Stoicism

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Your good fortune is not to need good fortune. ~Seneca the Younger

Stoicismis a school ofHellenistic philosophyfounded inAthensbyZeno of Citiumin the early 3rd century BC. The Stoics taught that destructive emotions resulted fromerrorsinjudgment,and that asage,or person of "moral and intellectual perfection", would not suffer such emotions. They were profoundly concerned with the active relationship between notions of cosmicdeterminismand humanfreedom,and the belief that it isvirtuousto maintain a form ofwill(calledprohairesis) that is in accord withnature.The Stoics presented theirphilosophyas a way oflife,and they thought that the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how he behaved. Throughout ancient times Stoic doctrine was popular until the closing of all Hellenic philosophy schools in AD 529 by order of the EmperorJustinian I,who believed their pagan character was at odds with Christian faith. In modern times the word "stoic" remains a reference to the demeanor and strength of will often promoted by the ancient Stoic philosophers. Quotes on this page refer to both ancient and modern uses of the term.

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  • 'Tispride,rank pride, and haughtiness ofsoul:
    I think the Romans call it Stoicism.

C

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  • With what scientific stoicism he walks through the land ofwonders,unwondering.
    • Thomas Carlyle,inCritical and Miscellaneous Essays(1827–1855), "Signs of the Times"

D

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  • This gentleman’s stoicism was of that not uncommon kind, which enables a man to bear with exemplary fortitude the afflictions of his friends, but renders him, by way of counterpoise, rather selfish and sensitive in respect of any that happen to befall himself.

E

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  • I remember that she made melaughmore than I liked; for I was, at that time, an eager scholar ofethics,and had tasted the sweets ofsolitudeand stoicism, and I found something profane in the hours of amusing gossip into which she drew me...

G

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  • Cynicism…is a withdrawal from theworldinto blank isolation, while Stoicism is the withdrawal into an innerlife,which forms to its votaries an object of the highest enthusiasm. Hence the elation, often hyperbolical, which tinges the Stoical austerity; hence the attractiveness of the doctrine and its spread over the world.

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  • It is no accident that Stoicism figures so prominently in Foucault’sThe Care of the Self.It is, in the most literal sense, a self-centered philosophy. As such, it is at its strongest in addressing the challenges we face alone: anxiety, grief, disappointed ambition, the fear of death. This makes sense given the system’s basic tenets: we should direct our efforts to things within our control, and not things outside them. But it also makes it easy to persuade ourselves that the suffering of others is not our problem but theirs. Conrad Hensley wrestles with this issue when his future tormentor targets another prisoner, one even lower in the jailhouse pecking order. “What was his duty toward this sad, strange, friendless soul, if worse came to worst?” he asks, and falls back uneasily on a chapter of Epictetus headed “That We Ought Not to Spend Our Feelings on Things Beyond Our Power.”
    • Gregory Hays, "Tune Out & Lean In",The New York Review of Books(March 11, 2021)
  • Some philosophers, and the ancient Stoics among the rest, derived a topic of consolation under all afflictions, while they taught their pupils that those ills under which they laboured were, inreality,goods to theuniverse;and that to an enlarged view, which could comprehend the whole system ofnature,every event became an object ofjoyand exultation. But though this topic be specious and sublime, it was soon found in practice weak and ineffectual. You would surely irritate than appease a man lying under the racking pains of the gout by preaching up to him the rectitude of those general laws.

