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Hentai

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For other uses, seeHentai (disambiguation).
Not to be confused withHentaigana.

A wide variety of hentai merchandise is commonly sold in specialized stores in Japan.

Hentai(Japanese: ヘンタイ) is a style ofJapanese pornographicanimeandmanga.In addition to anime and manga, hentai works exist in a variety of media, including artwork and video games (commonly known aseroge).

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The development of hentai has been influenced by Japanese cultural and historical attitudes towardsexuality.Hentai works, which are often self-published, form a significant portion of the market fordoujinworks, includingdoujinshi.Numerous subgenres exist depicting a variety of sexual acts and relationships, as well as novelfetishes.

Terminology

In sexual contexts,hentaicarries additional meanings of "perversion"or"abnormality",especially when used as an adjective;[1]: 99 in these uses, it is the shortened form of the phrasehentai seiyoku(変 thái tính dục)which means "sexual perversion".[2]The characterhenis a catch-all for queerness as a peculiarity—it does not carry an explicit sexual reference.[1]: 99 While the term has expanded in use to cover a range of publications including homosexual publications,[1]: 107 it remains primarily a heterosexual term, as terms indicating homosexuality entered Japan asforeign words.[1]: 100 [2]Japanese pornographic worksare often simply tagged as18-kin(18 cấm,'18-prohibited'),meaning "prohibited to those not yet 18 years old", andseijin manga(Thành nhân truyện tranh,"adult manga" ).[2]Less official terms also in use includeeroanime(エロアニメ),ero manga(エロ truyện tranh),and the English initialism AV (for "adult video" ). Usage of the termhentaidoes not define a genre in Japan.

The wordhentaiwritten inkanji

Hentaiis defined differently in English. TheOxford Dictionary Onlinedefines it as "a subgenre of the Japanese genres of manga and anime, characterized by overtly sexualized characters and sexually explicit images and plots."[3]The origin of the word in English is unknown, butAnimeNation's John Oppliger points to the early 1990s, when aDirty Paireroticdoujinshi(self-published work) titledH-Bombwas released, and when many websites sold access to images culled from Japanese eroticvisual novelsand games.[4]The earliest English use of the term traces back to the rec.arts.anime boards; with a 1990 post concerningHapposaiofRanma ½and the first discussion of the meaning in 1991.[5][6]A 1995 glossary on the rec.arts.anime boards contained reference to the Japanese usage and the evolving definition of hentai as "pervert" or "perverted sex".[7]The Anime Movie Guide,published in 1997, defines "ecchi"(エッチ,etchi)as the initial sound of hentai (i.e.,the name of the letterH,as pronounced in Japanese); it included that ecchi was "milder than hentai".[8]A year later it was defined as a genre inGood Vibrations Guide to Sex.[9]At the beginning of 2000, "hentai" was listed as the 41st most-popular search term of the internet, while "anime" ranked 99th.[10]The attribution has been applied retroactively to works such asUrotsukidōji,La Blue Girl,andCool Devices.Urotsukidōjihad previously been described with terms such as "Japornimation",[11]and "erotic grotesque",[12]prior to being identified as hentai.[13][14]

Development of the term "Hentai"[15]
Meiji period(1868–1912) Hysteria
1917s Abnormal sexual desire.
1920s–1930s Perverted sexuality. Topics related to homosexual relationships.
1940s–1950s Hentai seiyoku or "perverted desires". Homosexual relationships are still a major theme.
1960s The term becomes increasingly heterosexualised. The word "ecchi/etchi" appears for the first time.
1970s and afterwards Development into a loanword in English with its own meaning, referring to a specific pornographic genre.
2000s In Japan, refers to male heterosexual perversion rather than a wide range of sexual practices and identities. Also refers to the cartoon genre.

