Berlin
Berlin | |
|---|---|
| Nicknames: | |
  | |
 Berlin highlighted in Germany | |
| Coordinates:52°31′12″N13°24′18″E/ 52.52000°N 13.40500°E | |
| Country | Germany |
| State | Berlin |
| Government | |
| • Body | Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin |
| •Governing Mayor | Kai Wegner(CDU) |
| •Bundesrat votes | 4 (of 69) |
| •Bundestag seats | 29 (of 736) |
| Area | |
| • City/State | 891.3 km2(344.1 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 3,743 km2(1,445 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 30,546 km2(11,794 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 34 m (112 ft) |
| Population (2023-12-31)[4] | |
| • City/State | 3,878,100 |
| • Rank | 5thin Europe 1stin Germany |
| • Density | 4,213/km2(10,910/sq mi) |
| •Urban | 4,768,142 |
| • Urban density | 1,274/km2(3,300/sq mi) |
| •Metro | 6,144,600 |
| • Metro density | 201/km2(520/sq mi) |
| Demonyms | Berliner(s) (English) Berliner (m), Berlinerin (f) (German) |
| GDP | |
| • City/State | €193.219 billion (2023) |
| • Metro | €290.696 billion (2023) |
| Time zone | UTC+01:00(CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00(CEST) |
| Area codes | 030 |
| Geocode | NUTS Region:DE3 |
| ISO 3166 code | DE-BE |
| Vehicle registration | B |
| GeoTLD | .berlin |
| HDI(2021) | 0.959[9] very high·2nd of 16 |
| Website | berlin.de |
Berlin[a]isthe capitaland largest city ofGermany,both by area andby population.[11]Its more than 3.85 million inhabitants[12]make it theEuropean Union'smost populous city,as measured by population within city limits.[13]The city is also one of thestates of Germany,and is thethird smallest statein the country in terms of area. Berlin is surrounded by the state ofBrandenburg,and Brandenburg's capitalPotsdamis nearby. The urban area of Berlin has a population of over 4.5 million and is therefore the most populous urban area in Germany.[5][14]TheBerlin-Brandenburg capital regionhas around 6.2 millioninhabitantsand is Germany's second-largest metropolitanregionafter theRhine-Ruhrregion, and thesixth-biggest metropolitan region by GDPin theEuropean Union.[15]
Berlin was built along the banks of theSpreeriver, which flows into theHavelin the western borough ofSpandau.The city incorporates lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs, the largest of which isMüggelsee.About one-third of the city's area is composed of forests,parks and gardens,rivers, canals, and lakes.[16]
First documented in the 13th century[10]and at the crossing of two important historictrade routes,[17]Berlin was designated the capital of theMargraviate of Brandenburg(1417–1701),Kingdom of Prussia(1701–1918),German Empire(1871–1918),Weimar Republic(1919–1933), andNazi Germany(1933–1945). Berlin has served as a scientific, artistic, and philosophical hub during theAge of Enlightenment,Neoclassicism,and theGerman revolutions of 1848–1849.During theGründerzeit,an industrialization-induced economic boom triggered a rapid population increase in Berlin.1920s Berlinwas the third-largest city in the world by population.[18]
After World War IIand following Berlin's occupation, the city was split intoWest BerlinandEast Berlin,divided by theBerlin Wall.[19]East Berlin was declared the capital of East Germany, whileBonnbecame the West German capital. FollowingGerman reunificationin 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all of Germany. Due to its geographic location and history, Berlin has been called "the heart of Europe".[20][21][22]
Theeconomy of Berlinis based onhigh techand theservice sector,encompassing a diverse range ofcreative industries,startup companies,research facilities, and media corporations.[23][24]Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a complexpublic transportation network.Tourism in Berlinmakes the city a popular global destination.[25]Significant industries include information technology, thehealthcare industry,biomedical engineering,biotechnology,theautomotive industry,andelectronics.
Berlin is home to several universities such as theHumboldt University of Berlin,Technische Universität Berlin,theBerlin University of the Artsand theFree University of Berlin.TheBerlin Zoological Gardenis the most visited zoo in Europe.Babelsberg Studiois the world's first large-scale movie studio complex and thelist of films set in Berlinis long.[26]
Berlin is also home to threeWorld Heritage Sites:Museum Island,thePalaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin,and theBerlin Modernism Housing Estates.[27]Other landmarks include theBrandenburg Gate,theReichstag building,Potsdamer Platz,theMemorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe,and theBerlin Wall Memorial.Berlin has numerousmuseums,galleries, and libraries.
History
[edit]
Margraviate of Brandenburg1237–1618
Brandenburg-Prussia1618–1701
Kingdom of Prussia1701–1867
North German Confederation1867–1871
Weimar Republic1918–1933
Nazi Germany1933–1945
Allied-occupied Germany1945–1949
West Germany1949–1990
East Germany1949–1990
Etymology
[edit]Berlin lies in northeastern Germany. Most of the cities and villages in northeastern Germany bearSlavic languages-derived names. TypicalGermanizationfor place namesuffixesof Slavic origin are-ow, -itz, -vitz, -witz, -itzschand-in,prefixesareWindischandWendisch.The nameBerlinhas its roots in the language of theWest Slavs,and may be related to the OldPolabianstemberl-/birl-( "swamp" ).[28]
Of Berlin'stwelve boroughs,five bear a Slavic-derived name:Pankow,Steglitz-Zehlendorf,Marzahn-Hellersdorf,Treptow-Köpenick,andSpandau.Of Berlin's ninety-six neighborhoods, twenty-two bear a Slavic-derived name:Altglienicke,Alt-Treptow,Britz,Buch,Buckow,Gatow,Karow,Kladow,Köpenick,Lankwitz,Lübars,Malchow,Marzahn,Pankow,Prenzlauer Berg,Rudow,Schmöckwitz,Spandau,Stadtrandsiedlung Malchow,Steglitz,TegelandZehlendorf.
Prehistory of Berlin
[edit]The earliesthuman settlementsin the area of modern Berlin are dated around 60,000 BC.[citation needed]A deer mask, dated to 9,000 BC, is attributed to theMaglemosian culture.In 2,000 BC dense human settlements along theSpreeandHavelrivers gave rise to theLusatian culture.[29]Starting around 500 BCGermanic tribessettled in a number of villages in the higher situated areas of today's Berlin. After theSemnonesleft around 200 AD, theBurgundiansfollowed. In the 7th century Slavic tribes, the later knownHevelliandSprevane,reached the region.
12th century to 16th century
[edit]
In the 12th century the region came under German rule as part of theMargraviate of Brandenburg,founded byAlbert the Bearin 1157. Early evidence of middle age settlements in the area of today's Berlin are remnants of ahouse foundationdated 1270 to 1290, found in excavations inBerlin Mitte.[30]The first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century.Spandauis first mentioned in 1197 andKöpenickin 1209.[31]1237 is considered the founding date of the city.[32]The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from thestaple righton the two importanttrade routes,one was known asVia Imperii,and the other trade route reached fromBrugestoNovgorod.[17]In 1307 the two towns formed an alliance with a common external policy, their internal administrations still being separated.[33]
Members of theHohenzollernfamily ruled in Berlin until 1918, first as electors of Brandenburg, then as kings ofPrussia,and eventually asGerman emperors.In 1443,Frederick II Irontoothstarted the construction of a newroyal palacein the twin city Berlin-Cölln. The protests of the town citizens against the building culminated in 1448, in the "Berlin Indignation" ( "Berliner Unwille" ).[34]Officially, the Berlin-Cölln palace became permanent residence of the Brandenburg electors of the Hohenzollerns from 1486, whenJohn Cicerocame to power.[35]Berlin-Cölln, however, had to give up its status as a freeHanseatic Leaguecity. In 1539, the electors and the city officially becameLutheran.[36]
17th to 19th centuries
[edit]TheThirty Years' Warbetween 1618 and 1648 devastated Berlin. One third of its houses were damaged or destroyed, and the city lost half of its population.[37]Frederick William,known as the "Great Elector", who had succeeded his fatherGeorge Williamas ruler in 1640, initiated a policy of promoting immigration and religious tolerance.[38]With theEdict of Potsdamin 1685, Frederick William offered asylum to the FrenchHuguenots.[39]
By 1700, approximately 30 percent of Berlin's residents were French, because of the Huguenot immigration.[40]Many other immigrants came fromBohemia,Poland,andSalzburg.[41]
Since 1618, the Margraviate of Brandenburg had been inpersonal unionwith theDuchy of Prussia.In 1701, the dual state formed theKingdom of Prussia,asFrederick III, Elector of Brandenburg,crowned himself as kingFrederick I in Prussia.Berlin became the capital of the new Kingdom,[42]replacingKönigsberg.This was a successful attempt to centralise the capital in the very far-flung state, and it was the first time the city began to grow. In 1709, Berlin merged with the four cities of Cölln, Friedrichswerder, Friedrichstadt and Dorotheenstadt under the name Berlin, "Haupt- und Residenzstadt Berlin".[33]
In 1740, Frederick II, known asFrederick the Great(1740–1786), came to power.[43]Under the rule of Frederick II, Berlin became a center ofthe Enlightenment,but also, was briefly occupied during theSeven Years' Warby the Russian army.[44]Following France's victory in theWar of the Fourth Coalition,Napoleon Bonapartemarched into Berlin in 1806,but granted self-government to the city.[45]In 1815, the city became part of the newProvince of Brandenburg.[46]
TheIndustrial Revolutiontransformed Berlin during the 19th century; the city's economy and population expanded dramatically, and it became the main railway hub and economic center of Germany. Additional suburbs soon developed and increased the area and population of Berlin. In 1861, neighboring suburbs includingWedding,Moabitand several others were incorporated into Berlin.[47]In 1871, Berlin became capital of the newly foundedGerman Empire.[48]In 1881, it became a city district separate from Brandenburg.[49]
20th to 21st centuries
[edit]
In the early 20th century, Berlin had become a fertile ground for theGerman Expressionistmovement.[50]In fields such as architecture, painting and cinema new forms of artistic styles were invented. At the end of theFirst World Warin 1918, arepublicwas proclaimed byPhilipp Scheidemannat theReichstag building.In 1920, theGreater Berlin Actincorporated dozens of suburban cities, villages, and estates around Berlin into an expanded city. The act increased the area of Berlin from 66 to 883 km2(25 to 341 sq mi). The population almost doubled, and Berlin had a population of around four million. During theWeimar era,Berlin underwent political unrest due to economic uncertainties but also became a renowned center of theRoaring Twenties.The metropolis experienced its heyday as a major world capital and was known for its leadership roles in science, technology, arts, the humanities, city planning, film, higher education, government, and industries.Albert Einsteinrose to public prominence during his years in Berlin,[51]being awarded theNobel Prize for Physicsin 1921.[52]
In 1933,Adolf Hitlerand theNazi Partycame to power.Hitler was inspired by the architecture he had experienced inVienna,and he wished for a German Empire with a capital city that had a monumental ensemble. The National Socialist regime embarked on monumental construction projects in Berlin as a way to express their power and authority througharchitecture.Adolf Hitler andAlbert Speerdeveloped architectural concepts for the conversion of the city intoWorld Capital Germania;these were never implemented.[53]
NSDAP rule diminished Berlin's Jewish community from 160,000 (one-third of all Jews in the country) to about 80,000 due to emigration between 1933 and 1939. AfterKristallnachtin 1938, thousands of the city's Jews were imprisoned in the nearbySachsenhausen concentration camp.Starting in early 1943, many were deported toghettoslikeŁódź,and toconcentrationandextermination campssuch asAuschwitz.[54]
Berlin hosted the1936 Summer Olympicsfor which theOlympic stadiumwas built.[55]
DuringWorld War II,Berlin was the location of multiple Nazi prisons,forced labourcamps, 17 subcamps of theSachsenhausen concentration campfor men and women, including teenagers, of various nationalities, including Polish, Jewish, French, Belgian, Czechoslovak, Russian, Ukrainian, Romani, Dutch, Greek, Norwegian, Spanish, Luxembourgish, German, Austrian, Italian, Yugoslavian, Bulgarian, Hungarian,[56]a camp forSintiand Romani people (seeRomani Holocaust),[57]and theStalag III-Dprisoner-of-war campfor Allied POWs of various nationalities.
