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Mainland China

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Mainland China
Trung Quốc đại lục/Trung Quốc đại lục[I]
The geopolitical term "mainland China" (the highlighted area as shown above) defined as territories under direct administration of the People's Republic of China, including islands of Hainan and Zhoushan etc.
The geopolitical term "mainland China" (the highlighted area as shown above) defined as territories under direct administration of the People's Republic of China, including islands ofHainanandZhoushanetc.
Largest cities
Official languageStandard Chinese
Ethnic groups
seeEthnic groups in China
Demonym(s)
Area
• Total
9,596,961 km2(3,705,407 sq mi)
Population
• 2019 census
1,400,050,000
• Density
147/km2(380.7/sq mi)
Currency
Time zoneUTC+8(China Standard Time)
Driving sideright
Calling code+86
ISO 3166 codeCN
Internet TLD
Today part ofPeople's Republic of China
Mainland China
Simplified ChineseTrung Quốc đại lục
Traditional ChineseTrung Quốc đại lục
Literal meaningContinental China
Alternative Chinese name
Simplified ChineseTrung QuốcNộiMà
Traditional ChineseTrung QuốcNộiMà
Literal meaningInland China
Mainland Area of the Republic of China
Simplified ChineseTrung Hoa dân quốc đại lục khu vực
Traditional ChineseTrung Hoa dân quốc đại lục khu vực

"Mainland China",also referred to as"the Chinese mainland",is ageopoliticalterm defined as the territory under direct administration of thePeople's Republic of China(PRC) in the aftermath of theChinese Civil War.In addition to the geographical mainland, the geopolitical sense of the term includes islands such asHainan,Chongming,andZhoushan.[1]By convention, territories outside of mainland China include:

In Taiwan it is also often used to refer to all territories administered by the PRC.[3][4][5]The term is widely used in all of the above territories as well as internationally, including by manyOverseas Chinesecommunities.

Background

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In 1949, theChinese Communist Party(CCP) and thePeople's Liberation Armyhad largely defeated theKuomintang(KMT)'sNational Revolutionary Armyin theChinese Civil War.This forced the Kuomintang to relocate the government and institution of theRepublic of Chinato the relative safety ofTaiwan,an island which wasplaced under its controlafter thesurrender of Japanat the end ofWorld War IIin 1945. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, the CCP-controlled government saw itself as the sole legitimate government of China,[6]competing with the claims of the Republic of China, whose authority is now limited toTaiwan and other islands.This resulted in a situation in whichtwo co-existing governmentscompeted forinternational legitimacy and recognitionas the "government of China". With the democratisation of Taiwan in the 1990s and the rise of theTaiwanese independencemovement, some people began simply using the term "China" instead.[7]

Due to their status as colonies of foreign states during the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the phrase "mainland China" excludesHong KongandMacau.[8]Since the return of Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese sovereignty in1997and1999,respectively, the two territories have retained their legal, political, and economic systems. The territories also have their distinct identities. Therefore, "mainland China" generally continues to exclude these territories, because of the "one country, two systems"policy adopted by the Chinese government towards the regions.[9]The term is also used in economic indicators, such as theIMDCompetitiveness Report. International news media often use "China" to refer only to mainland China or the People's Republic of China.

Political use

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People's Republic of China

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The Exit and Entry Administration Law of the People's Republic of China (Chinese:Trung Hoa nhân dân nước cộng hoà xuất cảnh nhập cảnh quản lý pháp) defines two terms in Chinese that are translated to "mainland":[10]

  • Dàlù(Đại lục;Đại lục), which means 'the continent'.
  • Nèidì(Nội địa;Nội địa), literally 'inland' or 'inner land'. It excludes Hong Kong and Macau.[11]

In the PRC, usage of the two terms is not strictly interchangeable. To emphasise theOne-China policyand not give the ROC "equal footing" incross-strait relations,the term must be used in PRC's official contexts with reference to Taiwan (with the PRC referring to itself as the "mainland side" dealing with the "Taiwan side" ). In fact, the PRC government mandates that journalists use “Taiwan” and “the Mainland” (Dàlù) as corresponding concepts.[12]

But in terms of Hong Kong and Macau, the PRC government refers to itself as "the Central People's Government".[13]In the People's Republic of China, the termNội địa(Nèidì, 'inland') is often contrasted with the termNgoại cảnh('outside the border') for things outside the mainland region.[14]Examples include "Administration of Foreign-funded Banks" (Trung Hoa nhân dân nước cộng hoà đầu tư bên ngoài ngân hàng quản lý điều lệ;Trung Hoa nhân dân nước cộng hoà đầu tư bên ngoài ngân hàng quản lý điều lệ) or the "Measures on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions" (Ngoại quốc bảo hiểm cơ cấu trú hoa đại biểu cơ cấu quản lý biện pháp;Ngoại quốc bảo hiểm cơ cấu trú hoa đại biểu cơ cấu quản lý biện pháp).[9]