J

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  • Boththoughtandfeelingare determinants of conduct, and the same conduct may be determined either by feeling or by thought. When we survey the whole field ofreligion,we find a great variety in the thoughts that have prevailed there; but the feelings on the one hand and the conduct on the other are almost always the same, forStoic,Christian,andBuddhistsaints are practically indistinguishable in their lives. The theories whichReligiongenerates, being thus variable, are secondary; and if you wish to grasp her essence, you must look to the feelings and the conduct as being the more constant elements.
  • ThePythagoreanshad found in the astral order the proportions of the concordant musical scale... aharmonia... Thereby they created the most enchanting symbol of Greek cosmic piety: "harmony," issuing in the inaudible "music of the spheres,"[as] the idealizing expression for the same fact ofirrefragableorder thatastrologystresses less optimistically... Stoic philsophy strove to integrate the idea ofdestinyas propounded by contemporary astrology with the Greek concept of harmony:heimarmeneto the Stoics is the practical aspect of the harmony, i.e., its action as it affects terrestrial conditions and the short-lived beings here. And since the stellar movements are actuated by the cosmiclogosand this logos functions in the world-process asprovidence(pronoia), it follows that in this whollymonisticsystemheimarmeneitself ispronoia,that is, fate and divine providence are the same. The understanding of and willing consent to this fate... as the reason of the whole distinguishes the wise man, who bears adversity... as the price... for the harmony of the whole. The existence of the whole... is the ultimate and no further questionable, self-justifying end in thisteleologicalscheme: for the sake of the cosmos its constituent parts exist... for the sake of the whole organism. Man... is by no means the highest mode of being, he is not the end of nature, and the cosmos is not for his sake.

P

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  • Placed on this isthmus of a middle state,
    A being darkly wise and rudelygreat:
    With too muchknowledgefor the skeptic side,
    With too much weakness for the stoic'spride,
    He hangs between; indoubttoactorrest;
    In doubt to deem himself agod,orbeast;
    In doubt his mind or body to prefer;
    Bornbut to die, and reasn'ing but to err;
    Alike inignorance,hisreasonsuch,
    Whether he thinks too little or too much.

R

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  • Belief in God and a future life makes it possible to go through life with less of stoic courage than is needed by skeptics. A great many young people lose faith in these dogmas at an age at which despair is easy, and thus have to face a much more intense unhappiness than that which falls to the lot of those who have never had a religious upbringing. Christianity offers reasons for not fearing death or the universe, and in so doing it fails to teach adequately the virtue of courage. The craving for religious faith being largely an outcome of fear, the advocates of faith tend to think that certain kinds of fear are not to be deprecated. In this, to my mind, they are gravely mistaken. To allow oneself to entertain pleasant beliefs as a means of avoiding fear is not to live in the best way. In so far as religion makes its appeal to fear, it is lowering to human dignity.
  • Stoicism, unlike the earlier purely Greek philosophies, is emotionally narrow, and in a certain sense fanatical; but it also contains religious elements of which the world felt the need, and which the Greeks seemed unable to supply.
  • Socrateswas the chiefsaintof the Stoics throughout theirhistory;his attitude at the time of his trial, his refusal to escape, his calmness in the face ofdeath,and his contention that the perpetrator of injustice injures himself more than his victim, all fitted in perfectly with Stoic teaching. So did his indifference to heat and cold, his plainness in matters of food and dress, and his complete independence of all bodily comforts. But the Stoics never took overPlato's doctrine of ideas, and most of them rejected his arguments for immortality. Only the later Stoics followed him in regarding the soul as immaterial; the earlier Stoics agreed withHeraclitusin the view that thesoulis composed of materialfire.
  • If virtue is the sole good, there can be no reason against cruelty and injustice, since, as the Stoics are never tired of pointing out, cruelty and injustice afford the sufferer the best opportunities for the exercise of virtue.
  • To a modern mind, it is difficult to feel enthusiastic about a virtuous life if nothing is going to be achieved by it. We admire a medical man who risks his life in an epidemic of plague, because we think illness is an evil, and we hope to diminish its frequency. But if illness is no evil, the medical man might as well stay comfortably at home. To the Stoic, his virtue is an end in itself, not something that does good. And when we take a longer view, what is the ultimate outcome? A destruction of the present world by fire, and then a repetition of the whole process. Could anything be more devastatingly futile? There may be progress here and there, for a time, but in the long run there is only recurrence. When we see something unbearably painful, we hope that in time such things will cease to happen; but the Stoic assures us that what is happening now will happen over and over again. Providence, which sees the whole, must, one would think, ultimately grow weary through despair.
  • There goes with this a certain coldness in the Stoic conception of virtue. Not only bad passions are condemned, but all passions. The sage does not feel sympathy: when his wife or his children die, he reflects that this event is no obstacle to his own virtue, and therefore he does not suffer deeply. Friendship, so highly prized byEpicurus,is all very well, but it must not be carried to the point where your friend's misfortunes can destroy your holy calm. As for public life, it may be your duty to engage in it, since it gives opportunities for justice, fortitude, and so on; but you must not be actuated by a desire to benefit mankind, since the benefits you can confer — such as peace, or a more adequate supply of food — are no true benefits, and, in any case, nothing matters to you except your own virtue. The Stoic is not virtuous in order to do good, but does good in order to be virtuous. It has not occurred to him to love his neighbour as himself; love, except in a superficial sense, is absent from his conception of virtue.
  • There is, in fact, an element of sour grapes in Stoicism. We can't be happy, but we can be good; let us therefore pretend that, so long as we are good, it doesn't matter being unhappy. This doctrine is heroic, and, in a bad world, useful; but it is neither quite true nor, in a fundamental sense, quite sincere.
  • One cannot accept the attitude of some among the Stoics, who said, "What does it matter to me if my family suffer? I can still be virtuous." The Christian principle, "Love your enemies," is good, but the Stoic principle, "Be indifferent to your friends," is bad.
  • There are two ways of coping with fear: one is to diminish the external danger, and the other is to cultivate Stoic endurance. The latter can be reinforced, except where immediate action is necessary, by turning our thoughts away from the cause of fear. The conquest of fear is of very great importance. Fear is in itself degrading; it easily becomes an obsession; it produces hate of that which is feared, and it leads headlong to excesses of cruelty. Nothing has so beneficent an effect on human beings as security.