During World War II, large parts of Berlin were destroyed during 1943–45 Allied air raids and the 1945Battle of Berlin.The Allies dropped 67,607 tons of bombs on the city, destroying 6,427 acres of the built-up area. Around 125,000 civilians were killed.[58]After theend of World War II in Europein May 1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees from the Eastern provinces. The victorious powers divided the city into four sectors, analogous toAllied-occupied Germanythe sectors of theAllies of World War II(the United States, the United Kingdom, and France) formedWest Berlin,while theSoviet UnionformedEast Berlin.[59]
All four Allies of World War II shared administrative responsibilities for Berlin. However, in 1948, when the Western Allies extended the currency reform in the Western zones of Germany to the three western sectors of Berlin, theSoviet Unionimposed theBerlin Blockadeon the access routes to and from West Berlin, which lay entirely inside Soviet-controlled territory. TheBerlin airlift,conducted by the three western Allies, overcame this blockade by supplying food and other supplies to the city from June 1948 to May 1949.[60]In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded inWest Germanyand eventually included all of the American, British and French zones, excluding those three countries' zones in Berlin, while theMarxist–LeninistGerman Democratic Republicwas proclaimed inEast Germany.West Berlin officially remained an occupied city, but it politically was aligned with the Federal Republic of Germany despite West Berlin's geographic isolation. Airline service to West Berlin was granted only to American, British and French airlines.
The founding of the two German states increasedCold Wartensions. West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory, and East Germany proclaimed the Eastern part as its capital, a move the western powers did not recognize. East Berlin included most of the city's historic center. The West German government established itself inBonn.[61]In 1961, East Germany began to build theBerlin Wallaround West Berlin, and events escalated to a tank standoff atCheckpoint Charlie.West Berlin was now de facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany.John F. Kennedygave his "Ich bin ein Berliner"speech on 26 June 1963, in front of theSchönebergcity hall, located in the city's western part, underlining the US support for West Berlin.[62]Berlin was completely divided. Although it was possible for Westerners to pass to the other side through strictly controlled checkpoints, for most Easterners, travel to West Berlin or West Germany was prohibited by the government of East Germany. In 1971, aFour-Power Agreementguaranteed access to and from West Berlin by car or train through East Germany.[63]
In 1989, with the end of the Cold War and pressure from the East German population, theBerlin Wall fellon 9 November and was subsequently mostly demolished. Today, theEast Side Gallerypreserves a large portion of the wall. On 3 October 1990, the two parts of Germany werereunifiedas the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin again became a reunified city. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the city experienced significanturban developmentand still impacts urban planning decisions.
[64]Walter Momper, the mayor of West Berlin, became the first mayor of the reunified city in the interim.[65]City-wide elections in December 1990 resulted in the first "all Berlin" mayor being elected to take office in January 1991, with the separate offices of mayors in East and West Berlin expiring by that time, andEberhard Diepgen(a former mayor of West Berlin) became the first elected mayor of a reunited Berlin.[66]On 18 June 1994, soldiers from the United States, France and Britain marched in a parade which was part of the ceremonies to mark the withdrawal of allied occupation troops allowing areunified Berlin[67](the last Russian troops departed on 31 August, while the final departure of Western Allies forces was on 8 September 1994). On 20 June 1991, theBundestag(German Parliament)voted to move the seatof the German capital from Bonn to Berlin, which was completed in 1999, during the chancellorship ofGerhard Schröder.[68]
Berlin's 2001 administrative reformmerged several boroughs, reducing their number from 23 to 12.[69]
In 2006, theFIFA World Cup Finalwas held in Berlin.[70]
Construction of the "Berlin Wall Trail" (Berliner Mauerweg) began in 2002 and was completed in 2006.
In a2016 terrorist attacklinked toISIL,a truck was deliberately driven into a Christmas market next to theKaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church,leaving 13 people dead and 55 others injured.[71][72]
In 2018, more than 200,000 protestors took to the streets in Berlin with demonstrations of solidarity against racism, in response to the emergence offar-right politics in Germany.[73]
Berlin Brandenburg Airport(BER) opened in 2020, nine years later than planned, with Terminal 1 coming into service at the end of October, and flights to and fromTegel Airportending in November.[74]Due to the fall in passenger numbers resulting from theCOVID-19 pandemic,plans were announced to close BER's Terminal 5, the formerSchönefeld Airport,beginning in March 2021.[75]The connecting link of U-Bahn line U5 from Alexanderplatz to Hauptbahnhof, along with the new stations Rotes Rathaus and Unter den Linden, opened on 4 December 2020, the Museumsinsel U-Bahn station opened in 2021, which completed all new works on the U5.[76]
A partial opening by the end of 2020 of theHumboldt Forummuseum, housed in the reconstructedBerlin Palace,was postponed until March 2021.[77]On 16 September 2022, the opening of the eastern wing, the last section of the Humboldt Forum museum, meant the Humboldt Forum museum was finally completed. It became Germany's currently most expensive cultural project.[78]
Berlin-Brandenburg fusion attempt
[edit]
The legal basis for a combined state of Berlin andBrandenburgis different from other state fusion proposals. Normally, Article 29 of theBasic Lawstipulates that a state fusion requires a federal law.[79]However, a clause added to the Basic Law in 1994, Article 118a, allows Berlin and Brandenburg to unify without federal approval, requiring a referendum and a ratification by both state parliaments.[80]
In 1996, there was an unsuccessful attempt of unifying the states of Berlin and Brandenburg.[81]Both share a common history, dialect and culture and in 2020, there are over 225,000 residents of Brandenburg that commute to Berlin. The fusion had the near-unanimous support by a broad coalition of both state governments, political parties, media, business associations, trade unions and churches.[82]Though Berlin voted in favor by a small margin, largely based on support in formerWest Berlin,Brandenburg voters disapproved of the fusion by a large margin. It failed largely due to Brandenburg voters not wanting to take on Berlin's large and growing public debt and fearing losing identity and influence to the capital.[81]
Geography
[edit]Topography
[edit]
Berlin is in northeastern Germany, in an area of low-lying marshy woodlands with a mainly flattopography,part of the vastNorthern European Plainwhich stretches all the way from northern France to western Russia. TheBerliner Urstromtal(an ice ageglacial valley), between the lowBarnim Plateauto the north and theTeltow plateauto the south, was formed by meltwater flowing from ice sheets at the end of the lastWeichselian glaciation.TheSpreefollows this valley now. In Spandau, a borough in the west of Berlin, the Spree empties into the riverHavel,which flows from north to south through western Berlin. The course of the Havel is more like a chain of lakes, the largest being the Tegeler See and theGroßer Wannsee.A series of lakes also feeds into the upper Spree, which flows through theGroßer Müggelseein eastern Berlin.[83]
Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend onto the low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Valley. Large parts of the boroughsReinickendorfandPankowlie on the Barnim Plateau, while most of the boroughs ofCharlottenburg-Wilmersdorf,Steglitz-Zehlendorf,Tempelhof-Schöneberg,andNeuköllnlie on the Teltow Plateau.