Etymology

A depiction of a male homosexual couple from the January 1928 edition of Hentai shiryō

変 thái(hentai;shinjitai;(listenⓘ)) derives fromBiến thái(classical Chinese,alsokyūjitai), which is attested inclassical Chinesetexts.[16]It functioned as a verbal phrase, from its two componentmorphemes,Biếnmeaning "to change" andTháimeaning "state" or "condition," hence "to change from a state to another." Literal one-to-one English translations for this would betransformandmetamorph,whereintrans-andmeta-correspond to biến, whileformandmorphto thái.This meaning is attested inearly Middle Japaneseand later texts.[17]

In Chinese,Biếnis primarily a verb meaning to "change," and secondarily a noun meaning "troublesome event,"[16]but in Japanese, it was extended to anadjectival nounmeaning "different," "unusual" or "strange"[18](compare other compounds such ashentai(Biến thể,lit. 'unusual form')as inhentaigana(Biến thể giả danh),andhenkaku(Biến cách,lit. 'unusual style')as inhenkaku katsuyō(Biến cách sống dùng)). This ledBiến tháito become a noun phrase meaning "strange state," thus "abnormality,"[17][19]instead of the original "to change to another state," in modern Japanese[17]and Chinese[16]publications, particularly in psychology and physiology. A psychological application of this meaning is found in the phrase変 thái tính dục(hentai seiyokulit. 'abnormal sexual desire'[19]), which has been cited as being shortened back to just変 thái.[17]

Yet another meaning, "metamorphosis,"which resemebles the original one, was first adopted by theEntomological Society of Japan[17]and reintroduced into Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese. This meaning is used in the English translation of the light novelPerfect Blue: Complete Metamorphosis,although it is not directly entomological, and it may also reference the semi-sexual portions of the work.

It is worth noting that変 tháiis further shortened toH(etchi), the first letter of its romanization. Bothhentaiandetchi(orecchiin English parlance) are used to refer to sexual perversion/deviance, or people therewith, as well as smut. A person accused of sexual perversion may be derogatorily calledhentai,while a sex scene in a film, TV show orerotic gameis calledHシーン(etchi shīnlit. 'H-scene').[20]The distinction outside of Japanese contexts between "hardcore"hentaiand "softcore"etchiis entirely artificial.

The history of the wordhentaihas its origins in science and psychology.[2]By the middle of theMeiji era,the term appeared in publications to describe unusual or abnormal traits, including paranormal abilities and psychological disorders.[2]A translation of German sexologistRichard von Krafft-Ebing's textPsychopathia Sexualisoriginated the concept ofhentai seiyoku,as a "perverse or abnormal sexual desire",[2]though it was popularized outside psychology, as in the case ofMori Ōgai's 1909 novelVita Sexualis.[2]Continued interest inhentai seiyokuresulted in numerous journals and publications on sexual advice which circulated in the public, served to establish the sexual connotation ofhentaias perverse.[2]Any perverse or abnormal act could be hentai, such as committingshinjū(love suicide).[2]It was Nakamura Kokyo's journalAbnormal Psychologywhich started the popularsexologyboom in Japan which would see the rise of other popular journals likeSexuality and Human Nature,Sex ResearchandSex.[21]Originally, Tanaka Kogai wrote articles forAbnormal Psychology,but it would be Tanaka's own journalModern Sexualitywhich would become one of the most popular sources of information about erotic and neurotic expression.[21]Modern Sexualitywas created to promotefetishism,S&M,andnecrophiliaas a facet of modern life.[21]Theero guromovement and depiction of perverse, abnormal and often erotic undertones were a response to interest inhentai seiyoku.[2]

FollowingWorld War II,Japan took a new interest in sexualization and public sexuality.[2]Mark McLelland puts forth the observation that the termhentaifound itself shortened to "H" and that the English pronunciation was "etchi",referring to lewdness and which did not carry the stronger connotation of abnormality or perversion.[2]By the 1950s, the "hentai seiyoku" publications became their own genre and included fetish and homosexual topics.[2]By the 1960s, the homosexual content was dropped in favor of subjects like sadomasochism and stories of lesbianism targeted to male readers.[2]The late 1960s brought a sexual revolution which expanded and solidified the normalizing of the term's identity in Japan that continues to exist today through publications such asBessatsu Takarajima'sHentai-san ga ikuseries.[2]