S

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  • Various well-bred moralities had already discreetly offered him their services: disillusioned epicureanism, smiling tolerance, resignation, common sense stoicism — all the aids whereby a man may savour, minute by minute, like a connoisseur, the failure of a life.
  • Your good fortune is not to need good fortune.

T

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  • My idea of the modern Stoic sage is someone who transforms fear intoprudence,pain into information, mistakes into initiation, and desire into undertaking.
    • Nassim Nicholas Taleb,Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder(2012) Ch. 10. Seneca's Upside and Downside, p. 156.
  • [H]ighly favorable to the development of a systematic natural science... first and foremost, the Stoics believed in 'determinism'... nothing willful... everything... according to law. The secret of human life was to fathom the general character of this universal order and to live in harmony with it....[A]strological divination... was justified by appealing to the harmony and interaction between celestial and terrestrial events....Greekatomistsimplied [that] atoms... by chance, happened to stay interlocked [in human bodies] for... seventy years... [T]he Stoics... preferred to start at... organized systems [having] 'integral properties'... not derived from the... parts....'This...we call thepneuma'... a continuous dynamic agency... maintaining... cohesion... As we tighten a drum-head, the sound... rises in pitch....Now tension is not an additional ingredient... it is astate... The pneuma... exists in various... states of tension or 'tones'... In some respects... an extension of thePythagoreantheory of musical harmonies....Several kinds of pneuma existed... The 'cohesive...' responsible for the unity of a body, and for the fixed pattern of properties... the 'vital...' gave it animation; while... 'rational...' was only present in... thinking beings.
  • Stoics... thought of thepneuma...[as] an extremely tenuous... physical agency spread continuously throughout the organism... capable of producing physical effects... [T]he pneuma theory... provided... explanation for... the tangible ['passive'] forms of matter (solid and liquid) and the intangible ['active'] ones (fiery and aery)... [T]he different forms of pneuma were composed of varying blends of fire and air....When the ethereal pneuma held the... body together in a coherent pattern... it entered into a 'total union'... The psyche and the pneuma became interchangeable terms, which referred equally to a pattern of observable characters and to the hypothetical medium presumed to underlie it.
  • Grace:Vera, remember how I taught yourchildren... Remember howhappyyou were, when I... When I taught your children about the doctrine of stoicism and they finallyunderstoodit?
    Vera:All right, for that, I'm gonna be lenient. I'm going to break two of your figurines first, and if you can demonstrate yourknowledgeof the doctrine of stoicism by holding back yourtears,I'll stop. Have you got that?

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