The borough of Spandau lies partly within the Berlin Glacial Valley and partly on the Nauen Plain, which stretches to the west of Berlin. Since 2015, the Arkenberge hills in Pankow at 122 meters (400 ft) elevation, have been the highest point in Berlin. Through the disposal of construction debris they surpassedTeufelsberg(120.1 m or 394 ft), which itself was made up of rubble from the ruins of the Second World War.[84]TheMüggelbergeat 114.7 meters (376 ft) elevation is the highest natural point and the lowest is the Spektesee in Spandau, at 28.1 meters (92 ft) elevation.[85]
Climate
[edit]Berlin has anoceanic climate(Köppen:Cfb)[86]bordering on ahumid continental climate(Dfb). This type of climate features mild to very warm summer temperatures and cold, though not very severe, winters. Annual precipitation is modest.[87][88]
Frosts are common in winter, and there are larger temperature differences between seasons than typical for manyoceanic climates.Summers are warm and sometimes humid with average high temperatures of 22–25 °C (72–77 °F) and lows of 12–14 °C (54–57 °F). Winters are cold with average high temperatures of 3 °C (37 °F) and lows of −2 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F). Spring and autumn are generally chilly to mild. Berlin's built-up area creates a microclimate, withheat stored by the city's buildings and pavement.Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.[89]Annual precipitation is 570 millimeters (22 in) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall mainly occurs from December through March.[90]The hottest month in Berlin was July 1834, with a mean temperature of 23.0 °C (73.4 °F) and the coldest wasJanuary 1709,with a mean temperature of −13.2 °C (8.2 °F).[91]The wettest month on record was July 1907, with 230 millimeters (9.1 in) of rainfall, whereas the driest were October 1866, November 1902, October 1908 and September 1928, all with 1 millimeter (0.039 in) of rainfall.[92]
| Climate data for Berlin (Brandenburg), 1991–2020, extremes 1957–2024 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.1 (59.2) |
19.2 (66.6) |
25.8 (78.4) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.7 (90.9) |
38.4 (101.1) |
38.3 (100.9) |
38.0 (100.4) |
34.1 (93.4) |
27.7 (81.9) |
20.9 (69.6) |
15.6 (60.1) |
38.4 (101.1) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 10.6 (51.1) |
12.4 (54.3) |
17.9 (64.2) |
24.0 (75.2) |
28.4 (83.1) |
31.5 (88.7) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.7 (90.9) |
26.9 (80.4) |
21.5 (70.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
34.8 (94.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
15.1 (59.2) |
19.6 (67.3) |
22.9 (73.2) |
25.0 (77.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
19.8 (67.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
7.7 (45.9) |
4.1 (39.4) |
14.2 (57.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.7 (33.3) |
1.6 (34.9) |
4.6 (40.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
14.2 (57.6) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.6 (67.3) |
19.2 (66.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
1.8 (35.2) |
9.9 (49.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.2 (28.0) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
0.4 (32.7) |
4.0 (39.2) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
14.0 (57.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
9.8 (49.6) |
5.6 (42.1) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
5.3 (41.6) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | −12.0 (10.4) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
1.7 (35.1) |
6.3 (43.3) |
8.9 (48.0) |
8.1 (46.6) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.3 (−13.5) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
−19.1 (−2.4) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
1.3 (34.3) |
4.9 (40.8) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−17.8 (0.0) |
−24.0 (−11.2) |
−25.3 (−13.5) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 41.5 (1.63) |
30.0 (1.18) |
35.9 (1.41) |
27.7 (1.09) |
52.8 (2.08) |
60.2 (2.37) |
70.0 (2.76) |
52.4 (2.06) |
43.6 (1.72) |
40.3 (1.59) |
38.8 (1.53) |
39.1 (1.54) |
532.3 (20.96) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 15.8 | 13.9 | 14 | 10.9 | 12.8 | 12.4 | 13.4 | 12.7 | 11.6 | 13.6 | 14.5 | 16.4 | 162 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 1.0 cm) | 8.4 | 6.8 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.4 | 4.9 | 24.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 85.9 | 81.2 | 75.8 | 67.2 | 66.9 | 66.3 | 67 | 68.5 | 76 | 82.7 | 87.8 | 87.5 | 76.1 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 52.6 | 77.9 | 126.7 | 196.4 | 231.1 | 232.9 | 233.7 | 222.2 | 168.9 | 113.8 | 57.4 | 45.0 | 1,758.6 |
| Source 1: Data derived fromDeutscher Wetterdienst[93] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2:NCEI(days with precipitation and snow, humidity)[94] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Berlin (Dahlem), 58 m or 190 ft, 1961–1990 normals, extremes 1908–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
30.9 (87.6) |
33.3 (91.9) |
36.1 (97.0) |
37.9 (100.2) |
37.7 (99.9) |
34.2 (93.6) |
27.5 (81.5) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.7 (60.3) |
37.9 (100.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.9 (46.2) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.8 (71.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.8 (73.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
7.0 (44.6) |
3.2 (37.8) |
12.9 (55.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) |
0.6 (33.1) |
4.0 (39.2) |
8.4 (47.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
16.7 (62.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.2 (63.0) |
13.5 (56.3) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.6 (40.3) |
1.2 (34.2) |
8.9 (48.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.9 (26.8) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
0.5 (32.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11.4 (52.5) |
12.9 (55.2) |
12.4 (54.3) |
9.4 (48.9) |
5.9 (42.6) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
5.0 (41.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −21.0 (−5.8) |
−26.0 (−14.8) |
−16.5 (2.3) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−2.9 (26.8) |
0.8 (33.4) |
5.4 (41.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−16.1 (3.0) |
−20.2 (−4.4) |
−26.0 (−14.8) |
| Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 43.0 (1.69) |
37.0 (1.46) |
38.0 (1.50) |
42.0 (1.65) |
55.0 (2.17) |
71.0 (2.80) |
53.0 (2.09) |
65.0 (2.56) |
46.0 (1.81) |
36.0 (1.42) |
50.0 (1.97) |
55.0 (2.17) |
591 (23.29) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 112 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 45.4 | 72.3 | 122.0 | 157.7 | 221.6 | 220.9 | 217.9 | 210.2 | 156.3 | 110.9 | 52.4 | 37.4 | 1,625 |
| Source 1:NOAA[95] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Berliner Extremwerte[96] | |||||||||||||
Cityscape and architecture
[edit]Cityscape
[edit]
Berlin's history has left the city with a polycentricmetropolitan areaand an eclectic mix of architecture. The city's appearance today has been predominantly shaped by German history during the 20th century. 17% of Berlin's buildings areGründerzeitor earlier and nearly 25% are of the 1920s and 1930s, when Berlin played a part in the origin ofmodern architecture.[97][98]
Devastated by thebombing of Berlin in World War IImany of the buildings that had survived in both East and West were demolished during the postwar period. After the reunification, many important heritage structures have beenreconstructed,including theForum Fridericianumalong with, theBerlin State Opera,Charlottenburg Palace,Gendarmenmarkt,Alte Kommandantur,as well as theCity Palace.
Thetallest buildings in Berlinare spread across the urban area, with clusters atPotsdamer Platz,City West,andAlexanderplatz.
Over one-third of the city's area consists of green and open-space,[16]with theGroßer Tiergarten,one of the largest and most popular parks in Berlin, located in the centre of the city.
Architecture
[edit]
TheFernsehturm(TV tower) atAlexanderplatzinMitteis among the tallest structures in the European Union at 368 m (1,207 ft). Built in 1969, it is visible throughout most of the central districts of Berlin. The city can be viewed from its 204-meter-high (669 ft) observation floor. Starting here, theKarl-Marx-Alleeheads east, an avenue lined by monumental residential buildings, designed in theSocialist Classicismstyle. Adjacent to this area is theRotes Rathaus(City Hall), with its distinctive red-brick architecture. In front of it is theNeptunbrunnen,a fountain featuring a mythological group ofTritons,personificationsof the four main Prussian rivers, andNeptuneon top of it.
TheBrandenburg Gateis an iconic landmark of Berlin and Germany; it stands as a symbol of eventful European history and of unity and peace. TheReichstag buildingis the traditional seat of the German Parliament. It was remodeled by British architectNorman Fosterin the 1990s and features a glass dome over the session area, which allows free public access to the parliamentary proceedings and magnificent views of the city.
TheEast Side Galleryis an open-air exhibition of art painted directly on the last existing portions of the Berlin Wall. It is the largest remaining evidence of the city's historical division.
TheGendarmenmarktis aneoclassicalsquare in Berlin, the name of which derives from the headquarters of the famous Gens d'armes regiment located here in the 18th century. Two similarly designed cathedrals border it, theFranzösischer Domwith its observation platform and theDeutscher Dom.The Konzerthaus (Concert Hall), home of the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, stands between the two cathedrals.
TheMuseum Islandin theRiver Spreehousesfive museumsbuilt from 1830 to 1930 and is aUNESCOWorld Heritagesite. Restoration and construction of a main entrance to all museums (James Simon Gallery), as well as reconstruction of theBerlin Palace(Stadtschloss) were completed.[99][100]Also on the island and next to theLustgartenand palace isBerlin Cathedral,emperor William II's ambitious attempt to create a Protestant counterpart toSt. Peter's Basilicain Rome. A large crypt houses the remains of some of the earlier Prussian royal family.St. Hedwig's Cathedralis Berlin's Roman Catholic cathedral.
Unter den Lindenis a tree-lined east–west avenue from the Brandenburg Gate to the Berlin Palace, and was once Berlin's premier promenade. Many Classical buildings line the street, and part ofHumboldt Universityis there.Friedrichstraßewas Berlin's legendary street during theGolden Twenties.It combines 20th-century traditions with the modern architecture of today's Berlin.
Potsdamer Platzis an entire quarter built from scratch after theWallcame down.[101]To the west of Potsdamer Platz is the Kulturforum, which houses theGemäldegalerie,and is flanked by theNeue Nationalgalerieand theBerliner Philharmonie.TheMemorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe,aHolocaustmemorial, is to the north.[102]
The area aroundHackescher Marktis home to fashionable culture, with countless clothing outlets, clubs, bars, and galleries. This includes theHackesche Höfe,a conglomeration of buildings around several courtyards, reconstructed around 1996. The nearbyNew Synagogueis the center of Jewish culture.