History

With the usage ofhentaias any erotic depiction, the history of these depictions is split into their media. Japanese artwork and comics serve as the first example of hentai material, coming to represent the iconic style after the publication ofAzuma Hideo'sCybele[ja]in 1979.[22]Hentai first appeared in animation in the 1932 filmSuzumi-bune[ja]byHakusan Kimura[ja],which was seized by police when it was half complete. The remnants of the film were donated to theNational Film Centerin the early 21st century.[23]The film has never been viewed by the public.[24]However, the 1984 release of Wonderkid'sLolita Animewas the first hentai to get a general release,[25]overlooking the erotic and sexual depictions in 1969'sOne Thousand and One Arabian Nightsand the bare-breasted Cleopatra in 1970'sCleopatrafilm. Erotic games, another area of contention, has its first case of the art style depicting sexual acts in 1985'sTenshitachi no Gogo.In each of these mediums, the broad definition and usage of the term complicates its historic examination.[22]

Origin of erotic manga

The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife(1814), a well-known example of Japanese erotic art (shunga)

Depictions of sex and abnormal sex can be traced back through the ages, predating the term "hentai".Shunga,a Japanese term for erotic art, is thought to have existed in some form since theHeian period.From the 16th to the 19th centuries,shungaworks were suppressed by theshogunate.[26]A well-known example isThe Dream of the Fisherman's WifebyHokusai,which depicts a woman being stimulated by two octopuses.Shungaproduction fell with the introduction of pornographic photographs in the late 19th century.

To define eroticmanga,a definition for manga is needed. While theHokusai Mangauses the term "manga" in its title, it does not depict the story-telling aspect common to modern manga, as the images are unrelated. Due to the influence of pornographic photographs in the 19th and 20th centuries, the manga artwork was depicted by realistic characters.Osamu Tezukahelped define the modern look and form of manga, and was later proclaimed as the "God of Manga".[27][28]His debut workNew Treasure Islandwas released in 1947 as a comic book through Ikuei Publishing and sold over 400,000 copies,[27]though it was the popularity of Tezuka'sAstro Boy,Metropolis,andJungle Emperormanga that would come to define the media. This story-driven manga style is distinctly unique from comic strips likeSazae-san,and story-driven works came to dominateshōjoandshōnenmagazines.[27]

Adult themes in manga have existed since the 1940s, but some of these depictions were more realistic than the cartoon-cute characters popularized by Tezuka.[29]In 1973,Manga Bestseller(later known asManga Erotopia), which is considered to be the first hentai manga magazine published in Japan, would be responsible for creating a new genre known asero-gekiga,wheregekigawas taken, and the sexual and violent content was intensified.[30]Other well-known "ero-gekiga"magazines wereErogenica(1975), andAlice(1977).[31]The circulation ofero-gekigamagazines would peak in 1978, and it is believed that somewhere between eighty and one hundred differentero-gekigamagazines were being published annually.

The 1980s would see the decline ofero-gekigain favor of the rising popularity ofloliconandbishōjomagazines, which grew fromotakufan culture. It has been theorized that the decline ofero-gekigawas due to the baby boomer readership beginning to start their own families, as well as migrating toseinenmagazines such asWeekly Young Magazine,and when it came to sexual material, the readership was stolen bygravureandpornographic magazines.[30]The distinct shift in the style of Japanese pornographic comics from realistic to cartoon-cute characters is accredited toHideo Azuma,"The Father ofLolicon".[29]In 1979, he pennedCybele[ja],which offered the first depictions of sexual acts between cute, unrealistic Tezuka-style characters. This would start a pornographic manga movement.[29]Theloliconboom of the 1980s saw the rise of magazines such as the anthologiesLemon PeopleandPetit Apple Pie.As theloliconboom waned in the mid-1980s, the dominant form of representation for female characters became "baby faced and big chested" women.[32]The shift in popularity fromlolicontobishōjohas been credited toNaoki Yamamoto(who wrote under the pen name of Tō Moriyama). Moriyama's manga had a style that had not been seen before at the time, and was different from theero-gekigaandloliconstyles, and usedbishōjodesigns as a base to build upon. Moriyama's books sold well upon publication, creating even more fans for the genre. These new artists would then write for magazines such asMonthly Penguin Club Magazine(1986) andManga Hot Milk(1986) which would become popular with their readership, drawing in new fans.[33]

The publication of erotic materials in the United States can be traced back to at least 1990, whenIANVS Publicationsprinted its firstAnime Shower Special.[34]In March 1994,Antarctic PressreleasedBondage Fairies,an English translation ofInsect Hunter,an "insect rape" manga which became popular in the American market, while it apparently had a poor showing in Japan.[34][35]During this time, the one American publisher translating and publishing hentai was Fantagraphics on their adult comic imprint, Eros Comix, which was established around 1990.[36]

Origin of erotic anime

A girl drawn in erotic anime style at the beach.