Hainanis an island, but is nevertheless commonly considered to be part of the "mainland" politically, because its government, legal and political systems do not differ from the rest of the PRC. Nonetheless, Hainanese people still refer to the geographic mainland as "the mainland" and call its residents "mainlanders".[15][better source needed]

Before 1949, the Kinmen and Matsu islands, were jointly governed with the rest of Fu gian Province under successive Chinese governments. The two territories are generally considered to belong to the same historical region, Fu gian Province, which has been divided since 1949 as a result of the civil war. However, because they are not controlled by the PRC, they are not included as part of "mainland China."

Hong Kong and Macau

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Hong KongandMacauare both territories of the PRC. However, due to theOne Country, Two Systemspolicy, the two regions maintain a high degree of autonomy, hence they are not governed as part of mainland China.

Geologically speaking, Hong Kong and Macau are both connected to mainland China in certain areas (e.g. the north of theNew Territories). Additionally, the islands contained within Hong Kong (e.g.Hong Kong Island) and Macau are much closer to mainland China than Taiwan and Hainan, and are much smaller.

In Hong Kong and Macau, the terms "mainland China" and "mainlander" are frequently used for people from PRC-governed areas (i.e. not Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau). The Chinese termNeidi(Nội địa), meaning theinlandbut still translatedmainlandin English, is commonly applied bySARgovernments to represent non-SAR areas of PRC, including Hainan province and coastal regions of mainland China, such as "Constitutional and Mainland Affairs" (Chính chế cập nội địa sự vụ cục)[16]and Immigration Departments.[17]In theMainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement(as well as theMainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement) the CPG also uses the Chinese charactersNội địa"inner land", with the note that they refer to the "customs territory of China".[18]

Taiwan (Republic of China)

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The ROC map shown as of May 1979 in the Sixth Session of the First National Assembly

References to the PRC and other lost continental territories as the mainland began appearing in Taiwan state documents as early as 1954.[19][20][21]

Legal definitions followed in the 1990s. The 1991Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of Chinastated that "the handling of people's rights and obligations and other affairs between the free area and the mainland can be specially stipulated by law", and used the legal term "mainland area" without defining its geographical boundaries.[22]The 1992 Regulations on the Relations between the People in Taiwan and the Mainland defined "Taiwan" as areas controlled by the ROC and "mainland" as "the territory of the Republic of China."[23]The relatedCross-Strait Actcalled those under PRC jurisdiction - excluding those in Hong Kong and Macau - as "people of the mainland area", and used "free area of the Republic of China"to describe areas under ROC control.[24]The issue on the mainland's territory also stated in theJudicial YuanInterpretation No. 328 in 1993.[3][25]In 2012, theSupreme Court of the Republic of China's judgment #900 labeled theMacao Special Administrative Regionas the "Mainland's Macau Area".[26]The 2002 amendments to the Implementation Rules of the Regulations on People Relations between Taiwan and mainland China defined the mainland as areas claimed but not controlled by the ROC, corresponding to "areas under control of theChinese Communists"(within thede factoborders of the People's Republic of China).[1][27][28]

Views of the term "mainland China" (Trung Quốc đại lục) vary on Taiwan. During theDangguo era,the KMT had previously referred to the territories under the control of theChinese Communist Party(CCP) by several different names, e.g. "(territory controlled by the)Communist bandits","occupied/unfree area (of China) "," Communist China "(as opposed to either" Nationalist China "or" Democratic China ")," Red China "(as opposed to" Blue China "), and" mainland China (area) ".[29]In modern times, many of these terms have fallen out of use. The terms "mainland China" (Trung Quốc đại lục) or "the mainland" (Đại lục) still remain in popular use, but some also simply use the term "China" (Trung Quốc). The former term is generally preferred by thePan-Blue Coalitionled by the KMT, while the latter term is preferred by thePan-Green Coalitionled by theDemocratic Progressive Party(DPP), which opposes the term "mainland" and its suggestion that Taiwan is part of China. This has caused many political debates.[30][31]

Other terms

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Other geography-related terms which are used to avoid mentioning the political status of the PRC and ROC.