TheStraße des 17. Juni,connecting the Brandenburg Gate and Ernst-Reuter-Platz, serves as the central east–west axis. Its name commemorates theuprisings in East Berlin of 17 June 1953.Approximately halfway from the Brandenburg Gate is the Großer Stern, a circular traffic island on which theSiegessäule(Victory Column) is situated. This monument, built to commemorate Prussia's victories, was relocated in 1938–39 from its previous position in front of the Reichstag.
TheKurfürstendammis home to some of Berlin's luxurious stores with theKaiser Wilhelm Memorial Churchat its eastern end onBreitscheidplatz.The church was destroyed in the Second World War and left in ruins. Nearby on Tauentzienstraße isKaDeWe,claimed to be continental Europe's largest department store. TheRathaus Schöneberg,whereJohn F. Kennedymade his famous "Ich bin ein Berliner!"speech, is inTempelhof-Schöneberg.
West of the center,Bellevue Palaceis the residence of the German President.Charlottenburg Palace,which was burnt out in the Second World War, is the largest historical palace in Berlin.
TheFunkturm Berlinis a 150-meter-tall (490 ft) lattice radio tower in the fairground area, built between 1924 and 1926. It is the only observation tower which stands on insulators and has a restaurant 55 m (180 ft) and an observation deck 126 m (413 ft) above ground, which is reachable by a windowed elevator.
TheOberbaumbrückeover the Spree river is Berlin's most iconic bridge, connecting the now-combined boroughs ofFriedrichshainandKreuzberg.It carries vehicles, pedestrians, and the U1Berlin U-Bahnline. The bridge was completed in abrick gothicstyle in 1896, replacing the former wooden bridge with an upper deck for the U-Bahn. The center portion was demolished in 1945 to stop theRed Armyfrom crossing. After the war, the repaired bridge served as acheckpoint and border crossingbetween the Soviet and American sectors, and later between East and West Berlin. In the mid-1950s, it was closed to vehicles, and after the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, pedestrian traffic was heavily restricted. Following German reunification, the center portion was reconstructed with a steel frame, and U-Bahn service resumed in 1995.
Demographics
[edit]
At the end of 2018, the city-state of Berlin had 3.75 million registered inhabitants[103]in an area of 891.1 km2(344.1 sq mi).[3]The city's population density was 4,206 inhabitants per km2.Berlin is themost populous city properin theEuropean Union.In 2019, the urban area of Berlin had about 4.5 million inhabitants.[5]As of 2019[update],thefunctional urban areawas home to about 5.2 million people.[104]The entireBerlin-Brandenburg capital regionhas a population of more than 6 million in an area of 30,546 km2(11,794 sq mi).[105][3]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1721 | 65,300 | — |
| 1750 | 113,289 | +73.5% |
| 1800 | 172,132 | +51.9% |
| 1815 | 197,717 | +14.9% |
| 1825 | 220,277 | +11.4% |
| 1840 | 330,230 | +49.9% |
| 1852 | 438,958 | +32.9% |
| 1861 | 547,571 | +24.7% |
| 1871 | 826,341 | +50.9% |
| 1880 | 1,122,330 | +35.8% |
| 1890 | 1,578,794 | +40.7% |
| 1900 | 1,888,848 | +19.6% |
| 1910 | 2,071,257 | +9.7% |
| 1920 | 3,879,409 | +87.3% |
| 1925 | 4,082,778 | +5.2% |
| 1933 | 4,221,024 | +3.4% |
| 1939 | 4,330,640 | +2.6% |
| 1945 | 3,064,629 | −29.2% |
| 1950 | 3,336,026 | +8.9% |
| 1960 | 3,274,016 | −1.9% |
| 1970 | 3,208,719 | −2.0% |
| 1980 | 3,048,759 | −5.0% |
| 1990 | 3,433,695 | +12.6% |
| 2000 | 3,388,434 | −1.3% |
| 2011 | 3,292,365 | −2.8% |
| 2022 | 3,596,999 | +9.3% |
| Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. | ||
In 2014, the city-state Berlin had 37,368 live births (+6.6%), a record number since 1991. The number of deaths was 32,314. Almost 2.0 million households were counted in the city. 54 percent of them were single-person households. More than 337,000 families with children under the age of 18 lived in Berlin. In 2014, the German capital registered a migration surplus of approximately 40,000 people.[106]
Nationalities
[edit]
| Country | Population (31.12.2023) |
|---|---|
| Germany |
2,931,731 |
 Turkey |
107,022 |
 Ukraine |
62,495 |
 Poland |
54,099 |
 Syria |
48,301 |
 Russian Federation |
37,815 |
 Italy |
33,732 |
 India |
33,257 |
 Bulgaria |
33,256 |
 Romania |
28,843 |
 Vietnam |
25,851 |
 Afghanistan |
22,172 |
 USA |
21,743 |
 Serbia |
21,305 |
 France |
19,484 |
National and international migration into the city has a long history. In 1685, after the revocation of theEdict of Nantesin France, the city responded with theEdict of Potsdam,which guaranteed religious freedom and tax-free status to French Huguenot refugees for ten years. TheGreater Berlin Actin 1920 incorporated many suburbs and surrounding cities of Berlin. It formed most of the territory that comprises modern Berlin and increased the population from 1.9 million to 4 million.
Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin triggered waves of immigration in the 1960s and 1970s. Berlin is home to at least 180,000TurkishandTurkish Germanresidents,[103]making it the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey.[107]In the 1990s theAussiedlergesetzeenabled immigration to Germany of some residents from the formerSoviet Union.Today ethnicGermansfrom countries of the former Soviet Union make up the largest portion of the Russian-speaking community.[108]The last decade experienced an influx from various Western countries and some African regions.[109]A portion of the African immigrants have settled in theAfrikanisches Viertel.[110]Young Germans, EU-Europeans and Israelis have also settled in the city.[111]
In December 2019 there were 777,345 registered residents of foreign nationality and another 542,975 German citizens with a "migration background"(Migrationshintergrund, MH),[103]meaning they or one of their parents immigrated to Germany after 1955. Foreign residents of Berlin originate from about 190 countries.[112]48 percent of the residents under the age of 15 have a migration background in 2017.[113]Berlin in 2009 was estimated to have 100,000 to 250,000 unregistered inhabitants.[114]Boroughs of Berlin with a significant number of migrants or foreign born population areMitte,NeuköllnandFriedrichshain-Kreuzberg.[115]The number of Arabic speakers in Berlin could be higher than 150,000. There are at least 40,000 Berliners with Syrian citizenship, third only behind Turkish and Polish citizens. The2015 refugee crisismade Berlin Europe's capital of Arab culture.[116]Berlin is among the cities in Germany that have received the biggest amount of refugees after the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.As of November 2022, an estimated 85,000 Ukrainian refugees were registered in Berlin,[117]making Berlin the most popular destination of Ukrainian refugees in Germany.[118]
Berlin has a vibrantexpatriatecommunity involving precarious immigrants, illegal immigrants, seasonal workers, and refugees. Therefore, Berlin sustains a broad variety of English-based speakers. Speaking a particular type of English does attract prestige andcultural capitalin Berlin.[119]
Languages
[edit]German is the official and predominant spoken language in Berlin. It is aWest Germanic languagethat derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of theIndo-Europeanlanguage family. German is one of 24 languages of the European Union,[120]and one of the threeworking languagesof theEuropean Commission.
Berlinerisch or Berlinisch is not a dialect linguistically. It is spoken in Berlin and thesurrounding metropolitan area.It originates from aBrandenburgishvariant. The dialect is now seen more like asociolect,largely through increased immigration and trends among the educated population to speakstandard Germanin everyday life.
The most commonly spoken foreign languages in Berlin are Turkish, Polish, English, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Spanish and Vietnamese. Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, and Serbo-Croatian are heard more often in the western part due to the large Middle Eastern and former-Yugoslavian communities. Polish, English, Russian, and Vietnamese have more native speakers in East Berlin.[121]
Religion
[edit]Religion in Berlin (2022)[122]
On the report of the 2011 census, approximately 37 percent of the population reported being members of a legally-recognized church or religious organization. The rest either did not belong to such an organization, or there was no information available about them.[123]
The largest religious denomination recorded in 2010 was theProtestantregional church body—theEvangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia (EKBO)—aunited church.EKBO is a member of theProtestant Church in Germany (EKD)and of theUnion of Protestant Churches in the EKD (UEK).According to the EKBO, their membership accounted for 18.7 percent of the local population, while theRoman Catholic Churchhad 9.1 percent of residents registered as its members.[124]About 2.7% of the population identify with other Christian denominations (mostlyEastern Orthodox,but also various Protestants).[125]According to the Berlin residents register, in 2018 14.9 percent were members of the Evangelical Church, and 8.5 percent were members of the Catholic Church.[103]The government keeps a register of members of these churches for tax purposes, because it collectschurch taxon behalf of the churches. It does not keep records of members of other religious organizations which may collect their own church tax, in this way.
In 2009, approximately 249,000Muslimswere reported by theOffice of Statisticsto be members of mosques and Islamic religious organizations in Berlin,[126]while in 2016, the newspaperDer Tagesspiegelestimated that about 350,000 Muslims observedRamadanin Berlin.[127]In 2019, about 437,000 registered residents, 11.6% of the total, reported having a migration background from one of theMember states of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.[103][127]Between 1992 and 2011 the Muslim population almost doubled.[128]
About 0.9% of Berliners belong to other religions. Of the estimated population of 30,000–45,000 Jewish residents,[129]approximately 12,000 are registered members of religious organizations.[125]
Berlin is the seat of theRoman Catholic archbishop of BerlinandEKBO's elected chairperson is titled the bishop of EKBO. Furthermore, Berlin is the seat of many Orthodox cathedrals, such as the Cathedral of St. Boris the Baptist, one of the two seats of theBulgarian OrthodoxDiocese of Western and Central Europe, and the Resurrection of Christ Cathedral of the Diocese of Berlin (Patriarchate of Moscow).