Because there are fewer animation productions, most erotic works are retroactively tagged ashentaisince the coining of the term in English.[clarification needed][citation needed]Hentaiis typically defined as consisting of excessive nudity, and graphic sexual intercourse whether or not it is perverse. The term "ecchi"is typically related tofanservice,with no sexual intercourse being depicted.

The earliest pornographic anime wasSuzumi-bune[ja],created in 1932 byHakusan Kimura[ja].It was the first part of a two-reeler film, which was half complete before it was seized by the police. The remnants of the film were donated to theNational Film Centerin the early 21st century by the Tokyo police, who were removing all silver nitrate film in their possession, as it is extremely flammable.[23]The film has never been viewed by the public.[24]

Two early works escape being defined as hentai, but contain erotic themes. This is likely due to the obscurity and unfamiliarity of the works, arriving in the United States and fading from public focus a full 20 years before importation and surging interests coined the Americanized termhentai.The first is the 1969 filmOne Thousand and One Arabian Nights,which faithfully includes erotic elements of the original story.[37]: 27 In 1970,Cleopatra: Queen of Sex,was the first animated film to carry anX rating,but it was mislabeled as erotica in the United States.[37]: 104 

TheLolita Animeseries is typically identified as the first eroticanimeandoriginal video animation(OVA); it was released in 1984 by Wonder Kids. Containing six episodes, the series focused on underage sex and rape, and included one episode containingBDSMbondage.[37]: 376 Several sub-series were released in response, including a secondLolita Animeseries released byNikkatsu.[37]: 376 It has not been officially licensed or distributed outside of its original release.

TheCream Lemonfranchise of works ran from 1984 to 2005, with a number of them entering the American market in various forms.[38]The Brothers Grimeseries released by Excalibur Films containedCream Lemonworks as early as 1986.[39]However, they were not billed as anime and were introduced during the same time that the first underground distribution of erotic works began.[34]

The American release of licensed erotic anime was first attempted in 1991 byCentral Park Media,withI Give My All,but it never occurred.[34]In December 1992,Devil Hunter Yohkowas the first risque (ecchi) title that was released byA.D. Vision.[34]While it contains no sexual intercourse, it pushes the limits of theecchicategory with sexual dialogue, nudity and one scene in which the heroine is about to be raped.

It was Central Park Media's 1993 release ofUrotsukidōjiwhich brought the first hentai film to American viewers.[34]Often cited for inventing thetentacle rapesubgenre, it contains extreme depictions of violence and monster sex.[40]As such, it is acknowledged for being the first to depict tentacle sex on screen.[12]When the film premiered in the United States, it was described as being "drenched in graphic scenes of perverse sex and ultra-violence".[41]

Following this release, a wealth of pornographic content began to arrive in the United States, with companies such as A.D. Vision, Central Park Media andMedia Blastersreleasing licensed titles under various labels.[39]A.D. Vision's label SoftCel Pictures released 19 titles in 1995 alone.[39]Another label,Critical Mass,was created in 1996 to release an unedited edition ofViolence Jack.[39]When A.D. Vision's hentai label SoftCel Pictures shut down in 2005, most of its titles were acquired by Critical Mass. Following the bankruptcy of Central Park Media in 2009, the licenses for all Anime 18-related products and movies were transferred to Critical Mass.[42]

Origin of erotic games

Image of aneroge(Japanese-style adult video game)

The termeroge(erotic game) literally defines any erotic game, but has become synonymous with video games depicting the artistic styles of anime and manga. The origins oferogebegan in the early 1980s, while the computer industry in Japan was struggling to define a computer standard with makers likeNEC,Sharp,andFujitsucompeting against one another.[43]ThePC98series, despite lacking in processing power,CD drivesand limited graphics, came to dominate the market, with the popularity oferogegames contributing to its success.[43][44]

