquila, is the hometown of SaintJohn of Capistrano,FranciscanfriarandCatholic priest,as well as the namesake of the FranciscanmissionsSan Juan CapistranoinSouthern California,the missionMission San Juan Capistranoin Texas and the city ofSan Juan CapistranoinOrange County, California.Giulianovais a notable example of a Renaissance "ideal city".

The proximity to Rome, the protected areas and scenic landscapes making the region one of the greenest in Europe, the presence of quaint villages, its rich and varied culinary traditions are important tourist attractions. In 2010, visitors included 6,381,067 Italians and 925,884 foreign tourists.[118]

In 2015, the American organization Live and Invest Overseas included Abruzzo on its list of World's Top 21 Overseas Retirement Havens. The study was based on such factors as climate, infrastructure, health care, safety, taxes, cost of living and more.[119]In 2017 the Chamber of Commerce of Pescara presented Abruzzo region to the Annual conference of Live and Invest Overseas in the U.S. city ofOrlando, Florida.One year later, in October 2018, Live and Invest Overseas held its first conference in Abruzzo.[120]

Universities

[edit]
University of L'Aquila

There are three universities in the Abruzzo region:

Harvard Universitybases an intensive summer Italian language and culture program inVasto,aresort townon Abruzzo's southern coast.[121]

Science

[edit]
Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso

Between theprovince of Teramoand L'Aquila, under theGran Sasso Tunnel,is theLaboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso(LNGS) of theINFN,one of the three underground astroparticle laboratories in Europe.

TheIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "Giuseppe Caporale",which conducts research in veterinary and environmental public health, is located in Teramo.

TheGran Sasso Science Institute,located in L'Aquila, is an advanced research institute which offers doctorates in astroparticle physics, computer science, and mathematics as well as urban studies and regional science, and which also conducts scientific research.

Sports

[edit]

Interamnia World Cup,the largest international youth handball competition worldwide, takes place yearly in Teramo.[122]

There are severalfootball clubs in Abruzzo.Delfino Pescara 1936is aSerie Cclub; based in Pescara, its home stadium isStadio Adriatico – Giovanni Cornacchia.

Dialects

[edit]

The regional dialects of Abruzzo includeTeramano,Abruzzese Orientale AdriaticoandAbruzzese Occidentale.The first two forms are a dialect of the Southern Italian language also known simply asNeapolitansince the region has been part of theKingdom of Naplesand theKingdom of the Two Sicilies,whileAquilanois related to theCentral Italian dialectsincludingRomanesco. The dialects spoken in the Abruzzo region can be divided into three main groups:

  1. Sabine dialect, in the province of L'Aquila, a central Italian dialect
  2. Abruzzo Adriatic dialect, in the province of Teramo, Pescara and Chieti, that is virtually abandoned in the province ofAscoli Piceno,a southern Italian dialect
  3. Abruzzo western dialect, in the province of L'Aquila, a southern Italian dialect

Cuisine

[edit]
See also:Cuisine of Abruzzo
Arrosticiniof Pescara valley
Spaghetti alla chitarraofTeramo
TypicalbocconottoofCastel Frentano
Sise delle MonachefromGuardiagrele

Abruzzo's cuisine is renowned[123]for its variety and richness.[124]Both the agricultural and coastal areas of Abruzzo have contributed to its cuisine. Due to the mountains, much of Abruzzo was relatively isolated until the 20th century. This has contributed to preservIng local culinary traditions.[125]

Ingredients

[edit]

In terms of common ingredients, cuisine in Abruzzo often includes:

Starter and main dishes

[edit]
  • Spaghetti alla chitarrawhich is made by pressing or cuttingpastathrough achitarra,an implement to form long thin noodles similar tospaghetti.The pasta is served with a tomato-based sauce, often flavored withpeppers,pork,goose,orlamb.This dish is complemented by regionalside dishes,such as the bean and noodle soup,sagne e fagioli.This soup is traditionally flavored withtomatoes,garlic,oil, andpeperoncini.
  • Gnocchi carrati,flavored withbacon,eggsandpecorinocheese
  • Scrippelle,a rustic French-stylecrêpeserved eithermbusse(a type of soup) or used to form a sort ofsouffléwith someragùand stuffed with chicken liver,meatballs,hard-boiled eggs, and cheese
  • Pastuccia,apolentastew with sausage, eggs, and cheese
  • Pasta allo sparone,a pasta roll filled withricottacheese andspinach.The pasta roll is boiled in hot water and served with tomato sauce and Parmesan cheese.
  • Pasta alla mugnaia,a long, uneven and thick type of pasta that is hand-pulled to a diameter of up to 6mm and is traditionally served with tomato sauce. Pasta alla mugnaia, also simply known asmugnaia,is the flagship dish of the town ofElice.
  • Pallotte cacio e ovo,balls ofcaciocavallocheese and eggs, usually served as a starter in a rich tomato sauce.

Meat

[edit]

Across the region, roast lamb is enjoyed in several variations. Some of these variations include:

Seafood

[edit]

Seafoodis also popular, especially in coastal areas. The variety of fish available locally resulted in several fish-basedbrodetti( "broths" ), coming from such places asVasto,Giulianova,andPescara.[131]These broths are often made by cooking fish, flavored with tomatoes, herbs, and peperoncino, in an earthenware pot. Other fish products arescapece alla vastese,[132]baccalà all'abruzzese,[133]andcoregone di Campotosto,[134][135]typical lake fish.

Pizzas

[edit]

Rustic pizzas are also very common. Some of these are:

  • Easter pizza,a rustic cake with cheese and pepper from theTeramoarea
  • Fiadonifrom Chieti, a dough of eggs and cheese well risen, cooked in the oven in a thin casing of pastry
  • A rustic tart pastry filled with everything imaginable: eggs, fresh cheeses,ricotta,vegetables, and all sorts of flavorings and spices.

Also from Teramo are the spreadable sausages flavored with nutmeg, and liver sausages tasting of garlic and spices. Atri andRivisondoliare famous for cheeses.Mozzarella,either fresh or seasoned, is made from ewe's milk, although a great number of lesser known varieties of these cheeses can be found all over Abruzzo and Molise.

Salumi

[edit]

Salumi(singular:salume) is an Italian term describing the preparation of cured meat products made predominantly from pork.

Mortadella
Mortadella di Campotosto

Spreadable sausage flavored with nutmeg and liver sausage with garlic and spices are hallmarks of Teramo cuisine.Ventricinafrom the Vasto area is made with large pieces of fat and lean pork, pressed and seasoned with powdered sweet peppers andfenneland encased in dried pig stomach.Mortadella di Campotosto(well known in Abruzzo) is an oval, dark-redmortadellawith a white column of fat. They are generally sold in pairs, tied together. Another name for the mortadella iscoglioni di mulo(donkey's balls). It is made from shoulder and loin meat,prosciuttotrimmings and fat. It is 80 percent lean meat; 25 percent is prosciutto (ham), and 20 percent ispancetta.The meat is minced and mixed with salt, pepper and white wine.

Cheeses

[edit]

The region's principalcheesesare:

  • White cow cheese,a soft cheese made fromcow's milk
  • Caciocavalloabruzzese,a soft, slightly elastic dairy product made from raw, whole cow's milk with rennet and salt
  • Caciofiore Aquilano,made from raw whole sheep's milk,rennet,artichokes and saffron (which gives it its characteristic yellow color)
  • Caciottavaccination frentana,a half-cooked, semi-hard cheese made from raw whole cow's milk, rennet and salt
  • CanestratoofCastel del Monte,a hard cheese made from raw whole sheep's milk, with rennet and salt
Slice of goat's-milk cheese
Caprino
  • Caprinoabruzzese,made from raw whole goat milk (sometimes with sheep's milk), curd, and salt
  • Cheese and curdstazzo,cheese and byproducts obtained from the processing of raw milk from sheep, cattle and goats
  • Junket vaccination or Abruzzo sprisciocca,a soft fresh cheese made from raw whole cow's milk, rennet, and salt
  • Pecorinod'Abruzzo:one of Abruzzo's flagship products—a mild, semi-hard (or hard) cheese with holes, made from raw whole sheep's milk, rennet, and salt
  • Pecorino di Atri,a compact, semi-cooked cheese made from sheep's milk, rennet and salt
  • Pecorino di Farindola,cheese made from sheep's milk and porkrennet(a special type of rennet, made by filling a dried pork stomach with vinegar and white wine for forty days)
  • Ricotta,made from the remnants of the coagulation of raw whole sheep's milk, heated after filtration
  • Scamorzad'Abruzzo,a stretchedcurd cheesemade from cow's milk, rennet (liquid or powder) and salt

Atri andRivisondoliare known for their cheeses.Mozzarella(fresh or seasoned) is typically made from ewe's milk; many lesser-known cheeses are found throughout Abruzzo andMolise.

Desserts and sweets

[edit]
Thin wafers with powdered sugar
Pizzelleare a typical Abruzzo sweet.

Abruzzo's sweets are well known:

Fruits

[edit]

The region's principal fruits are:

  • Agrumi della costa dei trabocchi:coastal citrus (particularly oranges), used forjamandLimoncello
  • Castagna roscetta della Valle RovetoandMarrone di Valle Castellana:types ofchestnut
  • Ciliege di Raiano e di Giuliano Teatino:a local cherry
  • Mandorle di Navelli:almonds from the town ofNavelli
  • Mela della Valle Giovenco:apples from the region
  • Uva di Tollo e Ortona:table grapes,also used for jam

Olive oil

[edit]
Olive trees inTocco da Casauria

The use of oil in regional mountain and sea dishes is important; among the most common oil products are the Aprutino Pescarese, the Pretuziano delle Colline Teramane, l'Olio extra vergine di oliva delle Valli Aquilane and Colline Teatine.[138]

The list of Abruzzo olive cultivars:

  • Castiglionese
  • Dritta
  • Gentile di Chieti
  • Intosso
  • Monicella
  • Carpinetana
  • Morella
  • Nebbio di Chieti
  • Raja
  • Toccolana
  • Tortiglione
  • Crognalegna
  • Gentile del L'Aquila (Rusticana del L'Aquila)

The extra-virginolive oilproduced inColline Teramane(Teramohills) is marked by theDOP.[139]

The region has several cultivars that includes Carboncella, Dritta (Dritta Francavillese and Dritta di Moscufo), Gentile del Chieti, Nostrana (Nostrana di Brisighella), and Sargano olive cultivars.[140]

Wines and liquors

[edit]
Bottles ofMontepulciano d'Abruzzowine

Renownedwinessuch asMontepulcianoDOCG,Trebbiano d'AbruzzoDOCandControguerraDOC are judged to be amongst the world's finest.[141]In 2012, a bottle of Trebbiano d'Abruzzo ranked No. 1 in the top 50 Italian wine awards.[142]

In recent decades these wines have been joined, particularly, by wines from lesser known (heritage) white grapes, such as,Pecorino,Cococciola,Passerina,Montonico biancoandFiano.[143]

IGTwines areAlto Tirino,Colli Aprutini,Colli del Sangro,Colline Frentane,Colline Pescaresi,Colline Teatine,Del Vastese (orHistonium),Terre di Chieti,andValle Peligna.[144]The region is also well known for the production ofliqueurssuch asCenterbe,Limoncello,RatafiaandGenziana.

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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42°21′58″N12°23′40″E/ 42.36611°N 12.39444°E/42.36611; 12.39444

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