The faithful of the different religions and denominations maintain manyplaces of worship in Berlin.TheIndependent Evangelical Lutheran Churchhas eight parishes of different sizes in Berlin.[130]There are 36Baptistcongregations (withinUnion of Evangelical Free Church Congregations in Germany), 29New Apostolic Churches,15United Methodistchurches, eight Free Evangelical Congregations, fourChurches of Christ, Scientist(1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 11th), six congregations ofthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,anOld Catholicchurch, and anAnglicanchurch in Berlin. Berlin has more than 80 mosques,[131]ten synagogues,[132]and twoBuddhistas well as fourHindutemples.
Government and politics
[edit]German federal city state
[edit]
Since theGerman reunificationon 3 October 1990, Berlin has been one of the three city-states of Germanyamong the present 16 federal states of Germany. TheAbgeordnetenhaus von Berlin(House of Representatives) functions as the city and state parliament, which has 141 seats. Berlin's executive body is theSenate of Berlin(Senat von Berlin). The Senate consists of theGoverning Mayor of Berlin(Regierender Bürgermeister), and up to ten senators holding ministerial positions, two of them holding the title of "Mayor" (Bürgermeister) as deputy to the Governing Mayor.[133]
The total annual budget of Berlin in 2015 exceeded €24.5 ($30.0) billion including a budget surplus of €205 ($240) million.[134]The German Federal city state of Berlin owns extensive assets, including administrative and government buildings, real estate companies, as well as stakes in the Olympic Stadium, swimming pools, housing companies, and numerous public enterprises and subsidiary companies.[135][136]The federal state of Berlin runs a real estate portal to advertise commercial spaces or land suitable for redevelopment.[137]
TheSocial Democratic Party(SPD) andThe Left(Die Linke) took control of the city government after the2001 state electionand won another term in the2006 state election.[138]From the2016 state electionuntil the2023 state election,there was a coalition between the Social Democratic Party, the Greens and the Left Party. Since April 2023, the government has been formed by a coalition between the Christian Democrats and the Social Democrats.[139]
The Governing Mayor is simultaneously Lord Mayor of the City of Berlin (Oberbürgermeister der Stadt) and Minister President of the State of Berlin (Ministerpräsident des Bundeslandes). The office of the Governing Mayor is in theRotes Rathaus (Red City Hall).Since 2023, this office has been held byKai Wegnerof the Christian Democrats.[139]He is the first conservative mayor in Berlin in more than two decades.[140]
Boroughs
[edit]
Berlin is subdivided into 12 boroughs or districts (Bezirke). Each borough has several subdistricts or neighborhoods (Ortsteile), which have roots in much older municipalities that predate the formation of Greater Berlin on 1 October 1920. These subdistricts became urbanized and incorporated into the city later on. Many residents strongly identify with their neighborhoods, colloquially calledKiez.At present, Berlin consists of 96 subdistricts, which are commonly made up of several smaller residential areas or quarters.[citation needed]
Each borough is governed by a borough council (Bezirksamt) consisting of five councilors (Bezirksstadträte) including the borough's mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister). The council is elected by the borough assembly (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). However, the individual boroughs are not independent municipalities, but subordinate to the Senate of Berlin.[citation needed]The borough's mayors make up the council of mayors (Rat der Bürgermeister), which is led by the city's Governing Mayor and advises the Senate. The neighborhoods have no local government bodies.
City partnerships
[edit]Berlin to this day maintains official partnerships with 17 cities.[141]Town twinningbetweenWest Berlinand other cities began with its sister city Los Angeles, California, in 1967.East Berlin's partnerships were canceled at the time ofGerman reunification.
Capital city
[edit]Berlin is the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany. ThePresident of Germany,whose functions are mainly ceremonial under theGerman constitution,has their official residence inBellevue Palace.[142]Berlin is theseatof theGerman Chancellor(Prime Minister), housed in theChancellery building,theBundeskanzleramt.Facing the Chancellery is theBundestag,the German Parliament, housed in the renovatedReichstag buildingsince the government's relocation to Berlin in 1998. TheBundesrat( "federal council", performing the function of anupper house) is therepresentationof the16 constituent states(Länder) of Germany and has its seat at the formerPrussian House of Lords.The total annual federal budget managed by the German government exceeded €310 ($375) billion in 2013.[143]
-
TheFederal Chancellery building,seat of theChancellor of Germany -
-
Schloss Bellevue,seat of thePresident of Germany -
Prussian House of Lords,seat of theBundesrat of Germany -
The relocation of the federalgovernmentand Bundestag to Berlin was mostly completed in 1999. However, some ministries, as well as some minor departments, stayed in thefederal cityBonn,the former capital of West Germany.Discussions about movingthe remaining ministries and departments to Berlin continue.[144]
TheFederal Foreign Officeand the ministries and departments ofDefense,Justice and Consumer Protection,Finance,Interior,Economic Affairs and Energy,Labor and Social Affairs,Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth,Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety,Food and Agriculture,Economic Cooperation and Development,Health,Transport and Digital InfrastructureandEducation and Researchare based in the capital.
Embassies
[edit]Berlin hosts in total 158 foreign embassies[145]as well as the headquarters of many think tanks, trade unions, nonprofit organizations, lobbying groups, and professional associations. Frequent official visits and diplomatic consultations among governmental representatives and national leaders are common in contemporary Berlin.
Economy
[edit]
In 2018, the GDP of Berlin totaled €147 billion, an increase of 3.1% over the previous year.[3]Berlin's economy is dominated by theservice sector,with around 84% of all companies doing business in services. In 2015, the total labor force in Berlin was 1.85 million. The unemployment rate reached a 24-year low in November 2015 and stood at 10.0%.[147]From 2012 to 2015 Berlin, as a German state, had the highest annual employment growth rate. Around 130,000 jobs were added in this period.[148]
Important economic sectors in Berlin include life sciences, transportation, information and communication technologies, media and music, advertising and design, biotechnology, environmental services, construction, e-commerce, retail, hotel business, and medical engineering.[149]
Research and development have economic significance for the city.[150]Several major corporations like Volkswagen, Pfizer, and SAP operate innovation laboratories in the city.[151] The Science and Business Park in Adlershof is the largest technology park in Germany measured by revenue.[152]Within theEurozone,Berlin has become a center for business relocation and internationalinvestments.[153]
| Year[154] | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unemployment rate in % | 13.6 | 13.3 | 12.3 | 11.7 | 11.1 | 10.7 | 9.8 | 9.0 | 8.1 | 7.8 | 6.4 | 8.6 | 9.1 |
Companies
[edit]
Many German and international companies have business or service centers in the city. For several years Berlin has been recognized as a major center ofbusiness founders.[156]In 2015, Berlin generated the most venture capital for youngstartup companiesin Europe.[157]
Among the 10 largest employers in Berlin are the City-State of Berlin,Deutsche Bahn,largest railway company in the world,[155]the hospital providersCharitéandVivantes,the Federal Government of Germany, the local public transport providerBVG,SiemensandDeutsche Telekom.[158]
Siemens, aGlobal 500andDAX-listed company is partly headquartered in Berlin. Other DAX-listed companies headquartered in Berlin are the property companyDeutsche Wohnenand the online food delivery serviceDelivery Hero.The national railway operatorDeutsche Bahn,[159]Europe's largest digital publisher[160]Axel Springeras well as theMDAX-listed firmsZalandoandHelloFreshand also have their main headquarters in the city. Among the largest international corporations who have their German or European headquarters in Berlin areBombardier Transportation,Securing Energy for Europe,Coca-Cola,Pfizer,SonyandTotalEnergies.
As of 2023,Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe,a network ofpublic banksthat together form the largest financial services group in Germany and in all of Europe, is headquartered in Berlin. TheBundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbankenhas its headquarters in Berlin, managing around 1.200 trillion euros.[161]The three largest banks in the capital areDeutsche Kreditbank,Landesbank BerlinandBerlin Hyp.[162]
Mercedes-Benz Groupmanufactures cars, andBMW builds motorcyclesin Berlin. In 2022, American electric car manufacturerTeslaopened its first European Gigafactory outside the city borders inGrünheide (Mark),Brandenburg. The Pharmaceuticals division ofBayer[163]andBerlin Chemieare major pharmaceutical companies in the city.
Tourism and conventions
[edit]
Berlin had 788 hotels with 134,399 beds in 2014.[164]The city recorded 28.7 million overnight hotel stays and 11.9 million hotel guests in 2014.[164]Tourism figures have more than doubled within the last ten years and Berlin has become the third-most-visited city destination in Europe. Some of the most visited places in Berlin include:Potsdamer Platz,Brandenburger Tor,the Berlin wall,Alexanderplatz,Museumsinsel,Fernsehturm,theEast-Side Gallery,Schloss-Charlottenburg,Zoologischer Garten,Siegessäule,Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer,Mauerpark,Botanical Garden,Französischer Dom,Deutscher DomandHolocaust-Mahnmal.The largest visitor groups are from Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and the United States.[citation needed]
According to figures from theInternational Congress and Convention Associationin 2015, Berlin became the leading organizer of conferences globally, hosting 195 international meetings.[165]Some of these congress events take place on venues such as CityCube Berlin or the Berlin Congress Center (bcc).
TheMesse Berlin(also known as Berlin ExpoCenter City) is the main convention organizing company in the city. Its main exhibition area covers more than 160,000 square meters (1,722,226 sq ft). Several large-scale trade fairs like the consumer electronics trade fairIFA,where the first practical audiotape recorderand the firstcompletely electronic television systemwere first introduced to the public,[166][167][168][169]theILA Berlin Air Show,theBerlin Fashion Week(including thePremium Berlinand thePanorama Berlin),[170]theGreen Week,theFruit Logistica,the transport fairInnoTrans,the tourism fairITBand the adult entertainment and erotic fairVenusare held annually in the city, attracting a significant number of business visitors.
Creative industries
[edit]
Thecreative arts and entertainmentbusiness is an important part of Berlin's economy. The sector comprises music, film, advertising, architecture, art, design,fashion,performing arts, publishing,R&D,software,[172]TV, radio, andvideo games.