Simplified
Chinese 		Traditional
Chinese 		Pinyin Jyutping Hokkien POJ Description
Eo biển hai bờ sông Eo biển hai bờ sông Hǎixiá liǎng'àn Hoi2haap6loeng5ngon6 Hái-kiap lióng-gān The physical shores on both sides of the straits, may be translated as "two shores".
Hai bờ sông quan hệ Hai bờ sông quan hệ liǎng'àn guānxì loeng5ngon6gwaan1hai6 lióng-gān koan-hē Reference to the Taiwan Strait (cross-Strait relations,literally "relations between the two sides/shores [of theStrait of Taiwan] ").
Lưỡng ngạn tam địa Lưỡng ngạn tam địa liǎng'àn sāndì loeng5ngon6saam1dei6 lióng-gān sam-tè An extension of this is the phrase "two shores, three places", with "three places" meaning mainland China, Taiwan, and either Hong Kong or Macau.
Hai bờ sông bốn mà Hai bờ sông bốn mà liǎng'àn sìdì loeng5ngon6sei3dei6 lióng-gān sù-tè When referring to either Hong Kong or Macau, or "two shores, four places" when referring to both Hong Kong and Macau.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ab"Laws and Regulations Regarding Mainland Affairs".Mainland Affairs Council.Retrieved30 May2018.Article 3: The enforcement areas of Subparagraph 2 of Article 2 of the Act shall refer to areas under control of the Chinese Communists.
  2. ^"Trung ương lưu hành tình hình bệnh dịch chỉ huy trung tâm 1 nguyệt 28 ngày tuyên bố tăng lên Trung Quốc đại lục ( không chứa Hong Kong ) chi du lịch tình hình bệnh dịch kiến nghị đến đệ tam cấp 『 cảnh cáo 』(Warning), đại lục ủy ban điều thăng Hồ Bắc tỉnh ( bao hàm Vũ Hán thị ) du lịch đèn báo hiệu hào vì “Màu đỏ”, Trung Quốc đại lục mặt khác khu vực du lịch đèn báo hiệu hào vì “Màu cam” ".10 July 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 2021-06-09.Retrieved2021-05-28.
  3. ^ab"No.328".cons.judicial.gov.tw.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-07-23.Retrieved2022-07-23.
  4. ^"2 nguyệt 6 ngày khởi toàn Trung Quốc đại lục ( hàm Hong Kong ) liệt nhị cấp trở lên lưu hành khu vực, cư trú Trung Quốc đại lục các tỉnh thị lục người tạm hoãn nhập cảnh".Ministry of Health and Welfare (Taiwan)(in Traditional Chinese). Bệnh tật quản chế thự. Archived fromthe originalon 2020-03-31.Retrieved2020-02-05.
  5. ^"Có quan hệ Trung Quốc đại lục “Quốc gia tình báo pháp ( bản dự thảo )” tin tức tham khảo tư liệu ".Mainland Affairs Council(in Chinese (Taiwan)).Retrieved2017-06-26.Trung Quốc đại lục người đại võng với 106 năm 5 nguyệt 16 ngày công bố “Trung Hoa nhân dân nước cộng hoà quốc gia tình báo pháp ( bản dự thảo )”
  6. ^Jeshurun, Chandran, ed. (1993).China, India, Japan and the Security of Southeast Asia.Singapore: ISEAS. p. 146.ISBN9813016612.
  7. ^"Vì sao lục sinh hy vọng chính mình bị xưng nội địa? Sử dụng Trung Quốc, nội địa, đại lục chờ từ ngữ trước, ngươi hiểu sau lưng hình thái ý thức?".The Storm Media.17 May 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 9 February 2019.Retrieved4 January2022.Lục quân sở dụng chính thức tên, tôn trọng nước độc lập thể một loại chính thức xưng hô, loại này xưng hô bản thân cũng không mang theo có bất luận cái gì địch ý, địch ý tồn tại cùng không kỳ thật đại biểu cho nội chiến hay không kết thúc, ở xưng hô thượng đặc biệt phải cẩn thận
  8. ^So, Alvin Y.; Lin, Nan; Poston, Dudley L., eds. (2001).The Chinese Triangle of mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong: comparative institutional analyses.Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.ISBN9780313308697.
  9. ^ab"Mainland Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Bill"(PDF).LegCo.gov.hk.Legislative council HK. 22 June 2007. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2021-11-10.
  10. ^"《 Trung Hoa nhân dân nước cộng hoà xuất cảnh nhập cảnh quản lý pháp 》 ( trung tiếng Anh ) Exit and Entry Administration Law of the People's Republic of China".Archived fromthe originalon 2021-03-10.Retrieved2020-09-28.