Because of vague definitions of what constitutes an "erotic game", there are several possible candidates for the firsteroge.If the definition applies to adult themes, the first game wasSoftporn Adventure.Released in America in 1981 for theApple II,this was a text-based comedic game fromOn-Line Systems.Iferogeis defined as the first graphical depictions of Japanese adult themes, it would beKoei's 1982 release ofNight Life.[44][45]Sexual intercourse is depicted through simple graphic outlines. Notably,Night Lifewas not intended to be erotic so much as an instructional guide "to support married life". A series of "undressing" games appeared as early as 1983, such as "Strip Mahjong". The firstanime-styled erotic game wasTenshitachi no Gogo,released in 1985 byJAST.In 1988,ASCIIreleased the first eroticrole-playing game,Chaos Angel.[43]In 1989,AliceSoftreleased the turn-based role-playing gameRanceandELFreleasedDragon Knight.[43]

In the late 1980s,erogebegan to stagnate under high prices and the majority of games containing uninteresting plots and mindless sex.[43]ELF's 1992 release ofDōkyūseicame as customer frustration witherogewas mounting and spawned a new genre of games calleddating sims.[43]Dōkyūseiwas unique because it had no defined plot and required the player to build a relationship with different girls in order to advance the story.[43]Each girl had her own story, but the prospect of consummating a relationship required the girl growing to love the player; there was no easy sex.[43]

The term "visual novel"is vague, with Japanese and English definitions classifying the genre as a type of interactive fiction game driven by narration and limited player interaction. While the term is often retroactively applied to many games, it wasLeafthat coined the term with their "Leaf Visual Novel Series" (LVNS) and the 1996 release ofShizukuandKizuato.[43]The success of these two darkerogegames would be followed by the third and final installment of the LVNS, the 1997 romanticerogeTo Heart.[43]Erogevisual novels took a new emotional turn withTactics' 1998 releaseOne: Kagayaku Kisetsu e.[43]Key's 1999 release ofKanonproved to be a major success and would go on to have numerous console ports, two manga series and two anime series.

Censorship

See also:Censorship in JapanandPornography laws by region

Japanese laws have impacted depictions of works since theMeiji Restoration,but these predate the common definition of hentai material. Since becoming law in 1907, Article 175 of theCriminal Code of Japanforbids the publication of obscene materials. Specifically, depictions of male–female sexual intercourse andpubic hairare considered obscene, but bare genitalia is not.[citation needed]As censorship is required for published works, the most common representations are the blurring dots on pornographic videos and "bars" or "lights" on still images. In 1986,Toshio Maedasought to get past censorship on depictions of sexual intercourse, by creatingtentacle sex.[46]This led to the large number of works containing sexual intercourse with monsters, demons, robots, and aliens, whose genitals look different from men's. While Western views attribute hentai to any explicit work, it was the products of this censorship which became not only the first titles legally imported to America and Europe, but the first successful ones. While uncut for American release, the United Kingdom's release ofUrotsukidōjiremoved many scenes of the violence and tentacle rape scenes.[47]Another technique used to evade regulation was the "sexual intercourse cross-section view", an imaginary view of intercourse resembling an anatomic drawing or anMRI,which would eventually evolve as a prevalent expression in hentai for its erotic appeal. This expression is known in the Western world as the "x-ray view".[48]

It was also because of this law that the artists began to depict the characters with a minimum of anatomical details and without pubic hair, by law, prior to 1991. Part of the ban was lifted whenNagisa Oshimaprevailed over the obscenity charges at his trial for his filmIn the Realm of the Senses.[49]Though not enforced, the lifting of this ban did not apply to anime and manga as they were not deemed artistic exceptions.[29]

Alterations of material or censorship and banning of works are common. The US release ofLa Blue Girlaltered the age of the heroine from 16 to 18, removed sex scenes with a dwarf ninja named Nin-nin, and removed the Japanese blurring dots.[37]La Blue Girlwas outright rejected by UK censors who refused to classify it and prohibited its distribution.[37][50]In 2011, members of theLiberal Democratic Party of Japansought a ban on the subgenreloliconbut were unsuccessful.[51][52]The last law proposed against it was introduced on May 27, 2013 by the Liberal Democratic Party, theNew Komei Partyand theJapan Restoration Partythat would have made possession of sexual images of individuals under 18 illegal with a fine of 1 million yen (about US$10,437) and less than a year in jail.[53]The Japanese Democratic Party, along with several industry associations involved in anime and manga protested against the bill saying "while they appreciate that the bill protects children, it will also restrict freedom of expression".[54][55][56]The law was ultimately passed in June 2014 after the regulation ofloliconanime and manga was removed from the bill. This new law went into full effect in 2015 banning real life child pornography.[57][58]