In 2014, around 30,500 creative companies operated in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan region, predominantlySMEs.Generating a revenue of 15.6 billion Euro and 6% of all private economic sales, the culture industry grew from 2009 to 2014 at an average rate of 5.5% per year.[173]
Berlin is an important European andGerman film industryhub.[174]It is home to more than 1,000 film and television production companies, 270 movie theaters, and around 300 national and international co-productions are filmed in the region every year.[150]The historicBabelsberg Studiosand the production companyUFAare adjacent to Berlin inPotsdam.The city is also home of theGerman Film Academy(Deutsche Filmakademie), founded in 2003, and theEuropean Film Academy,founded in 1988.
Media
[edit]
Berlin is home to many magazine, newspaper, book, and scientific/academic publishers and their associated service industries. In addition, around 20 news agencies, more than 90 regional daily newspapers and their websites, as well as the Berlin offices of more than 22 national publications such asDer Spiegel,andDie Zeitreinforce the capital's position as Germany's epicenter for influential debate. Therefore, many international journalists, bloggers, and writers live and work in the city.[citation needed]
Berlin is the central location to several international and regional television and radio stations.[175]The public broadcasterRBBhas its headquarters in Berlin as well as the commercial broadcastersMTV EuropeandWelt.German international public broadcasterDeutsche Wellehas its TV production unit in Berlin, and most national German broadcasters have a studio in the city, includingZDFandRTL.
Berlin has Germany's largest number of daily newspapers, with numerous localbroadsheets(Berliner Morgenpost,Berliner Zeitung,Der Tagesspiegel), and three majortabloids,as well as national dailies of varying sizes, each with a different political affiliation, such asDie Welt,Neues Deutschland,andDie Tageszeitung.The Berliner,a monthly magazine, is Berlin's English-language periodical andLa Gazette de Berlina French-language newspaper.[citation needed]
Berlin is also the headquarter of major German-language publishing houses likeWalter de Gruyter,Springer,the Ullstein Verlagsgruppe (publishing group),Suhrkamp,and Cornelsen are all based in Berlin. Each of which publishes books, periodicals, and multimedia products.[citation needed]
Quality of life
[edit]
According toMercer,Berlin ranked number 13 in the Quality of Living City Ranking in 2019.[176]
Also in 2019, according toMonocle,Berlin occupied the position of the 6th-most-livable city in the world.[177]Economist Intelligence Unitranked Berlin number 21 of all global cities forlivability.[178]In 2019 Berlin was also number 8 on the Global Power City Index.[179]In the same year Berlin was honored for having the best future prospects of all cities in Germany.[180]
Transport
[edit]Roads
[edit]Berlin's transport infrastructure provides a diverse range of urban mobility.[181]
A total of 979 bridges cross 197 km (122 miles) the inner-city waterways. Berlin roads total 5,422 km (3,369 miles) of which 77 km (48 miles) are motorways (known asAutobahn).[182]TheAVUSwas the first automobile-only road[183]and served as an inspiration for the first motorways in the world.[184][185]In 2013 only 1.344 million motor vehicles were registered in the city.[182]With 377 cars per 1000 residents in 2013 (570/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a Western global city has one of the lowest numbers of cars per capita.[186]
Cycling
[edit]
Berlin is well known for its highly developedbicycle lanesystem.[187]It is estimated that Berlin has 710 bicycles per 1,000 residents. Around 500,000 daily bike riders accounted for 13 percent of total traffic in 2010.[188]
Cyclists in Berlin have access to 620 km of bicycle paths including approximately 150 km of mandatory bicycle paths, 190 km of off-road bicycle routes, 60 km of bicycle lanes on roads, 70 km of shared bus lanes which are also open to cyclists, 100 km of combined pedestrian/bike paths and 50 km of marked bicycle lanes on roadside pavements or sidewalks.[189]Riders are allowed to carry their bicycles onRegionalbahn(RE), S-Bahn and U-Bahn trains, on trams, and on night buses if a bike ticket is purchased.[190]
Taxicabs
[edit]
Taxicabs in Berlin are yellow or beige. In 2024, around 8,000taxicabswere in service.[191]Like in most of Europe, app-basedsharing cab servicesare available but limited.[192]
Rail
[edit]
Long-distance rail lines directly connect Berlin with all of the major cities of Germany. the regional rail lines of theVerkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburgprovide access toBrandenburgand to theBaltic Sea.TheBerlin Hauptbahnhof(Berlin Central Station) is the largestgrade-separatedrailway station in Europe.[193]TheDeutsche Bahnruns the high speedIntercity-Express(ICE) to domestic destinations, includingHamburg,Munich,Cologne,Stuttgart,andFrankfurt am Main.
Water transport
[edit]TheSpreeand theHavelrivers cross Berlin. There are no frequent passenger connections to and from Berlin by water. Berlin's largest harbour, theWesthafen,is located in the district ofMoabit.It is a transhipment and storage site for inland shipping with a growing importance.[194]
Intercity buses
[edit]There is an increasing quantity ofintercity bus services.Berlin city has more than 10 stations[195]that run buses to destinations throughout Berlin. Destinations in Germany and Europe are connected via the intercity bus exchangeZentraler Omnibusbahnhof Berlin.
Urban public transport
[edit]
TheBerliner Verkehrsbetriebe(BVG) and the German State-ownedDeutsche Bahn(DB) manage several extensive urban public transport systems.[196]
| System | Stations / Lines / Net length | Annual ridership | Operator / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| S-Bahn | 166 / 16 / 331 km (206 mi) | 431,000,000(2016) | DB/ Mainly overgroundrapid transitrail system with suburban stops |
| U-Bahn | 173 / 9 / 146 km (91 mi) | 563,000,000(2017) | BVG/ Mainly underground rail system / 24h-service on weekends |
| Tram | 404 / 22 / 194 km (121 mi) | 197,000,000(2017) | BVG / Operates predominantly in eastern boroughs |
| Bus | 3227 / 198 / 1,675 km (1,041 mi) | 440,000,000(2017) | BVG / Extensive services in all boroughs / 62 Night Lines |
| Ferry | 6 lines | BVG / Transportation as well as recreational ferries |
Public transport in Berlin has a long and complicated history because of the 20th-century division of the city, where movement between the two halves was not served. Since 1989, the transport network has been developed extensively. However, it still contains early 20th century traits, such as the U1.[197]
Airports
[edit]
Berlin is served by one commercial international airport:Berlin Brandenburg Airport(BER), located just outside Berlin's south-eastern border, in the state of Brandenburg. It began construction in 2006, with the intention of replacingTegelAirport(TXL) andSchönefeldAirport(SXF) as the single commercial airport of Berlin.[198]Previously set to open in 2012, after extensive delays and cost overruns, it opened for commercial operations in October 2020.[199]The planned initial capacity of around 27 million passengers per year[200]is to be further developed to bring the terminal capacity to approximately 55 million per year by 2040.[201]
Before the opening of the BER in Brandenburg, Berlin was served by Tegel Airport and Schönefeld Airport. Tegel Airport was within the city limits, and Schönefeld Airport was located at the same site as BER. Both airports together handled 29.5 million passengers in 2015. In 2014, 67 airlines served 163 destinations in 50 countries from Berlin.[202]TegelAirport was a focus city forLufthansaandEurowingswhile Schönefeld served as an important destination for airlines likeGermania,easyJetandRyanair.Until 2008, Berlin was also served by the smallerTempelhof Airport,which functioned as a city airport, with a convenient location near the city center, allowing for quick transit times between the central business district and the airport. The airport grounds have since been turned into a city park.[citation needed]
Rohrpost
[edit]From 1865 to 1976, Berlin operated an expansivepneumatic postal network,reaching a maximum length of 400 kilometers (roughly 250 miles) by 1940. The system was divided into two distinct networks after 1949. The West Berlin system remained in public use until 1963, and continued to be utilized for government correspondence until 1972. Conversely, the East Berlin system, which incorporated theHauptelegraphenamt—the central hub of the operation—remained functional until 1976.[citation needed]
Energy
[edit]
Berlin's two largest energy provider for private households are the Swedish firmVattenfalland the Berlin-based companyGASAG.Both offer electric power and natural gas supply. Some of the city's electric energy is imported from nearby power plants in southernBrandenburg.[203]
As of 2015[update]the fivelargest power plants measured by capacityare the Heizkraftwerk Reuter West, the Heizkraftwerk Lichterfelde, the Heizkraftwerk Mitte, the Heizkraftwerk Wilmersdorf, and the Heizkraftwerk Charlottenburg. All of thesepower stationsgenerateelectricityanduseful heatat the same time to facilitate buffering during load peaks.
In 1993 the power grid connections in the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region were renewed. In most of the inner districts of Berlin power lines are underground cables; only a 380 kV and a 110 kV line, which run from Reuter substation to the urbanAutobahn,use overhead lines. TheBerlin 380-kV electric lineis the backbone of the city's energy grid.
Health
[edit]
Berlin has a long history of discoveries in medicine and innovations in medical technology.[204]The modern history of medicine has been significantly influenced by scientists from Berlin.Rudolf Virchowwas the founder of cellular pathology, whileRobert Kochdeveloped vaccines for anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.[205]For his life's work Koch is seen as one of the founders of modern medicine.[206]
TheCharitécomplex (Universitätsklinik Charité) is the largestuniversity hospitalin Europe, tracing back its origins to the year 1710. More than half of all German Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine, includingEmil von Behring,Robert Koch andPaul Ehrlich,have worked at the Charité. The Charité is spread over four campuses and comprises around 3,000 beds, 15,500 staff, 8,000 students, and more than 60 operating theaters, and it has a turnover of two billion euros annually.[207]
Telecommunication
[edit]
Since 2017, thedigital televisionstandard in Berlin and Germany isDVB-T2.This system transmitscompresseddigital audio,digital videoand other data in anMPEG transport stream.
