jptwtj

Egyptian

Etymology

Secondary dual form oftw,joining the (earlier?) formjptwj.

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological)IPA^(key):/iptuːti/
  • Conventional anglicization:iptuti

Determiner

fduproximal, later vocativedemonstrative determiner

1. (Old Egyptian)thesetwo
2. (Middle Egyptian,archaizing)O(vocative reference)

Usage notes

This demonstrative takes the same functions asjptwj;see the usage notes there. As withjptwj,the full writing is only attested in archaizing Middle Egyptian texts, while Old Egyptian texts use spellings identical to the plural formjptwt.

Inflection

Old Egyptian demonstratives

	determiners						pronouns1	adverbs
number	singular		dual		plural		unmarked
gender	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine	unmarked
proximal to speaker	pn	tn	*jpnj	jptnj,jptntj	jpn	jptn	nn	—
distal	pf	tf	*jpfj	*jptfj,*jptftj	jpf	jptf	nf	—
proximal to spoken of	pj,pw,p	tj,tw	jpwj	jptwj,jptwtj	jpw	jptw,jptwt	nw	—
vocative	pꜣ	tꜣ	—	—	—	—	nꜣ	ꜥꜣ
Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.

Middle Egyptian demonstratives

	determiners and pronouns			adverbs
number	singular		plural1
gender	masculine	feminine	unmarked
proximal	pn	tn	nn	ꜥn
distal	pf,pfꜣ	tf,tfꜣ	nf,nfꜣ	ꜥf
‘copula’ and vocative	pw,pwy	tw,twy	nw	—
anaphoric	pꜣ	tꜣ	nꜣ	ꜥꜣ
Joined byn(j)to nouns they modify.

Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles

	masculine	feminine	plural		adverb
pronoun	pꜣw				dj
determiners and pronouns	pꜣj	tꜣj	nꜣj
possessive determiners1	pꜣy	tꜣy	nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’)	p-n,pꜣ	t-nt,tꜣ	nꜣyw,nꜣ
definite articles	pꜣ	tꜣ	nꜣ2
indefinite articles	wꜥ2		nhꜣy2
Used with suffix pronouns. Originally joined byn(j)to nouns they modify; later without it.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings ofjptwtj

jptwt	jptwt

References

• “jptwtj (lemma ID 851265)”,inThesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1],Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig,2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf,Grapow, Hermann(1926)Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2],volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag,→ISBN,page70.4
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver(1962)A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian,Oxford: Griffith Institute,→ISBN,page17
• Edel, Elmar (1955-1964)Altägyptische Grammatik,volume 1, Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum,§ 182 et seq.,page 83 et seq.
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver(1929)The Plural and Dual in Old Egyptian,Bruxelles: Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisabeth,§ 62,pages63–64