Societal effects of hentai

See also:Feminist views on pornographyandStereotypes of East Asians in the United States

There is existing research on the social implications of pornography, in general, as it pertains to the sexualized and objectified image of women. In regards to how hentai particularly contributes to the conversation of the image of women, recent research identifies evidence in which hentai promotes rape myth acceptance, sexual violence, and racialization of women.

Rape myths

Recent studies have illustrated a correlation between the consumption of hentai and the promotion ofrape myths.In particular, studies have shown how viewing hentai can lead to an increase in prejudiced and stereotypical perspectives on rape and sexual assault.[59]Increased consumption can also lead to an increase in the normalization of sexual violence, rape, victim blaming, and further stereotypes associated with sexual violence and sexually aggressive behaviors.[60]The origin and culture of hentai as "abnormal" pornography, as highlighted through research studies, is also described to perpetuate a desensitized view of sexual violence and rape play.[61]The distinction between rape myth acceptance and sexually violent or aggressive behaviors has also been outlined in various research studies.[62]The distinction between rape myth acceptance and sexually violent or aggressive behaviors has also been outlined in various research studies.[62]Recent studies highlight how a rise in the acceptance of rape myths is causally linked to rape proclivity and sexually violent behaviors.[63]

Racial fetishization of Asian women in hentai

History

The racial fetishization of Asian women can be traced back to Western colonialism and imperialism where Asian women were portrayed as "exotic" or submissive and such traits were in turn romanticized.[64]

Classic media such asMadame ButterflyandMiss Saigonalso portray Asian women having intimate relations with white men, ultimately to their demise. Critics say this perpetuates the notion that value of Asian women is tied to their white lovers.[65]

A popular trope in hentai places the woman in a more submissive role, playing into the “lotus blossom” stereotype where Asian women are thought to be more docile.[65]The increasing Western audience of hentai exacerbates this portrayal of Asian women.

Portrayals of Japanese women

Since hentai is a broad genre of erotic media the portrayal of women varies greatly, however, almost always is the girl slim and with large breasts. A paper by Hinako Ishikawa on the racialization of Japanese women in hentai concluded that this portrayal directly plays into the sexual objectification and stereotyping of Japanese women.[64]

Racial fetishization of Japanese women

Although the race of the female protagonists in hentai is not always clear, the film will often highlight the character’s “Japanese-ness”.[66]This is done either through her clothes (wearing traditional dress like kimonos), the setting of the film, or her mannerisms (eating with chopsticks) that imply the character’s race.[66]

According to Ishikawa, this portrayal of Japanese women plays into the increasingly popularized Asian fetish in the Western world, specifically citing 2022’s Pornhub statistics world wide trendy terms put “hentai” and “Japanese” as top two most searched words.[64]

Demographics

According to data fromPornhubin 2017, the most prolific consumers of hentai are men.[67]However, Patrick W. Galbraith and Jessica Bauwens-Sugimoto note that hentai manga attracts "a diverse readership, which of course includes women."[68]Kathryn Hemmann also writes that "self-identified female otaku [...] readily admit to enjoying [hentai]dōjinshicatering to a male erotic gaze ".[69]When it comes to mediums of hentai,erogegames in particular combine three favored media—cartoons, pornography and gaming—into an experience. The hentai genre engages a wide audience that expands yearly, and desires better quality and storylines, or works which push the creative envelope.[70]Nobuhiro Komiya, a manga censor, states that the unusual and extreme depictions in hentai are not about perversion so much as they are an example of the profit-oriented industry.[71]Anime depicting normal sexual situations enjoy less market success than those that break social norms, such as sex at schools or bondage.[71]

According to clinical psychologist Megha Hazuria Gorem, "Because toons are a kind of final fantasy, you can make the person look the way you want him or her to look. Every fetish can be fulfilled."[72]Sexologist Narayan Reddy noted oferoge,"Animators make new games because there is a demand for them, and because they depict things that the gamers do not have the courage to do in real life, or that might just be illegal, these games are an outlet for suppressed desire."[72]