Berlin has installed several hundred free publicWireless LANsites across the capital since 2016. The wireless networks are concentrated mostly in central districts; 650 hotspots (325 indoor and 325 outdoor access points) are installed.[208]
TheUMTS(3G) andLTE(4G) networks of the three major cellular operatorsVodafone,T-MobileandO2enable the use of mobile broadband applications citywide.
Education and research
[edit]
As of 2014[update],Berlin had 878 schools, teaching 340,658 students in 13,727 classes and 56,787 trainees in businesses and elsewhere.[150]The city has a 6-year primary education program. After completing primary school, students continue to theSekundarschule(a comprehensive school) orGymnasium(college preparatory school). Berlin has a special bilingual school program in theEuropaschule,in which children are taught the curriculum in German and a foreign language, starting in primary school and continuing in high school.[210]
TheFranzösisches Gymnasium Berlin,which was founded in 1689 to teach the children of Huguenot refugees, offers (German/French) instruction.[211]TheJohn F. Kennedy School,a bilingual German–American public school inZehlendorf,is particularly popular with children of diplomats and the English-speaking expatriate community. 82GymnasienteachLatin[212]and 8 teachClassical Greek.[213]
Higher education
[edit]
The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region is one of the most prolific centers of higher education and research in Germany and Europe. Historically, 67 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated with the Berlin-based universities.
The city has four public research universities and more than 30 private, professional, and technical colleges(Hochschulen),offering a wide range of disciplines.[214]A record number of 175,651 students were enrolled in the winter term of 2015/16.[215]Among them around 18% have an international background.
The three largest universities combined have approximately 103,000 enrolled students. There are theFreie Universität Berlin(Free University of Berlin, FU Berlin)with about 33,000[216]students, theHumboldt Universität zu Berlin(HU Berlin)with 35,000[217]students, andTechnische Universität Berlin(TU Berlin)with 35,000[218]students. TheCharitéMedical School has around 8,000 students.[207]The FU, the HU, the TU, and the Charité make up theBerlin University Alliance,which has received funding from theExcellence Strategyprogram of the German government.[219][220]TheUniversität der Künste(UdK)has about 4,000 students andESMT Berlinis only one of four business schools in Germany withtriple accreditation.[221]TheHertie School,a private public policy school located in Mitte, has more than 900 students and doctoral students. TheBerlin School of Economics and Lawhas an enrollment of about 11,000 students, theBerlin University of Applied Sciences and Technologyof about 12,000 students, and theHochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft(University of Applied Sciences for Engineering and Economics) of about 14,000 students.
Research
[edit]
The city has a high density of internationally renowned research institutions, such as theFraunhofer Society,theDLR Institute for Planetary Research,theLeibniz Association,theHelmholtz Association,and theMax Planck Society,which are independent of, or only loosely connected to its universities.[222]In 2012, around 65,000 professional scientists were working inresearch and developmentin the city.[150]
Berlin is one of the knowledge and innovation communities (KIC) of theEuropean Institute of Innovation and Technology(EIT).[223]The KIC is based at the Center for Entrepreneurship at TU Berlin and has a focus in the development of IT industries. It partners with major multinational companies such asSiemens,Deutsche Telekom,andSAP.[224]
One of Europe's successful research, business and technologyclustersis based atWISTAinBerlin-Adlershof,with more than 1,000 affiliated firms, university departments and scientific institutions.[225]
In addition to the university-affiliated libraries, theStaatsbibliothek zu Berlinis a major research library. Its two main locations are on Potsdamer Straße and onUnter den Linden.There are also 86 public libraries in the city.[150]ResearchGate,a global social networking site for scientists, is based in Berlin.
Culture
[edit]
Berlin is known for its numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation.[27][226]The diversity and vivacity of the metropolis led to a trendsetting atmosphere.[227]An innovative music, dance and art scene has developed in the 21st century.
Young people, international artists and entrepreneurs continued to settle in the city and made Berlin a popular entertainment center in the world.[228]
The expanding cultural performance of the city was underscored by the relocation of theUniversal Music Groupwho decided to move their headquarters to the banks of the River Spree.[229]In 2005, Berlin was named "City of Design" byUNESCOand has been part of theCreative Cities Networkever since.[230][24]
Many German and International films were shot in Berlin, includingM,One, Two, Three,Cabaret,Christiane F.,Possession,Octopussy,Wings of Desire,Run Lola Run,The Bourne Trilogy,Good Bye, Lenin!,The Lives of Others,Inglourious Basterds,Hanna,UnknownandBridge of Spies.
Galleries and museums
[edit]
As of 2011[update]Berlin is home to 138 museums and more than 400 art galleries.[150][231]The ensemble on theMuseum Islandis a UNESCOWorld Heritage Siteand is in the northern part of the Spree Island between the Spree and the Kupfergraben.[27]As early as 1841 it was designated a "district dedicated to art and antiquities" by a royal decree. Subsequently, theAltes Museumwas built in the Lustgarten. TheNeues Museum,which displays thebust of Queen Nefertiti,[232]Alte Nationalgalerie,Pergamon Museum,andBode Museumwere built there.
Apart from the Museum Island, there are many additional museums in the city. TheGemäldegalerie(Painting Gallery) focuses on the paintings of the "old masters" from the 13th to the 18th centuries, while theNeue Nationalgalerie(New National Gallery, built byLudwig Mies van der Rohe) specializes in 20th-century European painting. TheHamburger Bahnhof,inMoabit,exhibits a major collection of modern and contemporary art. The expandedDeutsches Historisches Museumreopened in the Zeughaus with an overview of German history spanning more than a millennium. TheBauhaus Archiveis a museum of 20th-century design from the famousBauhausschool.Museum Berggruenhouses the collection of noted 20th century collectorHeinz Berggruen,and features an extensive assortment of works byPicasso,Matisse,Cézanne,andGiacometti,among others.[233]TheKupferstichkabinettBerlin (Museum of Prints and Drawings) is part of theStaatlichen Museen zu Berlin(Berlin State Museums) and theKulturforum at Potsdamer Platzin the Tiergarten district of Berlin's Mitte district. It is the largest museum of the graphic arts in Germany and at the same time one of the four most important collections of its kind in the world.[234]The collection includesFriedrich Gilly's design for the monument to Frederick II of Prussia.[235]
TheJewish Museumhas a standing exhibition on two millennia of German-Jewish history.[236]TheGerman Museum of TechnologyinKreuzberghas a large collection of historical technical artifacts. TheMuseum für Naturkunde(Berlin'snatural history museum) exhibitsnatural historynearBerlin Hauptbahnhof.It has the largest mounted dinosaur in the world (aGiraffatitanskeleton). A well-preserved specimen ofTyrannosaurus rexand the early birdArchaeopteryxare at display as well.[237]
InDahlem,there are several museums of world art and culture, such as theMuseum of Asian Art,theEthnological Museum,theMuseum of European Cultures,as well as theAllied Museum.TheBrücke Museumfeatures one of the largest collection of works by artist of the early 20th-century expressionist movement. InLichtenberg,on the grounds of the formerEast German Ministry for State Security,is theStasi Museum.The site ofCheckpoint Charlie,one of the most renowned crossing points of the Berlin Wall, is still preserved. A privatemuseum ventureexhibits a comprehensive documentation of detailed plans and strategies devised by people who tried to flee from the East.
TheBeate Uhse Erotic Museumclaimed to be the largest erotic museum in the world until it closed in 2014.[238][239]
The cityscape of Berlin displays large quantities of urbanstreet art.[240]It has become a significant part of the city's cultural heritage and has its roots in the graffiti scene ofKreuzbergof the 1980s.[241]TheBerlin Wallitself has become one of the largest open-air canvasses in the world.[242]The leftover stretch along the Spree river inFriedrichshainremains as theEast Side Gallery.Berlin today is consistently rated as an important world city for street art culture.[243] Berlin has galleries which are quite rich in contemporary art. Located in Mitte, KW Institute for Contemporary Art, KOW, Sprüth Magers; Kreuzberg there are a few galleries as well such as Blain Southern,Esther Schipper,Future Gallery, König Gallerie.
Nightlife and festivals
[edit]
Berlin's nightlife has been celebrated as one of the most diverse and vibrant of its kind.[244][245]In the 1970s and 80s, theSO36inKreuzbergwas a center forpunk musicand culture. TheSOUNDand theDschungelgained notoriety. Throughout the 1990s, people in their 20s from all over the world, particularly those inWesternand Central Europe, made Berlin's club scene a premier nightlife venue. After thefall of the Berlin Wallin 1989, many historic buildings in Mitte, the former city center of East Berlin, were illegally occupied and re-built by young squatters and became a fertile ground for underground andcounterculturegatherings.[246]The central boroughs are home to many nightclubs, including the Watergate,TresorandBerghain.TheKitKatCluband several other locations are known for their sexually uninhibited parties.
Clubs are not required to close at a fixed time during the weekends, and many parties last well into the morning or even all weekend, including nearAlexanderplatz.Several venues have become a popular stage for theNeo-Burlesquescene.
Berlin has a long history of gay culture, and is an importantbirthplace of the LGBT rights movement.Same-sex bars and dance halls operated freely as early as the 1880s, and the first gay magazine,Der Eigene,started in 1896. By the 1920s, gays and lesbians had an unprecedented visibility.[247][248]Today, in addition to a positive atmosphere in the wider club scene, the city again has a huge number of queer clubs and festivals. The most famous and largest areBerlin Pride,theChristopher Street Day,[249]theLesbian and Gay City Festivalin Berlin-Schöneberg, theKreuzberg Pride.
