Film school

For the indie rock band, seeFilm School (band).

Afilm schoolis an educational institution dedicated to teaching aspects offilmmaking,including such subjects asfilm production,film theory,digital mediaproduction, andscreenwriting.Film historycourses and hands-on technical training are usually incorporated into most film school curricula. Technical training may include instruction in the use and operation of cameras, lighting equipment, film orvideo editingequipment and software, and other relevant equipment. Film schools may also include courses and training in such subjects astelevision production,broadcasting,audio engineering,andanimation.

History

See also:History of film

The formal teaching of film began withtheoryrather than practical technical training starting soon after the development of the filmmaking process in the 1890s. Early film theorists were more interested in writing essays on film theory than in teaching students in a classroom environment. TheMoscow Film Schoolwas founded in 1919 with Russian filmmakers includingSergei Eisenstein,Vsevolod Pudovkin,andLev Kuleshovserving as faculty to disseminate their very distinct viewpoints on the purpose of film.

Those seeking to learn the technical craft of filmmaking in the early days of cinema were largely self-taught engineers or still photographers who experimented with new film technology. With the rise of commercial filmmaking in the 1920s, most notably the Hollywoodstudio system,those seeking to learn the technical skills of filmmaking most often started at the bottom of a hierarchical system and apprenticed under a more experienced person to learn the trade. Filmmakers such asAlfred HitchcockandDavid Leanstarted in this way, beginning as atitle carddesigner andclapperboardassistant, respectively, in the early 1920s. TheUSC School of Cinematic Artswas founded in the midst of this Hollywood system in 1929, and continues to be widely recognized as one of the most prestigious film schools in the world. TheUniversity of Southern Californiawas the first university in the country to offer a Bachelor of Arts degree in film.

The tradition of apprenticing up through a hierarchical system continues to this day withinfilm studiosand intelevisionin many technical positions such asgaffers,grips,camera operators,and even into post-production witheditingandcolor correction.Independent lower budget filmmaking in the post-war period using portable 16mm film cameras allowed filmmakers likeJohn Cassavetesin the United States, along with members of theFrench New WaveandItalian Neorealismin Europe, to circumvent the classical system.

The notion of a granting a four-year college degree in film grew more popular in the 1960s with the founding of prestigious film departments like theNew York UniversityTisch School of the Arts(1965),Walt DisneyfoundedCalifornia Institute of the Arts(1961),theUniversity of Texasdepartment ofRadio-Television-Film(1965)and theColumbia University School of the Arts(1965).Over the years competition for admissions to these programs has steadily increased with many undergraduate programs accepting less than 10% of applicants, and with even more stringent selection for graduate programs.

In the 1990s and 2000s, the increased difficulties in getting into and the financial costs of attending these programs have caused many to spend their money self-financing their own features or attending a shorter trade school program for around the same costs. Film trade schools however rarely offer more than technical knowledge, and often cost more than a degree from apublic universitywithout providing the security of a four-yearcollege degreeto fall back on.

Types of film schools

A film school may be part of an existingpublicorprivate collegeor university, or part of a privately ownedfor-profit institution.Depending on whether the curriculum of a film school meets its state's academic requirements for the conferral of a degree, completion of studies in a film school may culminate in anundergraduateorgraduate degree,or a certificate of completion. Some institutions, both accredited and non-accredited, run shorter workshop and conservatory programsconcurrent to longer degree courses.

Not only the types of courses on offer but also the content, cost, and duration of the courses differs greatly between larger institutions and bespoke film schools. Universities offer courses ranging from 1 to 4 years, with the majority lasting 3 or 4 years. Conversely, films schools focus on shorter technical courses of 1 or 2 years.

Many film schools still teach students how to use actual film in their productions, although the incorporation of digital media in film school curricula has risen drastically in recent years. Some schools offer only digital filmmaking courses, eschewing instruction in the medium of film altogether. The use of digital cameras and digital media is significantly less expensive thanfilm camerasandfilm stock,and allows a film school or department to offer more equipment for students with which to learn and use for their projects. In addition, digital media (such as DVD) is often used for in-class screenings.

In recent years, online film schools of sorts have sprung up teaching filmmaking through articles, tutorial videos, and interactive forums. The next generation ofdigital cinematographyusing thelarge sensorsand manual features available in stillDSLRcameras has lowered the barrier further towards creating inexpensive digital video that compares closely to35mm film.

Benefits debated

Professionals in thefilm industryhold a variety of opinions on the relevance of a degree in film in relation to the ability to find work and succeed in the field. As in many professions in the arts, some feel that talent cannot be taught. With respect to filmmaking, others feel that learning techniques and understanding the business is crucial to one's success as a filmmaker.

Those who argue against the necessity of film school cite the high cost of such an education as prohibitive and assert that an aspiring filmmaker's money would be better spent on the actual making of a film, the experience of which would offer a more practical hands-on education. At many film schools, including NYU and USC, initial student films in non-digital programs are shot with non-synch Arri-S or Bolex film cameras manufactured in the mid 20th century. These films are typically shot on black and white reversal film with no dialog, or limited sound added after shooting. Supporters argue that shooting films like these challenges students to creatively express their story without relying on dialog or other modern conventional devices. Opponents question the practicality of having students invest a substantial amount of money using equipment that is no longer used in the industry and doing simple filmmaking exercises that could be recreated for much less.

Film school proponents argue that a formal education allows for a more rounded theoretical understanding of techniques, and offers the opportunity to gain from the knowledge and experience of professional instructors who work in, or who have worked in, the industry. Often cited as another benefit of film school are the opportunities available to students to work as an intern for filmmakers or in related businesses, such aspost-productionediting facilities, and to network with others interested in filmmaking who may be in a position to collaborate with the student on a project or to eventually offer work in the industry. Most film schools will hold a festival, or showcase, of student works at the end of a semester or school year.The more prestigious institutions often invite industry executives and producers to attend. However, ambitious individuals not in film school can also pursue such opportunities on their own throughcold-calling,joining film-industry-related organizations such asIFP,or submitting their work to independentfilm festivals.

The rise and popularity ofindependent filmmakinganddigital videohave influenced this debate, as anyone with a digital camera can shoot a digital work with little formal knowledge of the industry, and can succeed or establish a following by making the work available for viewing or by publicizing it on the internet.

Directors who have attended and earned degrees from film schools includeFrancis Ford Coppola(UCLA Film School,MFA film directing),Martin Scorsese(NYU Film School,MFA film directing),David Lynch(AFI Conservatory,MFA Film Directing),George Lucas(USC Film School, BA film directing) andKathryn Bigelow(Columbia School of Arts, master's degree in film theory and criticism). Others, such asStanley Kubrick,Frank Capra,Pedro Almodóvar,Bernardo Bertolucci,Paul Thomas Anderson,Sofia Coppola,Quentin Tarantino,James Cameron,andAlfred Hitchcockhad no formal college film training at all. Film directorWerner Herzoghas been quite vocal in arguing against film school.

See also

• List of film schools
• List of film schools in the United States
• History of film
• Film theory
• Film studies
• Philosophy of film
• Ghetto Film School

External links

• Directory of 1200+ film schools in the US and 83 other countriesat filmmaking.net
• AllAboutFilmSchool,a wiki about film schools
• FOCAL (Foundation for professional training in cinema and audiovisual media)International film schools database
• FilmSchool.org,a discussion forum about film schools with reviews from current students