Classification

An example ofyaoi-inspired artwork

The hentai genre can be divided into numerous subgenres, the broadest of which encompasses heterosexual and homosexual acts. Hentai that features mainly heterosexual interactions occur in both male-targeted (eroordansei-muke) and female-targeted ( "ladies' comics" ) form. Those that feature mainly homosexual interactions are known asyaoiorBoys' Love(male–male) andyuriorGirls' Love(female–female). Bothyaoiand, to a lesser extent,yuri,are generally aimed at members of the opposite sex from the persons depicted. Whileyaoiandyuriare not always explicit, their pornographic history and association remain.[73]Yaoi'spornographic usage has remained strong in textual form throughfanfiction.[74]The definition ofyurihas begun to be replaced by the broader definitions of "lesbian-themed animation or comics".[75]

Hentai is perceived as "dwelling" onsexual fetishes.[76]These include dozens offetishandparaphiliarelated subgenres, which can be further classified with additional terms, such as heterosexual or homosexual types.

Many works are focused on depicting the mundane and the impossible across every conceivable act and situation, no matter how fantastical. One subgenre of hentai isfutanari(hermaphroditism), which features a woman with apenisor penis-like appendage in addition to avulva.[77]Futanari characters are often depicted as having sex with other women,[77]but many other works feature sex with men or, as inAnal Justice,with both genders.[32]Futanari can be dominant, submissive, or switch between the two roles in a single work.[78]

Genres

Common English terms Common Japanese terms Type Description
Yaoi/shōnen-ai/ Boys' Love やおい/ボーイズ ラブ/ビーエル Gender Male homosexuality
Yuri/shōjo-ai/ Girls' Love Bách hợp Gender Female homosexuality
Lolicon ロリコン Gender and age Centered on prepubescent, pubescent, or post-pubescent underage girls, whether heterosexual (man-girl or boy-girl) or homosexual (woman-girl or two girls)
Shotacon ショタコン Gender and age Centered on prepubescent, pubescent, or post-pubescent underage boys, whether heterosexual (woman-boy or girl-boy) or homosexual (man-boy or two boys)
Bakunyū Bạo nhũ A genre of pornographic media focusing on the depiction of women with largebreasts.[79]The word can be literally translated to "exploding breasts".[80]Bakunyūis a subgenre within the genre of hentai anime.[81]
Catgirl/nekomimi Tai mèo Human females with cat characteristics, such as cat ears, cat tails and whiskers
Futanari ふたなり Depictions of women that have both phallic genitalia (penis either with or without scrotum) and a vulva
Incest Họ hàng gần tương gian Sexual activity with family members
Netorare/Netorase/Netori Tẩm lấy られ/ネトラセーゼ/Tẩm lấy り Related toswinging,infidelityand/orcuckolding,abbreviatedNTR;variations of being masochistically aroused by seeing or knowing that one's spouse or lover is having sexual intercourse with another person, whether they do so voluntarily or not,lit."being snatched away".[82]Innetorare,the protagonist'sadulterouspartner wants to deceive and/or break up with the protagonist to be with the cheater. Innetorase,the protagonist enjoys, actively encourages or even causes the partner to have sex with others, often with their informed knowledge and consent. Innetori,the protagonist finds a cheater in a marriage or relationship andmanipulates/blackmailsthem away from their partner.
Omorashi おもらし/お lậu らし A form ofurolagnia
Ryona/Gyaku-ryona/Onna Zako リョナ/Nghịch リョナ/Nữ ザコ Depictions of fetish revolves around a victim being physically assaulted or psychologically abused by an offender;
Tentacle erotica Xúc tua trách め Depictions of tentacled creatures and sometimes monsters (fictional or otherwise) engaging in sex or rape with women and, less often, men
Josō-seme/ cross-dressing attack Nữ trang công め Depictions of akathoey,male-crossdresserortomgirltaking the lead (i.e. the "seme") or exhibitingdominanceover a sexual partner

See also

References

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Further reading

Look uphentaiin Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Media related toHentaiat Wikimedia Commons
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