  11. ^"Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macao Emergency Service Information".Mainland Affairs Council (Taiwan).20 September 2022.Archivedfrom the original on 3 November 2021.
  12. ^"What Does Using the Term *Mainland China* Imply for Taiwan?".US Taiwan Business Council.RetrievedJanuary 1,2022.
  13. ^"The Practice of the 'One Country, Two Systems' Policy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region".Information Office of the State Council. The People’s Republic of China.Retrieved1 June2014.
  14. ^"Exit and Entry Administration Law of the People's Republic of China".Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China.Legalisation of Documents.Retrieved2014-01-21.
  15. ^Hải Nam nhân vi cái gì thích kêu tỉnh ngoài người kêu đại lục người?.wenwen.sogou.Archivedfrom the original on 7 March 2021.Retrieved28 October2018.
  16. ^Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. "Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of ChinaArchived2021-10-21 at theWayback Machine."Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau.Retrieved on 2008-03-10.
  17. ^Chinese versionArchived2009-11-27 at theWayback Machine,English versionArchived2009-02-04 at theWayback Machine,Statistics on Admission Scheme for Mainland Talents and Professionals (Đưa vào nội địa nhân tài kế hoạch số liệu tư liệu),Immigration Department (Hong Kong).
  18. ^English TextArchived2011-06-04 at theWayback MachineChinese textArchived2011-07-07 at theWayback Machine
  19. ^Tư pháp viện."Giải thích tên cửa hiệu: Thích tự đệ 31 hào".Tư pháp viện luật học tư liệu kiểm tra hệ thống phán giải hàm thích(in Traditional Chinese). Đài Bắc.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-12-07.Retrieved2018-11-04.
  20. ^Bi-Yu Chang (2015),"Place, Identity and National Imagination in Postwar Taiwan"(PDF),Building castles in the sand,Routledge,archived(PDF)from the original on 2 July 2022,retrieved2 July2022
  21. ^Frank Jacobs (23 July 2010)."A Map of Greater China, Made in Taiwan".Big Think.Archivedfrom the original on 21 May 2022.Retrieved2 July2022.
  22. ^Lập pháp viện."Trung Hoa dân quốc hiến pháp tăng tu điều khoản".Lập pháp viện pháp luật hệ thống(in Traditional Chinese). Đài Bắc.Retrieved2018-11-04.
  23. ^Lập pháp viện."Đài Loan khu vực cùng đại lục khu vực nhân dân quan hệ điều lệ".Lập pháp viện pháp luật hệ thống(in Traditional Chinese). Đài Bắc.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-12-11.Retrieved2018-11-04.
  24. ^Additional Articles to the Republic of China ConstitutionArchived2017-05-15 at theWayback Machine,6th Revision, 2000
  25. ^"Hong Kong Macao quan hệ điều lệ thi hành quy tắc chi tiết".Pháp nguyên pháp luật võng.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-10-10.Retrieved2018-11-16.
  26. ^Tư pháp viện."Trọng tài tên cửa hiệu: 101 năm trên đài tự đệ 900 hào".Tư pháp viện luật học tư liệu kiểm tra hệ thống phán giải hàm thích(in Traditional Chinese). Đài Bắc.Archivedfrom the original on 2020-12-07.Retrieved2018-11-04.
  27. ^"Đài Loan khu vực cùng đại lục khu vực nhân dân quan hệ điều lệ thi hành quy tắc chi tiết".Pháp vụ bộ cả nước pháp quy cơ sở dữ liệu.Archivedfrom the original on 2022-04-03.Retrieved2021-01-11.Trung cộng khống chế nơi khu
  28. ^Khâu chính tông (March 1991)."Trung Hoa dân quốc lập pháp viện pháp chế cục nghiên cứu thành quả 《 ngoại Mông Cổ định vị kế tiếp vấn đề bình tích 》".[dead link]
  29. ^"Đài Loan tiểu học sách giáo khoa “Cộng phỉ” ( quản nhân kiện ／ ) ".Archived fromthe originalon 2009-03-27.Retrieved2019-11-10.
  30. ^Wachman, Alan(1994).Taiwan: National Identity and Democratization.M.E. Sharpe. p. 81.
  31. ^DPP is firm on China name issueArchived2021-05-08 at theWayback Machine.Taipei Times (2013-07-14). Retrieved on 2013-07-21.

Sources

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Library resourcesabout
Mainland China
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mainland_China&oldid=1233441463"