The annualBerlin International Film Festival(Berlinale) with around 500,000 admissions is considered to be the largest publicly attended film festival in the world.[250][251]The Karneval der Kulturen (Carnival of Cultures), a multi-ethnic street parade, is celebrated everyPentecostweekend.[252]Berlin is also well known for the cultural festivalBerliner Festspiele,which includes the jazz festivalJazzFest Berlin,andYoung Euro Classic,the largest international festival ofyouth orchestrasin the world. Several technology and media art festivals and conferences are held in the city, includingTransmedialeandChaos Communication Congress.The annualBerlin Festivalfocuses on indie rock, electronic music and synthpop and is part of the International Berlin Music Week.[253][254]Every year Berlin hosts one of the largest New Year's Eve celebrations in the world, attended by well over a million people. The focal point is the Brandenburg Gate, where midnight fireworks are centered, but various private fireworks displays take place throughout the entire city. Partygoers in Germany often toast the New Year with a glass ofsparkling wine.
Performing arts
[edit]
Berlin is home to 44 theaters and stages.[150]TheDeutsches Theaterin Mitte was built in 1849–50 and has operated almost continuously since then. TheVolksbühneatRosa-Luxemburg-Platzwas built in 1913–14, though the company had been founded in 1890. TheBerliner Ensemble,famous for performing the works ofBertolt Brecht,was established in 1949. TheSchaubühnewas founded in 1962 and moved to the building of the former Universum Cinema on Kurfürstendamm in 1981. With aseating capacityof 1,895 and a stage floor of 2,854 square meters (30,720 sq ft), theFriedrichstadt-Palastin Berlin Mitte is the largest show palace in Europe. For Berlin's independent dance and theatre scene, venues such as the Sophiensäle in Mitte and the three houses of theHebbel am Ufer (HAU)in Kreuzberg are important. Most productions there are also accessible to an English-speaking audience. Some of the dance and theatre groups that also work internationally (Gob Squad,Rimini Protokoll) are based there, as well as festivals such as the international festivalDance in August.
Berlin has three majoropera houses:theDeutsche Oper,theBerlin State Opera,and theKomische Oper.The Berlin State Opera onUnter den Lindenopened in 1742 and is the oldest of the three. Its musical director isDaniel Barenboim.The Komische Oper has traditionally specialized inoperettasand is also at Unter den Linden. The Deutsche Oper opened in 1912 in Charlottenburg.
The city's main venue for musical theater performances are the Theater am Potsdamer Platz andTheater des Westens(built in 1895). Contemporary dance can be seen at theRadialsystem V.TheTempodromis host to concerts and circus-inspired entertainment. It also houses a multi-sensory spa experience. TheAdmiralspalastin Mitte has a vibrant program of variety and music events.
There are seven symphony orchestras in Berlin. TheBerlin Philharmonic Orchestrais one of the preeminent orchestras in the world;[255]it is housed in theBerliner Philharmonienear Potsdamer Platz on a street named for the orchestra's longest-serving conductor,Herbert von Karajan.[256]Simon Rattlewas its principal conductor from 1999 to 2018, a position now held byKirill Petrenko.TheKonzerthausorchester Berlinwas founded in 1952 as the orchestra for East Berlin.Christoph Eschenbachis its principal conductor. TheHaus der Kulturen der Weltpresents exhibitions dealing with intercultural issues and stages world music and conferences.[257]TheKookaburraand theQuatsch Comedy Clubare known for satire and comedy shows. In 2018, theNew York Timesdescribed Berlin as "arguably the world capital of undergroundelectronic music".[258]
Cuisine
[edit]
Thecuisineand culinary offerings of Berlin vary greatly. 23 restaurants in Berlin have been awarded one or moreMichelin starsin theMichelin Guideof 2021, which ranks the city at the top for the number of restaurants having this distinction in Germany.[259]Berlin is well known for its offerings of vegetarian[260]andvegan[261]cuisine and is home to an innovative entrepreneurial food scene promoting cosmopolitan flavors, local and sustainable ingredients, pop-up street food markets, supper clubs, as well as food festivals, such as Berlin Food Week.[262][263]
Many local foods originated from north German culinary traditions and include rustic and hearty dishes with pork, goose, fish, peas, beans, cucumbers, or potatoes. Typical Berliner fare include popularstreet foodlike theCurrywurst(which gained popularity with postwar construction workers rebuilding the city),Bulettenand theBerlinerdonut, known in Berlin asPfannkuchen(German:[ˈp͡fanˌkuːxn̩]).[264][265]German bakeries offering a variety of breads and pastries are widespread. One of Europe's largestdelicatessenmarkets is found at theKaDeWe,and among the world's largest chocolate stores isRausch.[266][267]
Berlin is also home to a diverse gastronomy scene reflecting the immigrant history of the city. Turkish and Arab immigrants brought their culinary traditions to the city, such as thelahmajounandfalafel,which have become common fast food staples. The modern fast-food version of thedoner kebabsandwich whichevolved in Berlinin the 1970s, has since become a favorite dish in Germany and elsewhere in the world.[268]Asian cuisine like Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, Indian, Korean, and Japanese restaurants, as well as Spanish tapas bars, Italian, and Greek cuisine, can be found in many parts of the city.
Recreation
[edit]
Zoologischer Garten Berlin,the older of two zoos in the city, was founded in 1844. It is the most visited zoo in Europe and presents the most diverse range of species in the world.[269]It was the home of the captive-born celebrity polar bearKnut.[270]The city's other zoo,Tierpark Friedrichsfelde,was founded in 1955.
Berlin's Botanischer Gartenincludes the Botanic Museum Berlin. With an area of 43 hectares (110 acres) and around 22,000 different plant species, it is one of the largest and most diverse collections of botanical life in the world. Other gardens in the city include theBritzer Garten,and theGärten der Welt(Gardens of the World) in Marzahn.[271]
TheTiergarten parkin Mitte, with landscape design byPeter Joseph Lenné,is one of Berlin's largest and most popular parks.[272]In Kreuzberg, theViktoriaparkprovides a viewing point over the southern part of inner-city Berlin.Treptower Park,beside the Spree inTreptow,features a largeSoviet War Memorial.The Volkspark inFriedrichshain,which opened in 1848, is the oldest park in the city, with monuments, a summer outdoor cinema and several sports areas.[273]Tempelhofer Feld,the site of the formercity airport,is the world's largest inner-city open space.[274]
Potsdamis on the southwestern periphery of Berlin. The city was a residence of thePrussiankings and theGerman Kaiser,until 1918. The area around Potsdam in particularSanssouciis known for a series of interconnected lakes and cultural landmarks. ThePalaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlinare the largestWorld Heritage Sitein Germany.[226]
Berlin is also well known for its numerous cafés, street musicians, beach bars along the Spree River, flea markets, boutique shops andpop-up stores,which are a source for recreation and leisure.[275]
Sports
[edit]
Berlin has established a high-profile as a host city of major international sporting events.[276]The city hosted the1936 Summer Olympicsand was the host city for the2006 FIFA World Cupfinal.[277]TheWorld Athletics Championshipswas held atOlympiastadionin2009and2025.[278]The city hosted theEuroleague Final Fourbasketball competition in2009and2016,[279]and was one of the hosts of FIBAEuroBasket 2015.In 2015 Berlin was the venue for theUEFA Champions League Final.The city bid to host the2000 Summer Olympicsbut lost toSydney.[280]
Berlin hosted the2023 Special Olympics World Summer Games.This is the first time Germany has ever hosted the Special Olympics World Games.[281]
The annualBerlin Marathon– a course that holds the most top-10 world record runs – and theISTAFare well-established athletic events in the city.[282]TheMellowparkin Köpenick is one of the biggest skate and BMX parks in Europe.[283]A fan fest at Brandenburg Gate, which attracts several hundreds of thousands of spectators, has become popular during international football competitions, such as theUEFA European Championship.[284]
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn,who is often hailed as the "father of modern gymnastics", invented thehorizontal bar,parallel bars,rings,and thevaultaround 1811 in Berlin.[285][286][287]Jahn'sTurnersmovement, first realized atVolkspark Hasenheide,was the origin of modernsports clubs.[288]In 2013, around 600,000 Berliners were registered in one of the more than 2,300 sport and fitness clubs.[289]The city of Berlin operates more than 60 public indoor and outdoor swimming pools.[290]Berlin is the largest Olympic training center in Germany, with around 500 top athletes (15% of all German top athletes) being based there. Forty-seven elite athletes participated in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Berliners would achieve seven gold, twelve silver, and three bronze medals.[291]
Several professional clubs representing the most important spectator team sports in Germany are based in Berlin. The oldest and most popular first-division team based in Berlin is the football clubHertha BSC.[292]The team represented Berlin as a founding member of theBundesligain 1963. Other professional team sport clubs include:
| Club(s) | Sport(s) | Founded | League(s) | Venue(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. FC Union Berlin[293] | Football | 1966 | Bundesliga | Stadion An der Alten Försterei |
| Hertha BSC[292] | Football | 1892 | 2. Bundesliga | Olympiastadion |
| ALBA Berlin[294] | Basketball | 1991 | BBL | Uber Arena |
| Berlin Thunder[295] | American football | 2021 | ELF | Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark |
| Eisbären Berlin[296] | Ice hockey | 1954 | DEL | Uber Arena |
| Füchse Berlin[297] | Handball | 1891 | HBL | Max-Schmeling-Halle |
| Berlin Recycling Volleys | Volleyball | 1991 | Bundesliga | Max-Schmeling-Halle |
| Berliner Hockey Club | Lacrosse | 2005 | Bundesliga | Ernst-Reuter-Feld |
See also
[edit]- List of fiction set in Berlin
- List of honorary citizens of Berlin
- List of people from Berlin
- List of songs about Berlin
Notes
[edit]- ^/bɜːrˈlɪn/bur-LIN;German:[bɛʁˈliːn][10]
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External links
[edit]- berlin.de– official website
Geographic data related toBerlinatOpenStreetMap
- Berlin
- German state capitals
- Capitals in Europe
- City-states
- Members of the Hanseatic League
- Populated places established in the 13th century
- Turkish communities outside Turkey
- 1230s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
- 1237 establishments in Europe
- States of Germany
- NUTS 2 statistical regions of Germany
- NUTS 3 statistical regions of the European Union